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Transcript
Biology
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Interactions and Interdependence
Interactions and Interdependence
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions
among organisms and between organisms and
their environment, or surroundings.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Interactions and Interdependence
The biosphere contains the combined portions of
the planet in which all of life exists, including:
• land
• water
• air, or atmosphere
The biosphere extends from about 8 kilometers
above Earth's surface to as far as 11 kilometers
below the surface of the ocean.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Interactions and Interdependence
Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of
interdependence between organisms and the
environment in which they live.
The interdependence of life on Earth contributes to
an ever-changing, or dynamic, biosphere.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
What different levels of organization do
ecologists study?
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
To understand relationships within the
biosphere, ecologists ask questions
about events and organisms that range
in complexity from a single individual to
the entire biosphere.
The levels of organization that ecologists
study include: species, populations,
communities, ecosystems, biomes and the Slide
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entire biosphere.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
A species is a group of organisms so similar to one
another that they can breed and produce fertile
offspring.
Populations are groups of individuals that belong to
the same species and live in the same area.
Communities are assemblages of different
populations that live together in a defined area.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms
that live in a particular place, together with their
nonliving, or physical, environment.
A biome is a group of ecosystems that have the
same climate and similar dominant communities.
The highest level of organization that ecologists
study is the entire biosphere itself.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
What Shapes an
Ecosystem?
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of
biological and physical factors.
• Biotic – biological factors
What does it eat?
What predators does it have?
How populated is the area?
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems
are called abiotic factors.
Abiotic factors include:
• temperature
• precipitation
• humidity
• wind
• nutrient availability
• soil type
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an
ecosystem?
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
The area where an organism lives is called its
habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic
factors.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
The Niche
The Niche
A niche is the full range of physical and biological
conditions in which an organism lives and the
way in which the organism uses those conditions.
No two species can share the same niche in the
same habitat
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Community Interactions
What interactions occur within communities?
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Community Interactions
Competition
Competition occurs when organisms of the same
or different species attempt to use an ecological
resource in the same place at the same time.
A resource is any necessity of life, such as water,
nutrients, light, food, or space.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Community Interactions
Direct competition in nature often results in a winner
and a loser—with the losing organism failing to
survive.
The competitive exclusion principle states that no
two species can occupy the same niche in the same
habitat at the same time.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Community Interactions
The distribution of these warblers avoids direct
competition, because each species feeds in a
different part of the tree.
Feeding height (m)
18
12
6
Cape May Warbler
Bay-Breasted
Warbler
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
0
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Community Interactions
Predation
An interaction in which one organism captures and
feeds on another organism is called predation.
The organism that does the killing and eating is
called the predator, and the food organism is the
prey.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Community Interactions
Symbiosis
Any relationship in which two species live closely
together is called symbiosis.
Symbiotic relationships include:
• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Community Interactions
Mutualism: both species benefit from the
relationship.
Commensalism: one member of the association
benefits and the other is neither helped nor
harmed.
Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside
another organism and harms it.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Ecological Methods
What methods are used to study ecology?
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Ecological Methods
Ecological Methods
Regardless of the tools they use, scientists
conduct modern ecological research using three
basic approaches:
• observing
• experimenting
• modeling
All of these approaches rely on the application of
scientific methods to guide ecological inquiry.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Ecological Methods
Observing
Observing is often the first step in asking
ecological questions.
Some observations are simple. Others are
complex and may form the first step in designing
experiments and models.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Ecological Methods
Experimenting
Experiments can be used to test hypotheses.
An ecologist may set up an artificial environment in
a laboratory to imitate and manipulate conditions
that organisms would encounter in the wild.
Other experiments are conducted within natural
ecosystems.
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3-1 What Is Ecology?
Ecological Methods
Modeling
Ecologists make models to gain insight into
complex phenomena.
Many ecological models consist of mathematical
formulas based on data collected through
observation and experimentation.
The predictions made by ecological models are
often tested by further observations and
experiments.
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3-1
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
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3-1
The combined portions of the planet in which life
exists, including land, water, and the
atmosphere, form the
a. biosphere.
b. community.
c. species.
d. ecosystem.
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3-1
A group of organisms that can breed and
produce fertile offspring is known as a(an)
a. ecosystem.
b. species.
c. biome.
d. community.
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3-1
Compared to a community, an ecosystem
includes
a. the nonliving, physical environment as well
as the community.
b. only the physical environment of an area
without the organisms.
c. the entire biome but not the biosphere.
d. only one of the populations within the
community.
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3-1
An ecological method that uses mathematical
formulas based on data collected is
a. observing.
b. experimenting.
c. modeling.
d. hypothesizing.
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3-1
An ecologist marks out an area in a specific
ecosystem and proceeds to identify the number
of insect species in the area. This is an example
of ecological
a. experimentation.
b. observation.
c. modeling.
d. inference.
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END OF SECTION