Download 1840-1876

APUSH Review
1840-1876
Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis
• By 1840:
– 20 years of peace in the US
– Settlers crossing the “Great American
Desert” to reach the Pacific Northwest
– Commercial agriculture dominating
Midwest
– Transportation revolution and factory
system transformed Northeast & MidAtlantic into centers of commerce
– Cotton ruled Southern economy
• “Manifest Destiny” justified
expansion into Southwest and Far
West
• 1845-1853 the US grew to current
size of the 48 states with AK and HI
added later
Texas
•
Mexico accepted Moses Austin’s request to settle in East Texas if settlers:
– Became Catholic & obeyed Mexican laws, including banning slavery
– By 1822, 300 families immigrated to Texas under leadership of Stephen Austin
(Moses’s son)
• 1830 – Americans outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1
• Mexican Gov’t
– Refused entrance to more Americans
– Reissued ban on slavery as many Americans were bringing in slaves
– Austin protested and was jailed
•
Gen. Antonio Santa Anna became president/dictator of Mexico, Americans in TX
rebelled
– Fighting broke out with the Battle of the Alamo, but Santa Anna could not stop rebels
under Sam Houston (Battle of San Jacinto)
• Santa Anna signed treaty recognizing TX independence, though later refused to acknowledge it
• TX declared itself the Lone Star Republic
•
TX voted for admission as a state
– The South agreed, but those opposed to slavery opposed annexation
– Jackson delayed the issue until after the 1836 election
– Van Buren delayed TX annexation further
•
Whig Pres. John Tyler wanted TX annexation a campaign issue in 1844
– Anti-slavery Whigs nominated Henry Clay
– Dems nominated “dark horse” candidate James K. Polk
• Pro-annexation of TX
• Pro-acquisition of OR (“54-40 or fight”)
• Polk elected, TX annexed by a joint resolution of Congress 1845
•
War
with
Mexico
Mexican troops attacked US troops starting
the Mexican-American War over TX border
dispute
• War waged on 3 fronts: Northern Mex, NM
& CA, and Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
– Settled the boundary between Mex and US at
Rio Grande River
– Gave US territory known as Mexican Cession
in exchange for $15 million
– Settled financial claims against Mexico for $3.5
million
• Wilmot Proviso proposed by Rep David
Wilmot to ban slavery in any territory
acquired from Mexico
– John C. Calhoun opposed Proviso as
unconstitutional
– Senate rejected bill based on property rights of
individuals
California
• Bear Flag Revolt
– Encouraged by Pres. Polk for
American Californians to rise up and
take California from Mexico during the
Mex-Amer War
– CA ceded to US in Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo
– 1849: gold rush & CA drafted
constitution banning slavery and
requesting statehood
• Admission of California would
disrupt the balance between slave
and free states (again)
• With the Mexican territories
entering the US approx. 75k
Hispanics became US citizens
Slavery in the New Territories
• Henry Clay proposed Compromise of 1850
– CA admitted as free state
– People in NM and UT would decide slave/free state
by popular sovereignty
– Slave trade, not slavery, banned in D.C.
– Congress would pass Fugitive Slave Law
• John C. Calhoun opposed Comp. of 1850 over
fear of reduced power of the South
– Pres. Taylor opposed the Compromise, but his VP
Millard Fillmore supported it after Taylor died in 1850
– Northerners Daniel Webster and Stephen A
Douglas pleaded that the Compromise would save
the union and it passed
Oregon
• Spain gave up claims on OR Terr in
Adams-Onis Treaty and Russia withdrew
claims after Monroe Doctrine
• Great Britain and the US disagreed over
the boundary
– Polk offered to settle at 49th parallel, GB
refused
– Polk threatened war with “54-40 or fight” so GB
backed down and accepted 49th
– OR Territory divided between OR and WA
• Additional Territory
– Gadsden Purchase: $10 million from Mexico
for a southern route of the transcontinental
RR
– 1867 US Sect of State William Seward
bought Alaska from Russia (called Seward’s
Folly until gold discovered in 1899)
Prelude to the Civil War
• Fugitive Slave Law:
– Authorized federal marshals to hunt and return
escaped slaves
– Heavy fines for any citizens or officers of the law
who assisted escaped slave
– Passed to undermine support of the
Underground Railroad
– Drove many Northerners to join anti-slavery
movement and even attacked slave catchers
• Northern states passed personal liberty
laws forbidding state officials to assist slave
catchers
• Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
– Angered Southerners for unfair, inaccurate
portrayal of slavery and plantation lie
– Northerners took novel as fact
– Published in 1852, sold over 300k copies in one
year
Kansas
• 1854: Stephen Douglas introduced KansasNebraska Act to
– Encourage settlement of the trans-Missouri region
– Building transcontinental RR route from Chicago
to West
– Pierce “barbarian wall” of Native Americans
• Act provided that:
– Area be divided into Kansas and Nebraska
– Popular sovereignty decide slavery
– Repeal MO Compromise and ban slavery north of
36-30
• RESULT: Settlers, speculators, pro & antislavery forces rushed into Kansas
– Lecompton Constitution supported slavery
based on rigged election
– Pres. Buchanan urged Congress to accept, fellow
Dem Stephen Douglass was against it
– Congress sent constitution back to KS for popular
referendum and was defeated 10-1
Election of 1856
• Kansas-Nebraska Act destroyed Democratic Party
unity and the Whig Party
– Southern Whigs and Dems voted for KS-NB Act, Northern
Whigs & Dems voted against
– Whigs had been held together by Henry Clay & Daniel
Webster & ran now more candidates after 1852
– 1854 anti-slavery Whigs, Dems, abolitionists, members of
Free-Soil Party formed Republican Party
• Election of 1856 revealed sectional divisions
– Dems: Supported KS-NB Act, nominated Northerner
James Buchanan who sympathized with the South
– Reps: Platform of protective tariff, free Western land,
national banking nominated John C. Fremont
– Reps got 33% of popular vote and felt confident for coming
elections if they could get all free states on their side
• Dred Scott decision inflamed issue of slavery
Republican Party
• 1858 Senate election in IL
– Rep Abraham Lincoln vs Dem Stephen Douglas
– Series of debates Lincoln declared he was not an
abolitionist and Republicans would not interfere with
slavery where it already existed
– Lincoln asked Douglas if he supported Dred Scott or
popular sovereignty
• Douglas supported the Freeport Doctrine:
– Territories could discourage slavery by not passing slave codes and
essentially nullify Dred Scott
– Douglas wanted his answer to cause the least damage, but his answer
probably cost him 1860 presidency
– Lincoln lost but made a national name for himself
• John Brown’s Raid further divided the North and the
South
Election of 1860
• Democrats split:
– Northern Dems supported popular sovereignty and nominated Stephen
Douglas
– Southern Dems supported Dred Scott and nominated Buchanan's VP
John C. Breckenridge
• Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln
• Constitutional Union Party ignored slavery & nominated
John Bell
• Lincoln won in popular and electoral vote
• 1860 Ordinance of Secession explained why SC would
secede if Lincoln elected are essentially the causes of the Civil
War
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Abolitionist propaganda
Underground RR
Personal liberty laws
Formation of the Republican party
States rights over strong central gov’t
Struggle for political power between North and South
Possible end of slavery
The Civil War
• SC, GA, LA, MS, FL, AL, & TX seceded after Lincoln’s election
• Feb. 1861 formed the Confederate States of America (CSA)
– Constitution based on US Const & Jefferson Davis as president
– Lame duck Pres Buchanan declared secession unconstitutional but did nothing
to enforce it
• SC militia surrounded Ft. Sumter
– attacked a federal ship bringing supplies, the Civil War began
– VA, TN, AR, and NC also seceded and joined the CSA
• Both Union and Confederacy had problems mobilizing and financing war
– Union: 2xs soldiers, small navy, need to invade and conquer
– Confederacy: more and better officers, private ships for navy, only fight a
defensive war
• Both used volunteers paid a bounty to fight at first
– Draft laws passed in both sides
– South allowed draftees to hire substitutes and large slave owners were exempt
• 1863-4 draft laws eliminated substitutes and reduced exemptions
• Age limits changed from 18-35 to 17-50
– Union allowed substitutes or payment of $300 to gov’t which led to Draft Riots
and racial violence
African Americans in the War
• African Americans not accepted into Union army until 1862
– Increasingly difficult to recruit white soldiers (Union draft not instituted
until 1863)
– Black soldiers faced discrimination in pay, training, medical care & work
• Cooks, drivers, laborers
• 186,000 army, 29,000 navy
– Massachusetts formed all-black regiments led by white officers
• Confiscation Act of 1861 created uniform policy of dealing
with escaped slaves
– Those escaping to the Union were to be free forever
– 500,000 “contraband” (escaped slaves) made it to the Union and
approx 200,000 worked as laborers, cooks, and teamsters aiding Union
cause
• Confederacy did not enlist slaves into army
– Forced them to work on war-related construction projects
– Worked as teamsters, cooks, ambulance drivers
• Advantages
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The Union
80% of industry
Almost all coal, iron, copper, gold
Better RRs
Center for almost all banking & finance
Traded with Europe throughout the war
Severely hampered South’s sale of cotton with naval blockade
• Financed war by
– Raising tariff, levying excise & income taxes
– Issued paper money and sold gov’t bonds which caused inflation
• Some Northerners did not support the war
– Mainly Democrats
– Lincoln reacted to dissent by withholding civil liberties
• Shutting down hostile newspapers
• Jailing Confederate sympathizers without benefit of habeas corpus
• Private telegraph lines and railroads near war zones were
confiscated and run by the gov’t
The Confederacy
• Financed war
– Direct tax on slaves and land, excise tax, tax paid in goods not cash
– Printed paper money
• Taxes and bonds did little to raise money
– Southern capital tied up in slaves and property
– Foreign investors unsure of future of Confederacy
– Inflation FAR worse in the CSA with their money worth about 5 cents to the dollar
by the end of the war
• Confederate Constitution based on US Const with some exceptions
– Slave property protected
– Protective tariffs and internal improvements were banned
– Sovereignty of states over central gov’t
• NC refused to obey draft law and SC & GA considered secession from CSA
• Pres Jefferson Davis tried to suspend habeas corpus, but court overruled
• CSA sought recognition a a foreign nation
– GB and France sympathetic for first 2 years of war
• Could be source of cotton w/ no tariffs
• Northern industry less competitive
– Many Europeans discouraged by Lincoln’s original goal to preserve Union, not
end slavery
Union Military Plans
• 3 military objectives
– 1. Capture Richmond, VA (weaken morale)
– 2. control MS Riv (split South & eliminate supplies from TX and AR)
– 3. blockade Southern ports (keep South from trading with Europe)
• Union divided army in two – East of App Mts and West
– After 1st Battle of Bull Run no major fighting until 1862 costly Union
defeat at Chancellorsville
• CSA Gen. Lee led troops into the North for Battle of Gettysburg
• Lee’s costly defeat revealed invasion of the North would not bring quick end
to the war and ended any hope of British assistance
– Adm. David Farragut captured lower MS by end of 1862
– Gen US Grant victory at Vicksburg gained remainder of MS River
• Grant named commander of army in West
• Grant captured Chattanooga in 1863 & named Union Army commander
• Grant moved East to engage Lee’s forces while General Sherman burned
Atlanta and let ruinous “march to the sea”
– Blockade very successful from 1863-65 despite CSA blockade runners
• Grant captured Richmond & Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865
Emancipation
• Lincoln reluctant to emancipate:
– Concerned border states would join CSA
– Northern workers feared ex-slaves working for less
– Believed slave owners should be paid for loss of property
• By 1863, Radical Republicans pushed for
emancipation to
– Punish CSA and incite general slave rebellion
– Ensure the British would not aid the CSA
• Sept 1862, Lincoln issued “Emancipation
Proclamation”
– On 1/1/1863 all slaves in areas in rebellion would be free
– Really freed no one, as Union-controlled areas and border
slave states still in the Union not included
Election of 1864
• Union Party
– formed from Democratic supporters of the war and some Republicans
– Nominated Lincoln for Pres, Andrew Johnson for VP (Dem and only
Southern Senator to remain in Union)
• Democrats nominated war hero Gen George McClellan
(refused to run on Dem platform of calling war a failure and
insisting it end)
• Lincoln believed his election depended on success of war
– Sherman’s capture of Atlanta made many believe war was almost over
– Republican had also managed to run the war and the nation
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Raised tariff protecting US industry
Strengthened banking system
Vast amounts of cheap Western land sold
Essentially all segments of Union benefitted in some way
• Lincolns won easily
Aftermath of the War
• South in ruins
• 1 in 20 white Southerners either
wounded or killed
• Yankee soldiers had taken or
destroyed practically anything of
use
• 2/3 of Southern RRs could not
operate due to track damage
• Inflation as high as 300% with
CSA war bonds worthless
• Federal gov’t confiscated all
remaining cotton in warehouses
• Whites and former slaves
suffered from dire economy
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Set up to help Southern blacks
– Find homes & jobs
– Negotiate fair labor contracts
– Build hospitals, schools, provide
teachers
– Provide legal help
• Land provision in law setting up
bureau
– Freed slaves could rent land
confiscated for failure to pay taxes
and buy it after 3 years
– Blacks believed they would receive
“Forty acres and a mule”
– Pres. Johnson ordered all land
returned to original owner leaving
most freed slaves landless
Reconstruction
• Lincoln announced his plan for Reconstruction just
before end of war
– State readmitted when # of men taking loyalty oath =
1/10 of voters in 1860 election (10% plan)
– Most ex-Confederates granted amnesty if they took the
loyalty oath
– High-ranking CSA officers would need to ask for
presidential pardon to be granted amnesty
– New state constitution must ban slavery and provide free
education to blacks
• Once states readmitted:
– Form new gov’t, hold Constitutional convention, write new
constitution
– TN, AR, VA, LA followed this plan and set up new gov’t
before the official end of the war
– Congress refused reps from these four states to take their
seats
Radical Republicans
• 1864 Rad Reps proposed the Wade-Davis Bill for
Reconstruction:
– South placed under military rule
– Majority of those who voted in 1860 election would take loyalty oath
before readmission for each state
– Only drafted men could vote or attend state’s constitutional convention
– New constitutions must ban slavery
– Former CSA officials would not be allowed to vote
• Lincoln used pocket veto stating Reconstruction was part of
the war effort and under his duties as Commander in Chief
• Rad Reps and other Northerners disagreed with Lincoln:
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Not harsh enough on the CSA or protective enough toward free slaves
Reconstruction function of Congress not President
Southern whites would all be Democrats
Former CSA members of Congress would vote against Republican
programs
President Andrew Johnson
• Lincoln assassinated on April 14, 1865
• VP Andrew Johnson was a Jacksonian Democrat believing in states-rights
and the interests of the small farmer
• While Congress in recess went ahead with Lincoln’s plan for
Reconstruction with some small changes:
– Amnesty for all officials except highest ones and those with property worth
more than $20k
– These men prohibited from voting or holding office unless asked for
presidential pardon
– Ordinances of secession must be revoked
– Confederate war debts could not be collected
– States had to ratify 13th Amendment (passed by Congress in Jan. 1865 to ban
slavery)
• All states but TX followed these steps
• Congress refused to accept these states as none of them provided for voting rights
for freed slaves
• Congressional committee declared “Presidential Reconstruction” not
working:
– 58 members of the CSA Congress and the CSA VP elected to US Congress
– US Congress should oversee Reconstruction
Black Codes
• Southern legislatures began to pass “black codes” in
1865-66 which enraged Radical Republicans and
others in the North
– Reaction against Freedmen’s Bureau and 13th
Amendment
– Generally, codes allowed former slaves to marry blacks,
own personal property, sue and be sued
– Generally forbade former slaves to:
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Serve on juries, vote, hold office
Own land
Travel w/o a permit or be out after curfew
Assemble in groups w/o a white person present
– Required former slave to buy a permit to work in a craft
– Unemployed blacks could be arrested and fined
– An employer could pay the fine of an unemployed black in
exchange for free labor
New Laws for African Americans
• Republicans viewed black codes as an attempt to
reinstate slavery
• 14th Amendment – citizenship to all born in the US
& guaranteed equal protection of the law for all
citizens
• Civil Rights Act 1866: African Americans right to
– Testify in court & make contracts
– Own land
– All rights of white Americans
• 15th Amendment – cannot deny right to vote based
on race, color, previous condition of servitude
• Johnson and most Southern states viewed the
Civil Rights Act and the 14th Amendment as
unconstitutional
Military Reconstruction
• Aka “Congressional Reconstruction”
• 1866 – voters overwhelmingly chose Republicans with a veto
proof 2/3 majority
• Radical Republicans established military reconstruction using
a series of Reconstruction Acts:
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10 state gov’ts who did not ratify 14th Amend were declared illegal
10 states divided into 5 military districts
Army could use force to protect civil rights and maintain the peace
Each state to call convention for new constitution
Members of the constitutional conventions would be elected by all
adult males – white and black
– Former CSA officials could not participate in convention
– New constitutions must guarantee suffrage to black males
– Former CSA states had to ratify the 14th Amendment
• By 1870 all stated readmitted
Impeachment
• Tenure of Office Act, 1867
– Required president to get Congressional approval
before removing any federal offical including cabinet
members
– Pres. Johnson vetoed, but Congress overruled
– Johnson fired Sect. of War Edward Stanton who had
opposed his Reconstruction plan and supported the
Congressional plan
• House voted to impeach Johnson
– Senate trial lasted 6 weeks
– Johnson acquitted by 1 vote
Southerners & Reconstruction
• CSA officials and many other political/military
leaders had been killed during the Civil War
• Many Southerners refused to cooperate with
new gov’ts
• Three groups mainly involved in reconstruction
new state gov’ts
– Northerners who wanted to help freedmen or who
were interested to see what they could get for
themselves
– Southern whites who were Unionists or who were
interested to see what they could get for themselves
(aka “scalawags)
– Free-born and newly freed African Americans
Reconstruction Governments
• Only SC had majority African American representatives in
the lower house and only until 1874
• Reconstruction gov’ts had mixed records
– Time of corruption, like Boss Tweed in NYC and the Whiskey Ring in
St. Louis
– Tax rates rose almost 80%:
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Mainly put to use rebuilding transportation networks
Built schools for whites and blacks
Blacks and poor white men could vote and hold office for the first time
Abolished prison for debt
Built hospitals and orphanages
• Reconstruction did not help freed slaves improve their
economic situation
• IN time even most political rights gained for African
Americans were lost
End of Reconstruction
• By 1870s even most Northerners were tired of Reconstruction
– Tales of corruption and graft was blown out of proportion by Southern
newspapers
– Moderate who Republicans gained control of Congress believed
Radical approach too harsh
– Death of prominent Radicals Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
– Panic of 1873
– Northern businesses wanted Southern trade
• Election of 1876 –
– Dem Samuel B Tilden had apparently defeated Rep Rutherford B
Hayes but Republican leaders in FL, LA, & SC challenged some votes
in their states
– Bi-partisan committee investigated and came up with Comp. of 1877
• Hayes would be declared President if:
– End to Reconstruction
– One Southerner in the Cabinet