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Unit 5 Human Body Systems – Part 1 Human Body Systems: • Digestive • Respiratory • Circulatory Digestive System Key Questions 1. Why must large organic food molecules be broken down? 2. What are the structures of the digestive system and their functions? 3. What role do enzymes play in digestion? 4. How do digested nutrients leave the digestive system and enter the circulatory system? 5. What so cells do with absorbed nutrients? Why must large organic food molecules be broken down? A. The foods we eat are very big and complex – they must be broken down into smaller, usable forms Pretend You are a Cookie!!! • When given the signal, take a bite of your cookie. As you chew and swallow, think of everything that is going on in your digestive system. • Write down or draw everything that you (the cookie) are experiencing throughout this journey… What parts make up the Human Digestive System??? B. Digestive System 1. The Mouth a. Where food is ingested b. Mechanical digestion of food to increase surface area c. Chemical digestion of starch into simple sugars with the enzyme amylase (hydrolysis reaction) Demo Taste Test! • Notice the initial taste of the Saltine. • How did the flavor change over time? Digestion (Hydrolysis)of Starch in the Mouth with Amylase Taste Buds! (2:29) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuP-Kj7MHes Next… • The bolus (food mass) is swallowed… • The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue that closes off the trachea when food is swallowed so it does not go into the lungs Crazy Story! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVqFOMYKEs8 2. The Esophagus • Structure where food passes from mouth to stomach • Food is pushed down by peristalsis FYI- Esophagus Facts! • The esophagus is about 10 inches long and 1.5-2.0 inches in diameter • It takes food about 7 seconds to go through the esophagus! 3. The Stomach • Mechanical digestion - food gets churned/squeezed • Chemical digestion – only proteins are chemically digested here • Proteins begin to be hydrolyzed into amino acids with aid of pepsin (enzyme) • HCl produced to kill pathogens and activate pepsin (makes stomach acidic – pH is 1.5-2.5) • Mucus lining protects stomach from HCl and pepsin FYI… • Liquids can pass through the stomach in 20 minutes or less • Solids pass through in 2-6 hours (turns into chyme – a thin, soupy liquid) • Can expand to hold up to 2 liters of food/liquids! 4. Small Intestine • Long tube where most of the digestion occurs • Mechanical digestion – peristalsis • Chemical digestion – by intestinal juices • Intestinal juice contains: • Digestive enzymes made by the pancreas (accessory organ) • Bile • Made by liver and stored in gall bladder – (accessory organ) • Bile breaks down fats mechanically – increases surface area Small Intestine • Small intestine is where most nutrients are absorbed into the blood • Lining of small intestine has VILLI – increase surface area for absorption Questions • Why are there so many blood vessels surrounding the villi? • How do the nutrients get into the blood vessels? Heterotrophic Nutrition • Colored scanning micrograph shows a cast of blood vessels from the external wall of the small intestine. 5. Large Intestine • Thicker than small intestine, not as long • Where undigested, unabsorbed materials pass through (no digestion occurs here) • 3 important functions: • 1. Reabsorption of water • 2. Absorption of vitamins • 3. Elimination of undigested material, bacteria, mucus Heterotrophic Nutrition • Fact: There are enough bacteria here to fill a soup can! But… • Most of the bacteria in you gut are good! • You need them to help break down food • They also produce vitamins for us • ‘Probiotics’ are found in yogurt, pills, etc. 6. Rectum/Anus • Where feces is stored until released through the anus FYI • Appendix – Was once thought of as part of the digestive system. Now, its function is unknown. • May help replenish healthy bacteria in digestive tract • May serve an immune purpose • Many feel it is a vestigial organ that once helped break down roughage like tree bark You are what you eat! • The nutrients that are broken down and absorbed into the blood and travel to the cells • The cells use them for energy and as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life • Organic compounds can be used to assemble other molecules – proteins, DNA, starch, fats • Chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes Diagram – Digestive System Review Website • http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-andhuman-body/human-body/digestive-system-article.html • Video: • http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter26/animati on__organs_of_digestion.html Digestive System: When things go wrong!!! 1. Deficiency Diseases: • Due to insufficient amount of vitamins/minerals in the diet. • Rickets – lack of vitamin D • Scurvy – lack of vitamin C • Goiter – lack of iodine Deficiency Diseases Gallstones • Form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-life material • Can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball Peptic Ulcers • Open sores that develop on the inside lining of the stomach, upper small intestine or esophagus – very painful. • Common cause: H. pylori can disrupt the mucous layer and inflame the lining of the stomach Parasites Tapeworm • If you eat food or drink water contaminated with feces from a person or animal with tapeworm, you are ingesting microscopic tapeworm eggs. • Adult tapeworms can measure up to 50 feet long and can survive as long as 20 years in a host. Some tapeworms attach themselves to the walls of the intestine, where they cause irritation or mild inflammation, while others may pass through to your stool and exit your body. Tapeworm Food Poisoning • Salmonella • Causes an estimated 1.4 million cases of food-borne illness and more than 500 deaths annually in the United States. • Most people experience diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever within 8 to 72 hours after the contaminated food was eaten. Additional symptoms may be chills, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms usually disappear within 4 to 7 days. Respiratory System – Key Questions 1. What are the characteristics of an efficient gas exchange surface? 1. Why do organisms need to exchange gases? 1. What are the parts of the human respiratory system? Gas Exchange • Since most organisms use aerobic respiration, to create ATP, they need to get oxygen from the environment (and get rid of carbon dioxide). Gas Exchange • Gas exchange surfaces must be: 1. Thin (diffusion, easy to pass through) 2. Moist (gases easily dissolve for transport) 3. In contact with oxygen source 4. Near circulatory system (blood vessels) Gas Exchange • Problems to overcome: • Land organisms: • Air dries out gas exchange surfaces • Aquatic organisms: • Water contains less than 1% oxygen; air is 20% oxygen Gas Exchange • Overcoming the problems: • Organisms have evolved adaptations to make them better suited for gas exchange Gas Exchange • Land – keep surfaces inside • Water – gills (The gills have three functions. When water is passed over the gills, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide and ammonium is exhaled). Respiratory System 1. Nasal Cavity/Sinuses • Filters, warms, and moistens air • Lined with cilia and mucous • Mucus is good!!! You make about a quart of mucus a day and swallow it! • Nostrils – openings that lead to nasal passages Respiratory System FYI – Pharynx/Throat • Where oral cavity and nasal passages meet. • Tonsils and adenoids (help to fight infection) located here Swollen Tonsils Tonsillectonomy Respiratory System FYI – Larynx: • Location of voice box (contains vocal cords) • FYI - Voice changes with helium (helium has changed the velocity of sound in your throat, and as a result the frequency of the sounds that you produce are twice as high as normal) • At top of trachea • Opening is protected by a flap of tissue called the epiglottis to prevent choking. FYI – What is the Adam’s Apple? • During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage in males becomes enlarged • Creates a protrusion • Composed of cartilage that surrounds the larynx – increases in size as the larynx grows Respiratory System 2. Trachea: • Windpipe • Has rings of cartilage to keep it open • Lined with cilia and mucus to keep it clean • FYI – Smoking paralyzes cilia, so they are less able to filter out bacteria, etc. Respiratory System 3. Bronchi: • 2 branches off trachea • Each leads into the lungs • Each bronchi leads into smaller bronchial tubes, which lead into even smaller bronchioles Respiratory System 4. Lungs: • Each bronchus (along with bronchioles and alveoli) are attached to a lung. • Lung is organ containing millions of alveoli packed together to take in oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor. Respiratory System 5. Alveoli: • Where gas exchange occurs • Alveoli are the functional units for gas exchange in the lungs!!! • We have about 300 million to increase the surface area • Alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels/capillaries to pick up oxygen Gas Exchange FYI – Size of Lungs • Left lung has 2 lobes, and the right has 3 lobes Respiratory System • From here, blood takes oxygen to all cells. • Cells use oxygen for aerobic respiration to make ATP for life processes. • Carbon dioxide and water are released to blood as wastes, carried to lungs and released. Question • Why are the alveoli surrounded by so many capillaries??? Respiratory System • How is air moved into and out of the lungs??? • The diaphragm is a muscle involved in breathing. • Breathing = moving air into and out of lungs. Respiratory System How is oxygen “picked out” of the air we inhale? • Air is 80% nitrogen, and 18-20% oxygen. • Blood has hemoglobin in red blood cells which “grab” oxygen molecules from the inhaled air and transports it. Respiratory System How are gases transported? • Red blood cells carry oxygen with the help of hemoglobin • When oxygen is bound to red blood cells, the blood becomes bright red • When blood is low in oxygen, blood turns dark red – Blood is NEVER blue! Respiratory System How is breathing regulated? • Brain (medulla) monitors carbon dioxide levels in blood • When carbon dioxide is high, breathing rate increases • When carbon dioxide is low, breathing rate decreases What causes the hiccups? • Due to involuntary contractions of the diaphragm. • Causes closure of the vocal cords (=hic sound) Breathing and exercise! • During exercise, the cells burn oxygen faster to produce more energy for the body. • This creates more carbon dioxide as a waste product. • The increased carbon dioxide level is detected by the brain (medulla). • The medulla then signals for a faster breathing rate to provide more oxygen for the cells. Amazing Lung Facts! • At rest, a person breathes 14 to 16 times per minute. During/after exercise it can rise to 60 times per minute! • New babes at rest breathe between 40-50 times per minute. By age 5, it decreases to about 25 times. • The total surface area of the alveoli is the size of a tennis court. • The lungs are the only organ in the body that can float on water. Disorders of the respiratory system • Cystic Fibrosis • Most common fatal heredity disease • No cure • Inherited disease that causes mucus to become very thick and sticky • Over time – builds up in lungs and blocks airways • Results in serious lung infections • Blocks ducts in pancreas (less digestive enzymes) Cystic Fibrosis Disorders of the respiratory system • Asthma • Inflammation of the air passages. Results in temporary narrowing of the airways that transport air from the nose and mouth to the lungs. • Symptoms can be caused by allergens or irritants that are inhaled into the lungs. • Symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing tightness in the chest. In severe cases, asthma can be deadly. • 1 in 15 Americans have asthma. Asthma Disorders of the respiratory system • Bronchitis • Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, or bronchi, that bring air into the lungs. Produces redness, swelling, and pain. • Can be caused by: viruses, bacteria, smoking, breathing in certain kinds of irritating chemicals • When the cells lining the bronchi are irritated, the tiny hairs (cilia) that normally trap and eliminate things from the outside stop working. Disorders of the respiratory system • Emphysema • Occurs when the alveoli are gradually destroyed. • Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema. • Over time, the reduced number of air sacs results in less oxygen reaching your bloodstream. • Also, the bronchioles that lead to the air sacs are slowly destroyed, so they collapse when you breathe out, not letting the air in lungs escape. Emphysema Emphysema Disorders of the respiratory system • Pneumonia • Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. pneumonia Circulatory System Key Questions 1. How do necessary molecules enter the circulatory system and cells? 1. What are the parts and functions of the circulatory system? Human Circulatory System Made of 3 key parts: • 1. A system of blood vessels • 2. A heart • 3. Blood Human Circulatory System Types of Blood Vessels 1. Arteries • Typically carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart to the rest of the body. • Thick-walled and elastic vessels that expand and contract to accommodate the forceful flow of blood (under great pressure) Human Circulatory System • Pulse = feeling of rhythmic contractions caused by blood flow through arteries. Human Circulatory System • 2. Veins • Return deoxygenated blood back to the heart from all parts of the body • Thin walled vessels that have valves in them to prevent blood from flowing backwards. Human Circulatory System • 3. Capillaries • Tiny blood vessels • Walls are only 1 cell thick – thin enough to allow for diffusion of materials to allow for exchange between cells and capillaries Human Circulatory System •2. The Heart A. Function of the heart – to pump the blood Human Heart Human Circulatory System • B. Characteristics: • 4 chambered muscle that continually pumps blood throughout the circulatory system. • Made of 2 different sides: one side contains oxygenated blood (left), and one side contains deoxygenated blood (right). • Divided into 2 types of chambers: atria and ventricles. Beating Heart Video • http://vimeo.com/8321006 • ‘Pump up Your Heart Song’ - on server Blood Flow and Gravity! • Experiment: • Hold one hand high in the air. • Hold your other hand down by your side for one minute. • Quickly compare your 2 hands – what happened??? How Fast Does Blood Flow??? • When blood leaves your heart, it travels about 3 feet per second – that’s the length of one yardstick! Human Circulatory System • Label Heart Diagram and color the flow of blood through heart Superior Vena Cava Aorta Right Pulmonary Artery Right Pulmonary Veins Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Inferior Vena Cava Right Ventricle Left Pulmonary Artery Left Atrium Left Pulmonary Vein Bicuspid Valve Pulmonary Valve Left Ventricle Septum Human Circulatory System • 3. Types of Circulation: A. Systemic: Carries blood to body organs with exception of lungs B. Coronary: Carries blood to heart tissue C. Pulmonary: Carries blood to lungs from heart Human Circulatory System • FYI - Blood Pressure: • The pressure exerted (pushing on) the walls of the arteries from the pumping action of the heart. • Systole = contraction of the ventricles • Diastole = relaxation of the ventricles Human Circulatory System • Formula for blood pressure = Systole Diastole • Normal blood pressure = 120 80 Blood Human Circulatory System • 1. Blood A. Functions of the blood: 1. Transports nutrients, wastes, dissolved gases, various types of cells, antibodies, etc. throughout an organism. 2. Helps to regulate body temperature. Human Circulatory System • 1. Made of cells and plasma a. Fluid portion is called the PLASMA Human Circulatory System Plasma: • Almost clear in color- made of mostly water (90%) • Other 10% contains many dissolved materials such as metabolic wastes, hormones, nutrients, glucose, proteins (including enzymes, antibodies, and clotting factors) Human Circulatory System • b. Solid portion made up of red blood cells (RBC’s), white blood cells (WBC’s), and platelets Human Circulatory System 1. Solids in the plasma: • A. Red blood cells • Most numerous cells in blood • Main function = Transport oxygen throughout body with help of hemoglobin • Hemoglobin = iron-containing protein that binds to O2 Human Circulatory System • FYI – • Mature RBCs DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS • RBCs live about 120 days then they are destroyed in liver or spleen Human Circulatory System • B. White blood cells • Used to fight off pathogens (foreign invaders in the body) • Larger than RBC’s, but there are less of them Human Circulatory System • 3. Platelets: • Smaller than RBC’s (fragments of a cell) • Platelets cause a series of complex biochemical reactions that causes blood to clot Blood clotting: Platelet Ruptures Releases Enzymes Clotting Begins Video-2:23 https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuo U Human Circulatory System C. Blood Typing: • The A B O blood groups are based on the presence or absence of a particular antigen on the surface of red blood cells. • 2 Types of blood antigens: • 1. A • 2. B Human Circulatory System • 4 major blood types: • A, B, AB, O Blood • The plasma also carries antibodies to the opposite type of blood: either A antibodies or B antibodies • Example: • If you have type A blood, you carry B antibodies, so you would NOT want a blood transfusion of blood type B. • Your body would consider the blood foreign and fight the blood. Blood Types: Blood • Your blood will AGGLUTINATE – become clumpy if you receive the wrong blood type!!! Blood Universal Blood Donors: People with Blood Type O Universal Blood Recipients: People with Blood Type AB Statistics • http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/bloodtypes Heart Rate During Exercise • Why does your heart rate increase during periods of aerobic activity??? When Things Go Wrong: Circulatory System When Things Go Wrong: Disruptions in Homeostasis • 1. Sickle Cell Anemia: • Hereditary disease where red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. • Deliver less oxygen to cells than normal rbc’s. • Causes extreme pain • No Cure Sickle Cell Anemia When Things Go Wrong: Disruptions in Homeostasis • 2. Hemophilia • Inherited rare bleeding disorder where blood does not clot properly • Decreased amount of or missing clotting factor • Allows platelets to clump together to stop blood flow • No cure. Treatment includes injections of clotting factors When Things Go Wrong: Disruptions in Homeostasis • 3. Leukemia • Cancer of the blood-forming tissues and lymphatic system. • Usually starts with white blood cells, so the immune system has a lessened ability to fight off infection • Treatment varies depending on type: When Things Go Wrong: Disruptions in Homeostasis • 4. Stroke • When a blood clot blocks an artery or a blood vessel breaks disrupting blood flow to the brain • When brain cells die during a stroke, abilities controlled by that area of the brain are lost. These abilities include speech, movement and memory. • How a stroke patient is affected depends on where the stroke occurs in the brain and how much the brain is damaged. Disruptions in Homeostasis • 1. High Blood Pressure • Also called hypertension • When pressure is 140/90 or greater. • Left untreated, can weaken walls of vessels When Things Go Wrong: Circulatory System • 2. Heart Attack • When the coronary arteries become blocked • Can’t provide nutrients to heart tissue • Leads to tissue death When Things Go Wrong: Circulatory System • 3. Heart Murmurs • An extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat. • Range from very faint to very loud. Sometimes they sound like a whooshing or swishing noise. • Usually harmless • http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medther/Cardiolog y/hsmur.html Technology • Valve Replacements Technology • Pacemaker • Small device placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms. • Uses electrical pulses to get the heart to beat at a normal rate Technology • Artificial Heart • Mimics a real human heart • Requires external power system energizes and regulates the pump through a system of compressed air hoses that enter the heart through the chest. • Since the system is cumbersome and open to infection, the use of an artificial heart is meant to be temporary. Technology • Stents • Open up blocked vessels Yellow – plaque Red = blood flow Applicable NY State Learning Standards • Performance Indicator 1.2 • Major understandings: 1.2a, 1.2b, 1.2c, 1.2d, 1.2e, 1.2f, 1.2g, 1.2h • Performance indicator 5.3 • Major understanding: 5.3b • Performance indicator 5.1 • Major understandings: 5.1c, 5.1f Key Questions for Unit: 1. How do human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis? 2. How do the parts within an organ system stay coordinated in order to keep internal balance (tissues and cells within organs must be coordinated)? 3. What feedback mechanisms are in place to allow human body systems to stay coordinated?