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The First Global Age
Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment
- The curiosity of the Renaissance replaced old legends & myths with something closer to
the truth.
- The main ideas of the Enlightenment Age: belief in reason, natural law and classical
themes and ideals.
- Scientific Method use logic for gathering and testing ideas.
- Francis Bacon advanced Scientific Method by advocating experimenting and don’t rely
on Aristotle’s theories.
- Geocentric Theory: the moon, sun, and planets move in perfect circular paths around
and immovable earth at the center of the universe
- Heliocentric Theory: Planets revolve around the sun.
- Nicholas Copernicus believed that the earth was round and that it rotated on its axis as it
revolved around the sun. The sun stayed still at the center of the Universe. His theories
were based on logic.
- Johannes Kepler based his theories on direct observation.
a) Proved that the Earth did revolve around the Sun, but in an oval (ellipses) path not in a
circle.
b) Planets did not always travel at the same speed.
c) Proved all of it with math.
- Galileo Galileea) He was able to prove the earth did move around the sun using his telescope.
b) He was able to prove the earth did move around the sun using his improved telescope.
c) Catholic Church didn’t like him contradicting their opinion and made him recant his
claim.
d) Went before the Inquisition and found guilty of heresy
- Rene Descartes wrote the book Discourse on Method – the search for one’s own
existence - “I think, therefore I am”.
- Isaac Newton developed Calculus and wrote Principia, theories about gravity and why
planets move.
- Robert Boyle based Chemistry on fact and proved there was more than only four
elements.
- Gabriel Fahrenheit, made a thermometer using mercury
- Joe Priestly studied Oxygen and the carbonated drink.
- Zacharias Janssen invents 1st microscope – 1590.
- Deism The belief in the existence of a God or supreme being but a denial of existing
religion, basing one’s belief on the light of nature and reason.
- The new knowledge about the world will lead to an expanding thirst for what the rest of the
world could offer Europe. Some of those things will be Spices and riches that were coming
through the Silk Road and written about by Marco Polo…
Asia: The spice Lands
- Europeans had traded with Asia long before the Renaissance.
- When the Mongols conquered much of Asia(1200’s-1300’s), Asian goods began to flow into
Europe.
- Early Travelers used the Mongolian protected trade routes into Asia.
- Marco Polo, Italian explorer - arrived in China A.D.1271 –
- He stayed 17 years & wrote a book about his life in China – First written account of China, by
a European.
- His book inspired Chris Columbus and Later Explorers are going to use sea routes to travel
into Asia.
-The Mongol Chinas- 1000’sA.D. to 1400’s Nomadic Clans{groups based on families} carried out a series of
invasions that transformed the culture of eastern Asia & Europe
- Mongolian’s will rule China for about 100 years.
- During the 1100’s Mongols were the dominant nomadic group.
- Expert fighters on horseback & users of the bow and arrow.
- Temujin, Also known as Genghis Khan united many clans under one gov’t – a great military
leader- created a large empire. Invaded China, smashing and going over the Great Wall.
- By A.D 1200’s the Mongols Territory extended from China to the
western frontiers of Europe.
- Many of the great trade routes ran through the Mongol Empire.
- Encouraged close contact between the Eastern and Western societies (something the Chinese
hated).
- The Mongols will adopt the ideas and ways of the conquered Chinese.
-Yuan Dynasty- A.D.1260-1294
- Ruled by the Mongols led first by Kublai Khan{Genghis Khan’s grandson}.
- In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day
Mongolia, North China, much of Western China.
- He ruled well, promoting economic growth with the rebuilding of the Grand Canal, repairing
public buildings, and extending highways.
- Mongols will thrive do to their protection of the trade routes.
- Marco Polo – arrived in China A.D.1271 –stayed 17 years wrote a book about his life in China
– First written account of China, by a European.
- Under pressure from his Mongolian advisors, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma,
Vietnam and Java which will be a costly failure.
-China - Located in Southeast Asia along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean, China is the world's third
largest country.
- Invented a compass, Gunpowder and a Ships rudder.
- Portugal was first to reach the shores of China during the Ming Dynasty
- Confuses China had little use for foreigners. They did encourage trade with Europe and
Middle East.
- Trade goods: Rice, Silk, Porcelain
- Around 1405, Zheng He set sail to explore new places for China. On ships the size of a
football field, that carried 500people or more. The first Ming emperor wanted to trumpet
Chinese power.
Date
Diverse Traditions of Asia
-The Muslim Turks- Controlled the trade routes between Eastern Asia to Europe.
- During the 1390’s – Timur Lenk, a Turkish Mughal {means Mongols} and devout Muslim,
spread Islam in throughout Asia.
- Timur took two of Genghis's descendants as wives to link himself to Genghis Khan.
- He went into Russia and most of the Middle East too –created the City of Samarkand, a great
trading and craft center.
- The Muslim Turks will start a trading partnership with the Italians.
- Mughal warriors ran a poor gov’t – infighting caused their decline.
- Mughal Turks of Asia will start a trading partnership with the Italians.
-India- Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Himalayas and
Pakistan.
- Around 400s the Gupta empire crumbles and the Mughals conquer the warring kingdoms.
- Indian Merchants and priests influenced Southeast Asia
- Good port cites for trade
- Trade goods: perfume, rugs, cotton, pepper ginger
-Southeast Asia- Includes: Peninsulas: Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia
Islands: Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines
- Tropical climate and with monsoons
- Influenced by India and China
- Trade goods Spices: Cinnamon, nutmeg and pepper
-Korea• Believed to be descendants of southern Asia.
• Korea sits between China and Japan & they both greatly influenced Korea.
• Under the control of China from 109- 313A.D. – Adopted Chinese culture: Confucianism,
Buddhism, Calligraphy, and Ideas about Gov’t, Art and Sciences.
• Defeated Japan’s A.D.1592 attempt to invade Korea.
• Trade Goods: silk, glass, bronze, pottery, tea, silver
Date
Japan
- It consists of 4 large Islands: Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Hokkaido and many smaller
ones.
- Have many earthquakes, typhoons and volcanic eruptions.
- First descendants were hunters and gathers from the mainland
- Most of their food from the sea{only 20% of the land could be farmed}.
- Do to heavy summer rain, it is the ideal place to grow rice.
- Incorporated many elements of Chinese society into their own: Art, Buddhism,
medicine, astronomy and Chinese writing (The characters only).
-Taika Reforms or “Great Change” –
- In the 800’s Japanese leaders broke ties with China(Tang Dynasty).
- Society: Colors were important (clothing, paper, etc.); Wrote poetry to start romances;
powdered faces white; creative writing was encouraged like the Pillow Book, literature
about their daily life written by women.
-Religion- Japan developed their own type of Buddhism.
- Zen- individuals had to live in harmony with nature only done by enlightenment: body
discipline and meditation. It taught them to act instinctively.
-Government• Feudalism - All Japanese land belonged to the emperor- government officials will give
out land and collect taxes.
• A Bakufu, a military government.
• A Warrior’s job was to protect the Feudal lords.
-Bakufu  Shogun:
Military and political leader
 Daimyo:
- High-ranking samurai lords who provided shogun with warriors in exchange for land.
 Samurai:
- Lower-ranking warriors who served their daimyo in exchange for Small manors. Lived by
a code of ethics called Bushido
 Peasants:
- Lowest class: worked land for their lord.
- Mongol invasions - (1185 – 1333 A.D.)
- Kublai Khan wanted to conquer Korea and Japan.
- Sent 450 ships & 15,000 troops to Japan. A typhoon (hurricane) destroyed them.
- 7 years later, he tried again and another typhoon destroyed them as well.
- Japanese called this, “Divine Wind” or Kamikaze.
-Trade- Merchant class develops & trade increases- they formed guilds called ZA. Traded pottery,
paper, textiles and lumber, pearls, etc.
- Traded Goods: pottery, textiles , root ginger, pearls
Date
The Search for Spices
1. Crusades  to get to Asia for new goods.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  Christian Converts.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. New Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
7. Muslims and Italians control trade from East to West.
-Quest for Spices- Marco Polo’s book, “Description of the World” about Chinese wealth and
splendor fascinated many Europeans.
- Asian goods flowed to Europe along dangerous, complex overland trade
routes{Silk Road}.
- Asian Spices: Nutmeg, pepper and Cinnamon, clover were used to flavor meat.
-Italian Monopoly- The Italians and Muslims controlled all the trade routes.
- The Italians had a Monopoly in Europe, trading Asian goods.
- Monopoly- Exclusive control of a product or business by one person or group.
- The Rest of Europe wanted to cut out the Italians, so the goods could be bought
cheaper.
- Because of the Italian Monopoly, many 1400 European explorers will
challenge the uncharted oceans, searching for a route to Asia.
-Fear of the Unknown- Violent waves, Fog, Strong winds made sea travel difficult.
- Some believed that terrible Creatures lived in the sea.
- It was also believed that the world was flat and that the sea to the south was
boiling hot.
-Technology- Ancient sailors used the sun & stars to determine direction.
- An hourglass was used to tell how long they had been out.
- Several improvements in technology helped Europeans conquer their fears:
a) Compass- enabled them to determine geographical direction.
b) Astrolabe and Sextant - determines latitude at sea, using the sun and stars.
c) Cartographer - a mapmaker.
d) Grid maps- Coordinates latitude and longitude.
e) Caravel – boat that combined the square sails with the multi- triangle
shaped sails and masts
Date
Spain Enters the Race
-Christopher Columbus- King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled Spain in the late 1400’s
- In 1492 the last of the Muslim Moors were defeated in Granada
- The Crown was going to use wealth, to build its power and strength.
- So Isabella and Ferdinand decided to join the Spice trade and will back Italian
navigator Christopher Columbus.
- Columbus believes the world is a sphere and he could make it to Asia going west.
- He used Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli’s Map, which was wrong.
- His first voyage began in 1492, with three ships: Nina{Santa Claria}, Pinta and
Santa Maria.
- He never made it to the spice islands of Asia, instead he ran into the
“AMERICAS”
- His voyages were considered to be failures, because he never brought back riches
for the crown.
- Columbus’s true achievement was Opening the Path from the Old World to the
New World(Americas)
-Dividing the World- The Line of Demarcation was an imaginary line that ran from the South Pole to
the North Pole. Pope Alexander VI was given the task of setting the line to settle a
dispute in 1493 then later 1494(Treaty of Tordesillas).
 Spain gets everything west of the line
 Portugal gets everything east of the line and Brazil
-Financing the Voyages- Voyages required large sums of money, because supplies, and crews were needed
for the long trips
- Joint-Stock companies- organizations that sold stock or shares, in the
explorations. So the risks and profits can be shared.
- Mercantilism – the theory that a State’s(country) power depends on its wealth.
Date
Effects of Exploration
-Columbian Exchange- Christopher Columbus opened a path from the Old world to the New world.
- New ideas and new products flooded back and forth.
 Products: African ivory, perfumes, silks and jewels…
 New World: corn, chocolate, potatoes, squash, pumpkins,
Vanilla, strawberries and turkeys…
 Old World: horses, cows pigs, sheep, rice, coffee…
- Merchants prospered the most from the new trade.
-Encomienda- The Europeans exploit the lands and the peoples they found in Africa,
Asia and the Americas{Indians}.
- -Encomienda - Spain granted the right to extract labor from the
Native Americans, exchange for (unwanted) protection conversion to
Christianity.
- Europeans conquer Native Americans & their population declines do to:
a) Immune to European disease
b) Warfare
• Spanish men and Native American women have children - Result is
Mestizo —mixed Spanish and Native populations.
• Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors. Spain abolishes
encomienda system (1542)
• The need for workers in mines and on farms was met with enslaved Africans.
-Slavery- For centuries African societies had been involved in an overland slave
trade with the Romans and the people of the Middle East.
- Most Africans came from West Africa.
- First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
- Dutch Ships brought the First Africans to the English colonies.
- Profit was the bottom line & cheap labor brought the most profit.
- They came by the way of the TRIANGLE TRADE, a three- way pattern
of colonial trade:
a) Rum and guns go to Africa.
b) Slaves go to the Americas.
c) Tobacco and other raw materials go to England.
• Middle Passage is the Torturous journey of enslaved people from
Africa to the Americas on slave ships.
• 1500’s to 1800’s - There will be about 9.5 Million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Age of Exploration (1400’s
Date
Explorer
Nationality
Around 1000
Leif Ericson
Norse {Viking)
1271-1295
Marco Polo
Italian
1394-1460
Prince Henry
Portuguese
1487-1488
Bartholomeu Dias
Portuguese
1492-1498
Vasco DaGama
Portuguese
1497-1503
Amerigo Vespucci
Italian
1497-1498
John Cabot
Italian
1500-1501 Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Portuguese
1513
Vasco de Balboa
Spanish
1513
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish
1520-1521
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese
1519-1521
Hernando Cortez
Spanish
1523-1535
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish
to 1700’s)
Achievement
1539-1541
Hernando De Soto Spanish
1577-1580
Sir Frances Drake English
1603-1616
Samuel de
Champlain
French
1609-1611
Henry Hudson
English
1682
Robert LaSalle
French
1768-1779
James Cook
English
-Other Notables-
Conquistadors- Spanish conquerors looking for riches.
Bullion- Spanish gold and silver.
Circumnavigation - circling the globe.
Cartographer - a mapmaker.
Date:
The Early Americans
-First Americans- Crossed over to North America by the Bering Straight{Beringia}
- Used their environment for their basic needs: food, clothing and shelter.
- Much of what we know comes from Archaeological digs- uncovered homes, burial mounds, pottery, baskets, stone
tools and the bones of people and animals.
- They settled in Five different regions, which caused them to developed differently
- Used their environment for their basic needs: food, clothing and shelter.
- Much of what we know comes from Archaeological digs- uncovered homes, burial mounds, pottery, baskets, stone
tools and the bones of people and animals
- Earliest known ceremonial centers of the ancient Americas appeared near modern day Veracruz Mexico around
1200 B.C. The Olmec were the first major civilization in Mexico.
- “Olmec” - It means “rubber people” and comes from the rubber trees that flourish in the region
- They were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed.
-Northwest- The Arctic- Present day Canada and Alaska- cold weather made farming impossible.
- They were hunters and fisherman- whales sea lions, water birds. Ate mostly meat and used animal skins for
clothing
- Lived in Pit houses
-Pacific Northwest- Warmer climate and thick forests
- Hunted the same foods as arctic, plus small forest animals and acorns
- Fished with spears and nets
- Used trees to build houses and canoes
- Believed in mythical ancestor, who they descended from.
- Traded with people from Alaska to Northern Cal.
-California /Intermountain region–
- Those living on the coast had warm climate and ate abalone, mussels
and sea bass, seals, berries and nuts
- Believed in natural spirits that inhabit the earth
- Those living inland- desert and mountains{Great Basin}
- Lived in Wickiups and in small groups
-Southwest- Present day Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Northern Mexico
- Invented techniques of irrigation- the Hohokan tribes dug canals- Pueblos tribes dug terraced fields that looked like
steps, to check the erosion.
- Most people lived in Adobe apartment like homes
-Great Plains- Vast thick grasslands that stretched from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. The thick sod was bad for
farming. Dependent on Bison(buffalo)- for food clothing, shelter and tools.
- Their homes were called Tepees, made mostly from the Buffalo
-Eastern Woodlands- Hunters – deer, turkey, geese and squirrel- used every part of the animal for food, their tools and clothing.
- Farmers- corn, squash, beans and tobacco, etc.
- Had a high level of political organization-( A.D1500 the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca formed
the Iroquois League)
- They lived in Longhouses and Wigwams
- Created the game of lacrosse
-
Date
Mayan Indians
-When and WhereThe Mayan lived in Meso{Middle} America between A.D300 and A.D900.
-SocietyA loose group of City-States linked together by culture, politics and trade.
Largest city was Tikal in present day Guatemala
Economy based on Agriculture and Trade.
Nobles served as military leaders and managed public works, collected taxes
and enforced laws.
- A King ruled and was a spiritual leader.
- Ulama, this ancient basketball like game had political and religious significant.
They believed it maintained the cycles of the sun, moon and bring life-giving rain.
- Religion- Religion was the center of their lives – two levels of life:
a) Physical life
b) Spiritual world
- Used bloodletting and human sacrifices to appease the gods and keep the
world in balance.
- Priests held great power because only they could conduct the ceremonies to ensure
good harvests and success in war.
- Built Temples and Pyramids.
-Achievements- Excellent mathematicians ( . =1 .. =2 … =3 - =5 __.__ =6)
- Developed a concept of zero using a shell.
- Had a 360 day calendar
- Developed a hieroglyphic writing system
a) Used phonetic syllables and some represent full words.
b) Wrote on books made of Bark
- Probably wrote thousands of paper books only 31/2 survived
-Decline-
- By the 900’s - Maybe warfare, disease or overpopulated and could not support
large society
- By 1500’s - When the Spanish invaded they were divided into small villages or
faded into other Indian societies.
Date:
Aztecs and Incas
-Incas• Both the Incas and Aztecs will be influenced by the Mayan Indians
who lived in Meso{Middle} America between A.D300 and A.D900.
-Aztec- Capital City Tenochtitlan, was on a small island on the western
shore of lake Texcoco.
- The city became an important economic and social institution. Over
60,000 people visited the market daily.
- The Aztec Empire stretched from central Mexico to
Guatemala.
- They conquered people and had the people pay tribute, in the form
of food, clothing & raw materials.
- They borrowed their religion from the Maya and Toltec
a) prisoners were sacrificed to keep the gods
happy and to have a good harvest.
- Decline was due to rebellions and Spanish invasion.
- They thought Hernando Cortez was their god Quetzalcoatl - god of
intelligence and self-reflection, a patron of priests a giver of life.
- Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs & killed Chief MontezumaII
-Incas- In South America along the Pacific coast- present day Peru, Chile
and Ecuador, Argentina and Bolivia.
- A.D.1438-King Pachacuti expanded the empire and created a
strong, central gov’t. Also courts, military posts, trade inspections, a
tribute system and the Gov’t cared for elderly.
- Capital City, Machu Picchu, filled with temples, plazas and homes
and markets.
- Agricultural techniques -Terraced farm land
- Empire had a ton of gold and silver.
- They believed in many gods & human sacrifices.
- Declined due to Spanish invasion, led by Francisco Pizarro.
-
Pizarro kills the Inca leader Atahualpa.
The Exchange
Plants and animals brought to the America after 1492
Horses, pigs, cows, sheep, chicken, honeybee, coffee, wheat, rice, oats, soy,
cabbage, turnips, lettuce, okra, sugar cane, peaches, lemons, oranges,
bananas, plums, cherries, watermelon, olives, onions.
Plants and animals indigenous to the Americas
Turkey, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, pecans, cashews, papayas,
avocados, Pineapples, blueberries, lima beans, navy beans, kidney beans,
squash, Chocolate, tomatoes, bell peppers, chili peppers, vanilla, pumpkin,
strawberries, squash, tobacco.
Native Americans of the Americas
(n.a.)Iroquois
Incas(s.a.)
Aztec(m)
Anasazi(n.a.)
Maya(m)
Nasca(s.a.)
Teotihuacan(m)
Olmec(m)
1500b.c.
1000b.c.
500b.c. 0 A.D.500 A.D.1000 A.D.1500 A.D1600
Date
Age of Exploration (1400’s to 1700’s)
-Portugal- First Europeans to venture out into the Atlantic
- In 1500, led by Pedro Alvarez Cabral, the Portuguese won a
bloody trade war with the Muslims in the Indian Ocean.
- King John’s son Prince Henry Starts a Navigation School
- 1488 Bartholomeu Dias discovers the tip of Africa(cape of
good hope). It proves that ships could reach Asia by sailing
around Africa
- 1497 Vasco Da Gama sailed around Africa to India(10 month
voyage) and back to Portugal.
-Spain- Conquistadors- Spanish conquerors looking for riches.
- Bullion- Spanish gold and silver
- Juan Ponce de Leon- first Westerner to reach Florida, while
looking for the Fountain of Youth.
- Circumnavigation - circling the globe
-Other Notable Names- Amerigo Vespucci, A map maker(Cartographer) read reports
about a “New World” by an Italian sailor, The map maker
labeled the area America and the label stuck for ever.
-European Goals--
Spain – To get Bullion(gold) …Control the land… Convert the
Natives to Christianity.
France – Find northwest passage…convert the Indians…Fur trade
England – Start colonies … Find valuable resources to send back
to England…Stop Spain from controlling the new land.
Netherlands(Dutch} – Acquire colonies and continue East India
trade{Slave}.