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Biology Slide 1 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Slide 2 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Interactions and Interdependence Interactions and Interdependence Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings. Slide 3 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Interactions and Interdependence The biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including: • land • water • air, or atmosphere The biosphere extends from about 8 kilometers above Earth's surface to as far as 11 kilometers below the surface of the ocean. Slide 4 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Interactions and Interdependence Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of interdependence between organisms and the environment in which they live. The interdependence of life on Earth contributes to an ever-changing, or dynamic, biosphere. Slide 5 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Levels of Organization What different levels of organization do ecologists study? Slide 6 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Levels of Organization Levels of Organization To understand relationships within the biosphere, ecologists ask questions about events and organisms that range in complexity from a single individual to the entire biosphere. The levels of organization that ecologists study include: species, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes and the Slide 7 of 21 entire biosphere. End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-1 What Is Ecology? Levels of Organization Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Individual Slide 8 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Levels of Organization A species is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Populations are groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Communities are assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area. Slide 9 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Levels of Organization An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. A biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. The highest level of organization that ecologists study is the entire biosphere itself. Slide 10 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 11 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. • Biotic – biological factors What does it eat? What predators does it have? How populated is the area? Slide 12 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include: • temperature • precipitation • humidity • wind • nutrient availability • soil type Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 13 of 21 End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Biotic and Abiotic Factors How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem? Slide 14 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Biotic and Abiotic Factors The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Slide 15 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? The Niche The Niche A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat Slide 16 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Community Interactions What interactions occur within communities? Slide 17 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Community Interactions Competition Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space. Slide 18 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Community Interactions Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Slide 19 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Community Interactions The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. Feeding height (m) 18 12 6 Cape May Warbler Bay-Breasted Warbler Yellow-Rumped Warbler 0 Slide 20 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Community Interactions Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey. Slide 21 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Community Interactions Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: • mutualism • commensalism • parasitism Slide 22 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. Slide 23 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Ecological Methods What methods are used to study ecology? Slide 24 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Ecological Methods Ecological Methods Regardless of the tools they use, scientists conduct modern ecological research using three basic approaches: • observing • experimenting • modeling All of these approaches rely on the application of scientific methods to guide ecological inquiry. Slide 25 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Ecological Methods Observing Observing is often the first step in asking ecological questions. Some observations are simple. Others are complex and may form the first step in designing experiments and models. Slide 26 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Ecological Methods Experimenting Experiments can be used to test hypotheses. An ecologist may set up an artificial environment in a laboratory to imitate and manipulate conditions that organisms would encounter in the wild. Other experiments are conducted within natural ecosystems. Slide 27 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 What Is Ecology? Ecological Methods Modeling Ecologists make models to gain insight into complex phenomena. Many ecological models consist of mathematical formulas based on data collected through observation and experimentation. The predictions made by ecological models are often tested by further observations and experiments. Slide 28 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 3-1 Click to Launch: Continue to: - or - Slide 29 of 21 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-1 The combined portions of the planet in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere, form the a. biosphere. b. community. c. species. d. ecosystem. Slide 30 of 21 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-1 A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring is known as a(an) a. ecosystem. b. species. c. biome. d. community. Slide 31 of 21 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-1 Compared to a community, an ecosystem includes a. the nonliving, physical environment as well as the community. b. only the physical environment of an area without the organisms. c. the entire biome but not the biosphere. d. only one of the populations within the community. Slide 32 of 21 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-1 An ecological method that uses mathematical formulas based on data collected is a. observing. b. experimenting. c. modeling. d. hypothesizing. Slide 33 of 21 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-1 An ecologist marks out an area in a specific ecosystem and proceeds to identify the number of insect species in the area. This is an example of ecological a. experimentation. b. observation. c. modeling. d. inference. Slide 34 of 21 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall END OF SECTION