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City-States in Mesopotamia Rivers=Life Blood Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Flow From modern day Turkey To Persian Gulf Geography Mesopotamia Greek=“Land Between the Rivers” Fertile Crescent Fertile plains Rain=Flooding Flooding=Silt Silt=Farmland Wheat & Barley (villages grow) Environmental Challenges Settling & farming began Southern Mesopotamia Sumerians 3500 B.C. Mixed w/ farms Language b/c dominant Attracted Good soil Flat Swampy Land of Sumer Disadvantages Flooding = unpredictable rivers Becomes desert Little/no rain Sumer small region Massachusetts Open plain Clusters of reed huts Natural Resources limited No supply of stone, wood, metal Solutions Irrigation ditches Defense (mud make city walls) Traded grain, cloth, & tools w/ mountain people Solutions = ? Organization Leadership Laws Government Sumerians create City-States 5 characteristics of civilizations 3000 B.C. had # of cities Uruk Kish Lagash Umma Ur What is City-State? Ziggurat Center of city Place of worship Government center (pay taxes) Priests have power Political Religious Sumerian Culture Religion Polytheistic Enlil (most powerful god) Udugs (wickedness gods) 3,000 gods Cause disease Misfortune Any human trouble Like humans We are servants Angry gods = natural disasters Sacrifices Death = “Land of no return” Sumerian Social Classes Priests & Kings Wealthy Merchants Farmers Slaves Science & Technology Inventions Wheel Sail Plow Bronze Writing Known maps 2300 B.C. Recorded scientific investigations Geometry & arithmetic # system based on 60 60 seconds = 1 minute 360° Empire Builders Wars City-states @ war w/ one another 3000-2000 B.C. Weaken state Culture survived Sargon of Akkad 2350 B.C. defeats Sumer From North Semitic language = related to Hebrew & Arabic 1st Empire Mediterranean coast in West To present day Iran in East Lasted 200 years Civil War Famine Invasions Babylonian Empire 2000 B.C. nomadic warriors (Amorites) invade Overwhelm Sumerians Babylon b/c capital Hammurabi 1792-1750 B.C. (peak) Hummurabi’s Code Uniforming code in kingdom Collected Existing rules Judgment Laws Code cont. Engrave in stone Places throughout empire 282 Laws Laws apply to everyone different punishments Community Family relations Business conduct Crime Rich & poor Men & women Eye for an Eye Significance Government responsible