Download WHII 8 Europe in 19th century PP

Europe in the
th
19 Century
SOL WHII.8
Legacy of the
Congress of Vienna
1. Created a balance of power with five nations of
equal strength in Europe: Prussia (Germany), Russia,
Austria, Great Britain, and France.
2. Historically considered to be a success however, the
terms of the Congress of Vienna led to a growth of
nationalism, followed by a period of rebellion
and revolution which will lead to the unification of the
nations of Italy and Germany
a. Nationalism: extreme love of one’s
ethnicity and nation and pride in one’s culture,
history and beliefs, which leads to a desire to
establish a country comprised of those people.
3.
Congress of Vienna restored monarchies and
created a new political map of Europe. Countries
like Austria and Prussia gained land, while Poland, Italy,
and the German States lost land.
CAN YOU SEE THE DIFFERENCE?
CAN YOU SEE THE DIFFERENCE?????
New Political Philosophies of the
th
19 Century:
1.
2.
Liberalism—political philosophy that
emphasizes freedom of the individual
with a representative government that
protects individual and civil rights
Conservatism—political philosophy that
emphasizes the preserving of traditions
and established institutions (Metternich!)

Conservatives liked the old monarchies;
liberals didn’t.
Ascendency of Great Britain
“The sun never
sets on the
British Empire”
A. The final defeat in Europe
of Napoleonic France in
1815 left Britain the most
successful international
power until 1914 (World
War I)
B. British Royal Navy
controlled most of the key
world maritime trade
routes and enjoyed
unchallenged sea power
Abolition of Slavery by Great Britain
1. expansion of political rights through
legislative means
a.Slavery Abolition Act 1833
was an Act of the Parliament of
the United Kingdom abolishing
slavery throughout the British
Empire (with the exceptions "of the
Territories in the Possession of the East
India Company)
Failed Revolutions of 1848
A.
B.
C.
Widespread demands for political rights led to
revolutions and legislative actions in Europe.
National pride, economic competition, and
democratic ideals stimulated the growth of
nationalism.
Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 (in France,
Hungary, Prussia, and Italy) increased
nationalistic tensions.
 Italian Revolution fails when the Pope &
Duke of Tuscany desert the cause
Unification of Italy
“Risorgimento”
(Resurrection)
Italian Peninsula: Not unified since
554 AD, it is a patchwork of independent
nation-states, ruled variously by
Germans, French, Spanish, Austrian, and
Catholic Church
Count Camillo Cavour
(Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont)
1. Builds banking and tax systems,
borrows money from England to
build railroads and industries
makes Sardinia most highly
developed state in Italy.
2. Forms alliance with France in
1858 and then wages war with
Austria to win Lombardy. This
causes rebellions in Parma,
Modena, and Tuscany which expel
their Austrian Rulers.
3. These areas voted to join Sardinia
thus unifying Northern Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi leads the “Thousand
Red Shirts” all-volunteer army to Sicily and
drove the Bourbon Dynasty in Southern Italy
out in 1860
Victor Emmanuel II
• Sardinia’s King then
leads troops into the
Papal States and meets
Garibaldi in Naples to
accept Southern Italy’s
territory
• Victor Emmanuel II
proclaimed King of Italy
(March 1861)
Only two states remain to be added to
complete “Italy”
Venice (held by Austria) and Rome (held by
France)
1. Wins Venice by helping Prussia in AustroPrussian War (1866)
2. Earns Rome by helping Prussia beat France
in the Franco-Prussian War (ROME IS LAST
TO JOIN!)
3. The Catholic Church keeps
Vatican City, which remains
an independent nation inside
Rome to this day.
Legacy of the Risorgimento (The
Resurgence)
“Italy is made. We still have to make the Italians.”
1. After centuries of disunion, huge cultural,
political and economic differences exist
2. Government attempts to unify Italian
culture:
 build national railroad system
 establish national education
system
 create national army
Emmanuel’s efforts to unify
Italy largely fail
Why?
 Gap in wealth between urban north and
agricultural south
 Mafia and Bourbons stir up discontent
with violence in the South
 1300 years of disunity is hard to overcome
in a few years
Essential Question: What events led to
the unification of Italy?
1. Count Cavour of Sardinia unified Northern Italy
2. Garibaldi conquered Southern Italy and joined it with
Northern Italy under the rule of King Victor Emmanuel II
3. The Papal States (including Rome) and Venice,
became the last to join Italy
Unification of Germany
(1848-1871)
Holy Roman Empire in 1789
Germanic Central Europe
Schleswig
Holstein
Prussia
in Blue
300 small
independent
states - most too
small to be
shown on the
map!!
Hapsburg
Austria in
gold
Emergence of the German Nation
What made it finally happen?
1. Germany had been used as a battleground
by European armies since the Thirty Years
War
2. Rising tide of nationalism due to Napoleon
3. Congress of Vienna consolidates Germany
into 38 states
4. Leadership of Otto von Bismarck
( Iron Chancellor)
Bismarck's Legacy:
Unification of Germany
1. Germany had existed as a collection
of hundreds of separate kingdoms
since the formation of the Holy
Roman Empire. (Charlemagne)
2. From 1789, various kings and rulers
had tried to unify the German states
without success until Bismarck.
3. Because of Bismarck's efforts, the
various German kingdoms were
united into a single country.
4. Following unification, Germany
became one of the most powerful
nations in Europe.
How did he do it?
With “Blood and Iron”
>Realpolitik
1. Brilliant political mind, massive size
and strength, with an iron will
2. Appointed Chancellor by King
Wilhelm I in 1862
3. Reformed and modernized the
Prussian Army
4. Breech loading “needle rifles” were
4 times faster, and efficient use of
railroads to move armies
“The
Iron Chancellor”
Military moves
1. helped Russia defeat Poland to
secure his eastern flank in
1863
2. took the territories of
Schleswig and Holstein in the
Danish War (1864), which was
popular with the Germans
3. took Northern Germany from
Austria in the Austro-Prussian
War in 7 weeks (1866)
4. took Alsace & Lorraine from
France in Franco-Prussian War
(1870-71)
Napoleon III
surrendering to
Bismarck in
Franco-Prussian War
From Prussia to Germany
Red—Prussia after
the AustroPrussian War
Orange—states
that joined Prussia
to defeat French
Peach—area
gained from the
Franco-Prussia War
Declares Second Reich (German Empire)
at Versailles!
1. New Germany rapidly industrializes,
which upsets the Balance of Power
in Europe
2. But kept a conservative and
autocratic society, which led to
tensions (protests, strikes)
3. Government diverts German anger
toward Catholics, socialists and
JEWS
4. Will eventually lead to the
nightmares of World War I and then
Adolf Hitler’s emergence and
World War II
Bismarck Crowns
Wilhelm as
“Kaiser Wilhelm”
(Caesar or Emperor)
The Second German Reich
After Unification in 1871
Essential Question: What role did Otto
von Bismarck play in the unification of
Germany?
1. Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of
Germany by appealing to nationalist feelings and
adding territory through war
2. Bismarck’s actions seen as an
example of Realpolitik, which justified
all means to achieve and hold power
(think: The Prince by Machiavelli)
Eulogy for Bismarck
Create a eulogy for Otto von Bismarck
discussing his accomplishments and
impact on the world today.
 8 sentences min.

Personalized Assignment
1.
2.
3.
Press Release Announcing the Creation of
the German Empire
Flow Chart to illustrate the events leading
to the Creation of the German Empire
Comic Strip illustrating the events
Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?