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Respiratory System
Name____________________
Organs of respiratory system
Nose: initial receiving station of inhaled air
External nares
___________________________________
Vestibule
small chamber that contains hair for filtration
Nasal cavity
___________________________________
_________________
increase surface area for exposure to air
Mucous membrane
blood vessels___________ air and ___________ moistens air
Mucous traps small ______________ & bacteria
Pharynx: chamber that extends from the back of the nasal cavity to the larynx
Internal nares:
______________ opening of nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
______________ part of pharynx
_________________
_________________
posterior to back of mouth
below tongue to larynx
Larynx: connects the pharynx and trachea (voice box)
Vocal cords:
production of _____________by vibrations caused by air
Cartilage
thyroid cartilage- _________________
______________ cartilage-below thyroid
Epiglottis cartilage-tongue shaped piece that covers larynx
when _______________________
Trachea: tubular air duct located in front to the esophagus
Cartilage rings
provide support for tube
__________shaped, _____________ in back
Allows for expansion of _____________ when swallowing food.
______________________
move mucous that contains microorganisms & particles
Bronchial tree: branching of trachea that extends into the lungs
Primary bronchi:
right & left branches goes to ________________
Bronchioles:
smaller branches off the _____________________
_______________
smallest tubes that end in the alveoli
Alveoli
_________________ that allow for the exchange of materials
300-500 million in the lungs
__________________ surface area for gas exchange
Surfactant & water allow alveolus to open & close with little
effort
capillaries & alveoli together to allow for__________________
respiratory membrane
Lungs: the bronchiole tree, capillary networks and supporting tissue
characteristics
_____________________________
Occupy most of ________________ cavity
Apex
Base
Root
Serous membrane
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Divisions
Lobes
Mechanisms of breathing
Pressure
________________________
broad ______________portion next to _________________
attachments of bronchus, blood vessels and nerves
surround each lung ________________
outer layer,_______________________ thoracic wall & mediastinum
surrounds and is firmly attached to the lung
_______________________________________
Contains serous fluids that lubricates membranes to reduce___________
right lung contains ___ lobes left has ________
Gets ___________branch of bronchial tree
Divides further into segments, and lobules
normal air pressure is __________________
Air moves from ________ to ____________ pressure
alveoli opening causes a change in air pressure
______________ decrease allows for air to rush inward filling lungs
Inspiration: inhalation or breathing in
Process
1.
2.
3. pleural cavity pressure drops
4. lung surface is pulled outward causing lung _______________to increase
5. alveolar pressure falls below _____________ atmospheric pressure
6.
Expirations: passive process of expelling or exhaling air
Process:
1. diaphragm and muscles _________________
2. ____________________ decrease in size
3.
4. alveolar pressure becomes grater than atmospheric pressure
5. air flow ___________________
forced expiration is completed by using internal intercostals and abdominal muscles to force air
outward.
Respiratory Volumes
Factor influencing
Measurement
Respiratory Volumes
______________________________
(____)Tidal volume ( _____)
amount of air moving in/out during regular breathing
(____) Inspiratory Reserve (______)
max. amount of sir that can be inhaled forcibly over TV
(____) Expiratory reserve (______)
max amount of air that can be exhaled forcibly over TV
(____) Residual volume( ______)
amount of air remaining in lung after forced exhale
(____) Vital capacity (______)
total amount of exchangeable air determined by the sum of
the TV+ IRV + ERV= VC
(_____)total lung capacity (______)
total of air in fully inflated system VC+ RV=TLC
Exchange of gases
Partial pressure
_________________________
Found by multiplying air pressure by % of gas in atmosphere
N (_____%) O (_____%), other (____%)
Oxygen PO2
Diffusion
760 mmHg x 21% = _________ mmHg
Gases will diffuse independently until its partial pressure is ____________
gases dissolved in_____________ only effect partial pressure
External respiration
___________ & blood stream
Always a higher partial pressure O2 in _______________ that plasma
CO2 higher partial pressure in ___________ than alveoli
O2 & CO2 moves across the pressure gradient easily
______% binds to hemoglobin ( oxyhemoglobin) 2% in plasma
Internal respiration
exchange between ______________ and body
Partial pressure of O2 is greater in capillaries than interstitial fluid or
Cells and the opposite for ______________
CO2 in the blood stream moves as bicarbonate (HCO3), CO2 & a
small amount on RBCs
in blood stream
______ +______ >>>>>>> H2CO3 ->>>>>>>> HCO3
Carbonic anhydrase
In lungs
carbonic acid
+H
bicarbonate
______ + ______ >>>>>>> H2CO3 ->>>>>>>> CO2 +
H20
reverse order
Removal of H ion prevents __________ from changing( buffers)
If excess H ion are created by increased activity you r body changes
breathing rate to increase removal rate
Control of Breathing
Respiratory center
_________________ & pons
Medullary rhythmicity center: _____________________
Pneumotaxic area: __________________________
Apneustic area: inhibit expiration, work in compliment to Pneumotaxic
Factors affecting breathing
Chemical changes in blood
Chemosensitive areas of medulla monitor ______________________
Chemoreceptors found in _____________ & __________________
Degree of stretch of lungs
Stretch receptors found in ____________________
Protect from over ____________________
Mental state
Involuntary: _________________________
Voluntary control: ____________________