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Respiratory System Medical Careers Eden Area ROP Functions • Air exchange – Oxygen carried to tissues – Carbon dioxide carried out of body • Filtration – Cilia: small hairs line respiratory tract and trap substances that enter Functions • Sound production: – Enhances sound produces during speech • Sense of smell: – Receptors in the nose Respiration • 1 inhalation + 1 exhalation = respiration • Inspiration/inhalation: breathing in oxygen • Expiration/exhalation: breathing out carbon dioxide Types of Respiration • External respiration (Pulmonary): – Process of getting oxygen to the capillaries in lungs and getting rid of carbon dioxide from capillaries in lungs • Internal respiration: – Oxygen rich blood travels from the capillaries in the lungs to all areas of the body. – Carbon dioxide travels through the blood to the capillaries in the lungs to be removed. Where air enters/exits • Nose: – Mucus warms and moisturizes air – Cilia filters air as it enters • Mouth: – Where air enters when nasal passage is blocked Structures of respiratory tract • Pharynx: throat • Epiglottis: flap-like structure that covers trachea when we swallow to prevent food/liquid from entering lungs Structures of respiratory tract • Larynx: voicebox – Triangular chamber located below epiglottis that includes vocal cords and produces speech. Trachea • Windpipe • Extends from the neck into the chest, directly in front of the esophagus • Held open by C-shaped cartilage rings Bronchi and Bronchioles • The lower end of the trachea divides into two bronchi (tubes) that carry air into the lungs. One bronchus goes to the left lung, the other to the right lung. • Bronchioles: The smallest branches of the bronchi The “bronchial tree” • The respiratory system structures are called the bronchial tree because they resemble an upside-down tree. • Contained in the lungs Alveoli • Microscopic grape-like cluster of air sacs at the end of each bronchiole. • Approximately 500 million in human body • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place here Diaphragm • Flat muscle that lies under the lungs • Contracts= flattens; pulls air into lungs • Relaxes=increases in size; pushes air out of lungs • Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities Lungs • Organ that surrounds the bronchial tree and is filled with alveoli • right lung: 3 sections (lobes) • Left lung: 2 sections (lobes) and cardiac notch (where heart sits) Pleura • Thin membranes that cover lungs and thoracic cavity • Visceral pleura: covers lungs • Parietal pleura: covers thoracic cavity • Pleural space: airtight space between the two membranes that contains a lubricating fluid. Conditions • Asthma: chronic allergic disorder causing severe breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing • Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial walls • Pneumonia: inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli; alveoli fill with fluid Conditions • Croup: acute viral infection characterized by a barking cough • Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood Conditions • Emphysema: progressive loss of lung function due to decrease number of alveoli and loss of elasticity of remaining alveoli Emphysema Conditions • Lung Cancer: Growth of malignant cells in the lungs that destroy healthy tissue