Download Circuits - Island Physics

Circuits
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Lesson 01:
Lesson 02:
Lesson 03:
Lesson 04:
Lesson 05:
Lesson 06:
Lesson 07:
Lesson 08:
Charge
Circuit Diagrams
Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits
Which Circuit?
Resistance
Voltage, Current and Resistance
Voltage, Current and Resistance
Revision
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Glossary
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ammeter – A device used to measure current.
ampere – The unit used to measure current. Its symbol is A.
battery – The scientific word for two or more cells that are joined together.
cell – A chemical source of voltage. The chemicals inside this device react and electrons are pushed out into the
circuit.
circuit – A complete path that current can travel along.
current – The rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A).
electron flow – The movement of negatively-charged electrons from a negative terminal around a circuit.
parallel circuit – A complete circuit that branches into two or more paths.
potential difference – The scientific name for voltage, measured in volts (V). Measured across a component, it is the
difference in electrical potential energy between the two sides of the component.
series circuit – A complete circuit in which components are wired one after the other in a continuous loop.
volt – The unit used to measure potential difference (voltage). Its symbol is V.
voltmeter – A device used to measure potential difference (voltage).
voltage – Another name for potential difference. For a cell, it is the amount of energy that the cell gives to each
electron pushed out into the circuit.
diode – A component that allows current to flow in one direction only.
light dependent resistor – A component whose resistance changes in response to light intensity.
ohm – The unit of electrical resistance, named after
Georg Ohm.
Ohm’s law – Formula used to relate current, voltage and resistance, if the temperature remains constant. R = V/I.
resistance – The opposition to the flow of charge.
resistor – A component that opposes the flow of charge.
thermistor – A component whose resistance changes in response to temperature.
variable resistor – A component whose resistance can be adjusted to vary the amount of current.
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Double Award Syllabus:
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explain why a series or parallel circuit is more appropriate for
particular applications, including domestic lighting (P2.10)
understand that the current in a series circuit depends on the applied
voltage and the number and nature of other components (P2.11)
describe how current varies with voltage in wires, resistors, metal
filament lamps and diodes, and how this can be investigated
experimentally (P2.12)
describe the qualitative effect of changing resistance on the current in
a circuit (P2.13)
describe the qualitative variation of resistance of LDRs with
illumination and of thermistors with temperature (P2.14)
recall and use the relationship between voltage, current and resistance:
voltage = current × resistance V = I × R (P2.15)
understand that current is the rate of flow of charge (P2.16)
recall and use the relationship between charge, current and time:
charge = current × time Q = I × t (P2.17)
recall that electric current in solid metallic conductors is a flow of
negatively charged electrons (P2.18).
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Separate Science Syllabus
Energy and Potential Difference in Circuits
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explain why a series or parallel circuit is more appropriate for particular applications, including domestic lighting
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understand that the current in a series circuit depends on the applied voltage and the number and nature of other
components
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describe how current varies with voltage in wires, resistors, metal filament lamps and diodes, and how this can be
investigated experimentally
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describe the qualitative effect of changing resistance on the current in a circuit
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describe the qualitative variation of resistance of LDRs with illumination and of thermistors with temperature
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recall and use the relationship between voltage, current and resistance:
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voltage = current × resistance
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V=I×R
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understand that current is the rate of flow of charge
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recall and use the relationship between charge, current and time :
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charge = current × time
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Q=I×t
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recall that electric current in solid metallic conductors is a flow of negatively charged electrons
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recall that:
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voltage is the energy transferred per unit charge passed
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the volt is a joule per coulomb
Electric charge
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identify materials which are electrical conductors or insulators, including metals and plastics
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recall that insulating materials can be charged by friction
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explain that positive and negative electrostatic charges are produced on materials by the loss and gain of
electrons
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recall that there are forces of attraction between unlike charges and forces of repulsion between like
charges
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explain electrostatic phenomena in terms of the movement of electrons
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recall the potential dangers of electrostatic charges, e.g. when fuelling aircraft and tankers
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recall some uses of electrostatic charges, e.g. in photocopiers and inkjet printers
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Charge
06/05/2017
Aim:
 To generate a charge
 To calculate charge
Starter:
 Where is the static electricity in the picture?
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What did Benjamin Franklin do?
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How is Static Charge Generated?
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How can you generate static charge?
Around the outside of an
atom are electrons, which
have a negative charge.
The nucleus at the centre of
an atom contains protons, which
have a positive charge.
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Charging materials
Video
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Separate Science
Investigating pairs of charges
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Charge
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Separate Science
Insulators can be charged by friction
If a material is turned positive then electrons have been
lost
if the material becomes negative the electrons have been
gained
Like charges repel
Different charges attract
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Demos
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Water
Paper
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Experimenting with static charge
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Charge
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The number of electrons (or other
ions)
Symbol: Q
Units: coulomb (C)
Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 × 10-19 C
Charge = current x time
(in C)
(in A)
Q uI t
Q
I
(in s)
Charles–Augustin de
Coulomb (1736-1806)
t
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Example questions
Charge (C)
Current (A)
Time (s)
5
2
0.4
1
20
0.5
50
250
3
60
1) A circuit is switched on for 30s with a current of 3A. How much
charge flowed?
2) During electrolysis 6A was passed through some copper chloride
and a charge of 1200C flowed. How long was the experiment on
for?
3) A bed lamp is switched on for 10 minutes. It works on a current of
0.5A. How much charge flowed?
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Separate Science
How are planes refuelled safely?
A build up of static charge
when refuelling a plane could
cause an explosion.
This can be prevented by
joining the delivery tanker and
the fuel tank electrically with a
metal wire.
The wire provides a path for
electricity to flow along, and so
prevents the build up of any
potentially dangerous static
charge.
Petrol Pump
metal wire
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Dangers
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Separate Science
Sparks are caused by electrons moving
When a plane is refuelling you can get a build up of electrostatic
charges
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Separate Science
How does a photocopier work?
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Separate Science
What happens in a photocopier?
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Inkjet printer
Positive
plate
Separate Science
A4 paper
Fine nozzle
Negative
plate
• The ink droplets are charged as they thrust against the nozzle
• The droplets are deflected as they pass between two electrically
charged plates
• The amount of charge, i.e. the size and direction of the voltage, on the
plates keeps changing to drive each droplet to the right place on your
paper
• What charge will the droplets deflected upwardly have? Why?
• They will be negatively charged, because -ve charges are attracted by
the positive plate at the top and repelled by the negative plate at the
bottom.
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Separate Science
How does spray painting cars work?
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Separate Science
How does static charge reduce pollution?
A precipitator in the chimney of a power station uses static
electricity to filter smoke particles from waste gases.
The smoke particles pass
through a charged grid and pick
up a negative charge.
They are then attracted
to the positively-charged
collecting plates.
The smoke particles lose
their charge and fall back
down the chimney, so the
waste gases emitted are free
of polluting smoke.
positivelycharged
metal plates
smoke
particles
metal grid
at a high
voltage
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Uses
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Separate Science
Electrostatic charges are used in photocopiers, inkjet printers,
spray paints and precipitators
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Separate Science
Static electricity – useful or a problem?
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‘Van de Graaff’ generator
Brainiac
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
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Charge
recap
Aim
 To generate a charge
 To calculate charge
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Circuit Diagrams
06/05/2017
Aim
 Use circuit symbols
 Understand circuit diagrams
Starter: True or False
(back of books)
1) Voltage can also be called potential difference.
2) There must be a gap in a circuit for a current to flow.
3) Electrons carry energy round a circuit.
4) A light bulb transfers electrical energy into heat and light.
5) Current is measured in volts.
6) If more electrons start flowing round a circuit the current gets smaller
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Circuit symbols
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Circuit Symbols
Wire
Motor
Connected Wire
Fuse
Non connecting wire
Buzzer
Cell
Diode
Battery
Bulb
Power supply
Switch
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Resistor
Thermistor
Variable Resistor
Light Dependant
Resistor (LDR)
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Could you draw the circuit?
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Why Use Circuit Diagrams?
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Types of Circuits
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- If there is only one path for the current we say the bulbs are
- connected in SERIES.
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the current has two
- Here
routes.
-Any circuit with more than one
- route means that the bulbs are
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connected in PARALLEL.
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If a wire is connected around
the bulb all the current will
bypass the bulb and it goes out
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We call this a SHORT CIRCUIT
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Which circuit diagram?
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Building Circuits Practise
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1 Power Pack set at 3V
1 Switch
1 Buzzer
1 Voltmeter
2 Bulbs
1 Motor
6 Wires
2 Croc Clips
Draw each circuit first
When Connecting Parallel circuits connect up the
series section first.
make sure you have that right.
then add at the parallel branch.
Make sure they connect where the “blobs” are in the
circuit.
Measure the Voltage across each component and the
power pack and note it down on your circuit diagram
The buzzers need to be connected the correct
way
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2
1
3
M
M
4
5
6
M
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Circuit Diagrams
recap
Aim
 Use circuit symbols
 Understand circuit diagrams
Homework
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Series Circuits
06/05/2017
Aims:
• To define Current, Voltage and Resistance
• To investigate current and voltage in series circuits
Quiz:
Battery
Power supply
Switch
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Diode
Resistor
Thermistor
Variable Resistor
Light Dependant
Resistor (LDR)
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Potential Difference
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The push on electrons in
a circuit.
so bigger push, faster
electrons, more current,
brighter bulb
Symbol: V
Units: volts (V)
A.k.a. Voltage
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio
Anastasio Volta (1745-1827)
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Current
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The number of electrons
flowing past a point in a circuit.
So faster electrons or more
electrons, bigger current,
brighter bulb
Conventional Current flows
from positive to negative
however electrons are
negative so they really flow
from negative to positive
Symbol: I
Units: ampere (A)
(ampere = amps)
André-Marie Ampère
(1775-1836)
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Representing current direction
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Resistance
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How hard it is for a
current to flow through
a material.
So bigger resistance but
same voltage gives a
smaller current
Symbol: R
Units: ohms (Ω)
George Simon Ohm
(1789-1854)
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Analogy 1: Cross Country Run
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Copy down the sketch on the board and annotate it.
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USE MOST OF A PAGE LEAVE SPACE FOR FURTHER
ADDITIONS NEXT LESSON
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PE Teachers = Voltage
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Pupils = electrons
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Rate of pupils moving = Current
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Other Teachers counting Pupils = Ammeter
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Obstacles = Resistances (e.g. Resistors, bulbs, motors ...)
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Short cuts = Short circuits
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Experiment
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Follow the experiment sheet
DO NOT WRITE ON THE SHEET
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Series circuits – experiment
NOTE: Voltage Reading on 3 bulbs, 1 battery is wrong should be 0.67 V
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Current in a Series Circuit
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Copy the circuit into your books
Measure the current at points A1, A2 and A3
Write down your readings:
What has happened to the current?
A3
A1
A1 =
A2 =
A3 =
A1 = A2 = A3
A2
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Electrons are never ever used up
So, the current is the same in all parts of a series circuit.
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Voltage in a Series Circuit
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Copy the circuit into your books
Measure the voltage at points V1, V2 and V3
Write down your readings:
V1
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
V1 = V 2 + V3
V2
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V3
In a series circuit, the voltage supplied by the battery is shared by
the components.
So, the sum of the voltage across the components equals the battery
voltage.
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Series Circuits
recap
Aims:
• To define Current, Voltage and Resistance
• To investigate current and voltage in series circuits
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Parallel Circuits
06/05/2017
Aims:
• To experimentally establish the behaviour of current
and voltage in parallel circuits
Starter: (back of books)
Which is the odd one out?
A
B
C
D
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Potential Difference Across Cells
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Batteries are made of multiple cells
For instance a car battery has at least 6
To work out the voltage of the battery just add
together the voltage of the cells.
Q: What is the total potential difference of 2 x 1.5V
batteries in series?
A: V = 1.5 + 1.5
=3V
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Work out the Potential Difference of the Following
(don’t forget positive and negative ends)
b)
a)
1.5+1.5+1.5 = 4.5V
c)
1.5-1.5 = 0V
d)
1.5+1.5-1.5 = 1.5V
1.5+1.5-1.5-1.5 = 0V
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Experiment
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Follow the experiment sheet
DO NOT WRITE ON THE SHEET
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Parallel Circuits – Experiment
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Current in a Parallel Circuit
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Copy the circuit into your books
Measure the current at points A1, A2 and A3
Write down your readings:
What has happened to the current?
A1
A6
A3
A2
A5
A4
A1 =
A2 =
A3 =
A4 =
A5 =
A6 =
A1 = A2 + A3
A4 + A5 = A6
• The electrons must choose which way to go
• So, the current is not the same in all parts of a parallel circuit.
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Potential difference in parallel circuits
V1
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V2
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Copy the circuit into your books
Measure the voltage at points
V1, V2 and V3
Write down your readings:
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
V 1 = V 2 = V3
V3
In a parallel circuit, the potential difference across each
bulb is the same as the potential difference across the
battery.
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Summary
Movie
Current
Voltage
Series
Stays the same
Split up across
components
Parallel
Split up between
branches
Stays the same
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Comparing circuits
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Uses of Circuits
There are two main reasons why parallel circuits are used more
commonly than series circuits:
1) Extra appliances (like bulbs) can be added without affecting the
output of the others (they are all as bright as each other)
2) If one appliance breaks it won’t affect the others either
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An example question:
6V
A3
3A
A1
V1
A2
V2
V3
An example question:
6V
3A
3A
2A
6V
1A
3V
3V
Resistance
06/05/2017
Aims:
• To understand the affect of increasing resistance
• To use Ohm’s law
• To interpret a current voltage graph
Starter:
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Which Resister is Which?
1. Setup the circuit
2. Use the power pack to
change the voltage
3. Make sure you get at least 5
different results.
4. Write your results in a table
5. Repeat for the other two
resisters
6. Plot your results on a graph
7. V on the X axis
8. I on the Y axis
9. Calculate the gradient of
your graph (1/gradient = the
resistance of the resistors)
A
V
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I
V
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Ohms Law
Resistance is anything that will RESIST a
current. It is measured in Ohms, a unit
named after me.
The resistance of a component can be
calculated using Ohm’s Law:
George Simon
Ohm 1789-1854
Voltage = Current x Resistance
(in V)
(in A)
V
(in )
Very = Important x Rabbits
I
R
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An example question:
Ammeter
reads 2A
A
V
1) What is the resistance across this bulb?
2) Assuming all the bulbs are the same what
Voltmeter
reads 10V
is the total resistance in this circuit?
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Resistance
recap
Aims:
• To understand the affect of increasing resistance
• To use Ohm’s law
• To interpret a current voltage graph
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 1
06/05/2017
Aims:
• To use Ohm’s law
• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes, bulbs
and resistors
Starter:
Copy and Complete the Table
Symbol
Units
Unit Symbol
Charge
Q
coulomb
C
Current
I
Amps
Resistance
R
Voltage
Power
Energy
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Ohmic Resistor:
I
V
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Ohms Law
Resistance is anything that will RESIST a
current. It is measured in Ohms, a unit
named after me.
The resistance of a component can be
calculated using Ohm’s Law:
George Simon
Ohm 1789-1854
Voltage = Current x Resistance
(in V)
(in A)
V
(in )
Very = Important x Rabbits
I
R
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An example question:
Ammeter
reads 2A
A
V
Voltmeter
reads 10V
1) What is the resistance across this
bulb?
2) Assuming all the bulbs are the same
what is the total resistance in this
circuit?
Homework
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Voltage and Current in a Diode
1. Setup the circuit
2. Use the Rheostat to change
the voltage
3. Make sure you get at least
10 different results both
positive and negative.
4. Write your results in a
table
5. Plot your results on a graph
6. V on the X axis
7. I on the Y axis
8. Repeat for a bulb
A
A
V
V
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Investigating current and voltage
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 1
recap
Aims:
• To use Ohm’s law
• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes, bulbs
and resistors
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 2
06/05/2017
Aims:
• To use Ohm’s law
• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes, bulbs
and resistors
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Current voltage graphs
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current (A)
Is resistance the same in all wires?
copper
nichrome
voltage (V)
This means that the copper wire has a lower resistance than the
nichrome wire. What does the gradient tell you about resistance?
The steeper the gradient of a current-voltage graph, the
lower the resistance of the wire.
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Current – voltage graphs
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Current-voltage graph for a bulb
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Current voltage graph for a diode
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Current-Voltage Graphs
I
I
V
1. Resistor
2. Bulb
I
V
V
3. Diode
Draw and explain the shape of each graph.
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Thermistor
Use a multimeter, a thermistor and your fingers to
answer the question below and then copy it into you book
A thermistor lets through
more current when it is hot
because its resistance
decreases
_______
Resistance / 
x
x
x
x
x
x
Answer in full sentences
1. What can you use a
thermistor to sense?
2. Name 2 places you will find
one in your home
x x x
Temperature / C
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Light Dependant Resistors (LDR)
Use a multimeter, a LDR and your fingers to answer the
question below and then copy it into you book
When light falls on an LDR
more
it lets through _______
current because its
resistance falls.
Resistance / k
x
x
x
x
x
Answer in full sentences
1. What can you use a LDR
to sense?
2. Where would you find one
outside?
x
x x x
Light intensity
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 2
recap
Aims:
• To use Ohm’s law
• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes, bulbs
and resistors
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Revision
06/05/2017
Aims:
• Revise
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Safety device
How it works / Notes
• Melts when too much current flows.
Fuse
• Value of fuse must be higher than current drawn
by the device
• Must be in live wire
• Breaks the circuit when too much current flows
Circuit Breaker
• Must be in live wire
• Can be reset
Earth
Double Insulated
Plastic
Insulator
• Protects from shock with metal cased appliances
• Any charge on outside case will be dissipated to
earth (also causing the fuse to melt)
• Plastic exterior means that even if live wire
touches case user will not receive a shock
• Grips outer cable and prevents strain on the inner
coloured wires.
• Is an insulator, stops current flowing from wire
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Earth Wire
Live Wire
Fuse
Neutral Wire
Outer
Insulation
Cable Grip
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Definitions
Definition
Symbol Unit
Unit
Symbol
Voltage
Push on the electrons
V
Volts
V
Current
Rate of flow of electrons
I
ampere
A
Charge
Total number of charged particles
Q
coulomb
C
Energy
Amount of energy given to a
component
E
joule
J
Resistance
How hard it is for electrons to
flow
R
ohm
Ω
Power
How fast energy is transferred
P
watt
W
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Equations
Mnemonic
Equation
Units
Exercise Is Very tiring
E=IVt
J=AVs
Peter Is a Veggie
P = I V
W = A V
QuIt
Q = I t
C = A s
Very Important Rabbits
V = I R
V = A Ω
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IV Graphs
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1/gradient = Resistance
So steeper the graph lower the resistance
I
I
V
1. Resistor
2. Bulb
V
I
V
3. Diode
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Circuits
Series Circuits:
•Less Cabling
Parallel Circuits:
•Same voltage across all components
•If one breaks rest still work
Series
Circuit
Parallel
Circuit
Current
same
split
Voltage
split
same
Copy down the sketch on the board and annotate it.
PE Teachers = Voltage
Pupils = electrons
Rate of pupils moving = Current
Other Teachers counting Pupils = Ammeter
Obstacles = Resistances (e.g. Resistors, bulbs, motors ...)
Short cuts = Short circuits
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Definition
Symbol
Voltage
Push on the electrons
Current
Rate of flow of electrons
Charge
Total number of charged particles
Energy
Amount of energy given to a component
Resistance
How hard it is for electrons to flow
Power
How fast energy is transferred
Unit
V
Volts
Unit
Symbol
V
• Safety Features:
Double Insulation: Outer case is _____ so it will
always be safe to touch.
Insulation: _____ outside cable safe to touch
Earthing: outside casing connected to _____
Circuit Breaker: Trips if too big a ____ flows
Fuse: _____ if too big a ____ flows
•
Definitions
Hazards:
Frayed Cables
Damaged Plugs
Water
Don’t play with
sockets
Mains
Equations
Electricity
Mnemonic
Equation
Units
Exercise Is Very tiring
E=IVt
J=AVs
Peter is a Veggie
Series
Circuit
Series and
Parallel Circuits
QuIt
Wiring a Plug:
Fuse on the live Wire
Green/Yellow: Earth
Brown: ______
Blue: _______
Parallel
Circuit
Current
Very Important Rabbits
Voltage
Circuits
IV Graphs
Advantage Series:
Advantage Parallel:
Resistor
I
V
Bulb
Diode
I
I
V
V
Component
Function
Symbol
Diode
Only lets the current through one way
Thermistor
Senses _____ (low ______ high _____)
LDR
Senses _____ (low ______ high _____)
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Definition
Symbol
Unit
Unit
Symbol
Voltage
Push on the electrons
V
Volts
V
Current
Rate of flow of electrons
I
ampere
A
Charge
Total number of charged particles
Q
coulomb
C
Energy
Amount of energy given to a component
E
joule
J
Resistance
How hard it is for electrons to flow
R
ohm
Ω
Power
How fast energy is transferred
P
watt
W
• Safety Features:
Double Insulation: Outer case is plastic so it will
always be safe to touch.
Insulation: plastic outside cable safe to touch
Earthing: outside casing connected to earth
Circuit Breaker: Trips if too big a current flows
Fuse: melts if too big a current flows
Wiring a Plug:
Fuse on the live Wire
Green/Yellow: Earth
Brown: live
Blue: neutral
Definitions
Hazards:
Frayed Cables
Damaged Plugs
Water
Don’t play with
sockets
Mains
Equations
Electricity
Mnemonic
Equation
Units
Exercise Is Very tiring
E=IVt
J=AVs
Peter is a Veggie
P = I V
W = A V
QuIt
Q = I t
C = A s
Very Important Rabbits
V = I R
V = A Ω
Series and
Parallel Circuits
Series
Circuit
Parallel
Circuit
Current
same
split
Voltage
split
same
Circuits
IV Graphs
Less Cabling
If one breaks rest still work and/or same voltage
Resistor
I
V
Bulb
Diode
I
I
V
V
Component
Function
Symbol
Diode
Only lets the current through one way
Thermistor
Senses Temp (low resistance high temp)
LDR
Senses Light (low resistance high light)
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Circuit Symbols
Wire
Motor
Connected Wire
Fuse
Non connecting wire
Buzzer
Cell
Diode
Battery
Bulb
Power supply
Switch
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Resistor
Thermistor
Variable Resistor
Light Dependant
Resistor (LDR)
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