Download integrated pest management

Horticulture Science
Lesson 31
Understanding Integrated Pest
Management
Interest Approach
Begin the lesson by having students read a newspaper
article about pesticides found in a groundwater supply.
Ask students for ways they believe this problem
can be stopped. Indicate that chemical pesticides are
useful tools for horticulturists, but pesticides must be
used wisely. Tell them that there are many other means
by which to control the pest populations.
Student Learning
Objectives
•Explain integrated pest
management.
•Identify and describe the types
of pests.
Student Learning
Objectives
•Identify the basic elements of
an integrated pest management
program.
Terms
• annual weed
• bacteria
• best management practices
(BMPs)
• biennial weed
• biological control
• broadleaf weeds
• causal agent
• chemical control
Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
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cultural/physical control
disease triangle
economic injury level
economic threshold
fungi
grass weeds
infectious diseases
insects
Terms
•integrated pest management
(IPM)
• mites
• nematodes
• noninfectious diseases
• parasitic plants
• pathogens
• perennial weed
Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
pest
pesticides
plant disease
sanitation
scouting
viruses
weeds
What is integrated pest management?
• Integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest
management strategy that uses a combination of best
management practices (BMP) to reduce pest damage
with the least disruption to the environment.
• Best management practices (BMPs) are those
practices that combine scientific research with
practical knowledge to optimize production and
increase crop quality while maintaining
environmental integrity.
What is integrated pest management?
• IPM provides protection against hazards to humans,
domestic animals, plants, and the environment.
• Studies have shown that no single control measure
works consistently over a long period of time.
• A reason for this is that pests can develop resistance
to certain control measures.
What is integrated pest management?
• The goal of IPM is to keep pest populations below
the economic or aesthetic injury level.
1. Economic injury level is the point at which the
cost of pest control equals the revenue loss caused
by a pest.
– It is determined by estimating the potential yield loss, the
value of the crop, and the cost of treatment.
– Economic injury level also clearly defines how much
damage can be tolerated.
What is integrated pest management?
2. Economic threshold is the number of insects per
plant or the amount of damage to the plant that
economically justifies the use of control measures.
– If a control is applied when a pest population reaches the
economic threshold, the population will be suppressed
before it reaches the economic injury level.
What is integrated pest management?
• The key to a successful IPM program is scouting,
which involves regularly monitoring pest
populations and crop conditions.
• A scout collects data about which pests are causing
damage, what stage of life each pest is in, and
whether the pest population is increasing or
decreasing.
• Knowing how to identify key pests and their
biological characteristics is important.
What is integrated pest management?
• The weakest link in each pest’s biology must be
found if management of the pest is to be successful.
What is integrated pest management?
• Benefits of IPM help sustain the ability of the earth
to meet the needs of an increasing human
population.
1. The benefits to horticulture vary with the crop and
the extent to which pests interfere with economical
production.
– Careful planning is required to make effective use of IPM.
What is integrated pest management?
• The benefits of IPM to the horticulture
industry:
a. There are reduced pesticide costs in
addition to fewer pesticides used with IPM.
b. Application costs are reduced due to
time,
and the cost of labor for pesticide application is
reduced.
c. Less pesticide resistance develops within
populations of insects, weeds, and diseases.
What is integrated pest management?
2. IPM also benefits the environment, which is
made more sustainable and friendly to people.
• Benefits of IPM to the environment:
a. Reduced contamination and degradation of the
environment occurs through the use of IPM.
– Pesticide residues do not build up in soil, water, and other
natural resources.
b. Cancer-causing residues are present in smaller
amounts or are not on food at all.
– Less pesticide residue on food products means a decreased
chance of people ingesting pesticides.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
• An understanding of the major pest groups and their
biology is required to ensure success in reducing
crop losses due to pests.
• A pest is a living organism that can cause injury or
loss to a plant.
• Pests include insects,
diseases, weeds, mites,
nematodes parasites,
and animals.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
• Insects are a group of animals with an exoskeleton
and three body parts.
• Most insects have six legs and four wings.
• More than 800,000 kinds of insects have been
identified.
• Insects are capable of producing large numbers of
offspring in a short time and can cause economical
loss by feeding on horticultural crops.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
1. Insects have either chewing or sucking
mouthparts.
– Damage symptoms caused by chewing insects are leaf
defoliation, leaf mining, stem boring, and root feeding.
– Insects with sucking mouthparts produce distorted plant
growth, leaf stippling, and leaf burn.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
2. As an insect grows from an
egg to an adult, it passes
through several growth
stages, which is called
metamorphosis.
– Two types of metamorphosis
exist: incomplete and complete.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
a. Incomplete metamorphosis consists of three life
stages: egg, nymph, and adult.
• As a nymph, the
insect grows and
passes through several
instars between molts.
• Each time the insect
molts or sheds its
exoskeleton, it passes
into the next instar.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
• b. Complete metamorphosis consists of four life
stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
• The larva stage is
the period when the
insect grows.
• The pupa is a
resting period where
a dramatic
morphological
change from larva to
adult occurs.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
• A plant disease is defined as a disturbance to the
normal growth and development of a plant.
– Diseases are generally classified as being infectious or
noninfectious.
• Infectious diseases are caused by living organisms
such as bacteria, fungi, or virus, which are often
referred to as disease pathogens.
– An infectious disease can be spread to other plants.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
• Noninfectious diseases are caused by environmental
imbalances and cannot be spread to other plants.
– Noninfectious disease examples include over watering,
nutrient deficiencies, and air pollution damage.
– Plants are most susceptible to disease when they are under
some type of stress.
– The stress is usually associated with environmental
factors.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
1. The occurrence and severity of infectious plant
diseases is based on three factors.
• A susceptible plant or host must be present.
• The causal agent or organism that produces a disease
must be present.
• Environmental conditions conducive to the causal agent
must occur.
– The relationship of these three factors is known as the disease
triangle.
– Disease control programs are designed to affect each or all of
these factors.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
2. Fungi are a principal cause of plant disease.
• Fungi are organisms that lack chlorophyll.
– They absorb nutrients from living or dead organisms.
– Their bodies consist of threadlike vegetative structures
known as hyphae.
– When hyphae are grouped together, they are called
mycelium.
– Fungi can reproduce and cause disease by producing spores
or mycelia.
– The fungus can produce spores asexually or sexually.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
3. Bacteria are one-celled
or unicellular microscopic
organisms.
– Bacteria can enter a plant
only through wounds or
natural openings.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
4. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids surrounded
by protein sheaths.
– They are capable of altering a plant’s metabolism by
affecting protein synthesis.
– Plant viruses are transmitted by seeds, insects, nematodes,
fungi, and mechanical means.
– Viral diseases produce several symptoms including ring
spots, stunting, malformations, and mosaics.
– A mosaic symptom is a leaf pattern of light and dark green
color.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
• Weeds are plants that are undesirable and are often
considered out of place.
– Weeds compete for space, nutrients, water, and light that the
crop plants need to grow.
– They also harbor insect pests.
– Weed life cycles are annuals, biennials, and perennials.
– They are also classified as broadleaf or grass weeds.
1. An annual weed is a plant that
completes its life cycle within one
growing season.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
2. A biennial weed is a plant that will live for two
growing seasons.
– Vegetative growth occurs in the first year where the plant
produces leaf, stems, and root tissue.
– During the second year, the plant flowers and produces
seeds.
3. A perennial weed can live for more than two
growing seasons and may reproduce by seed and/or
vegetative growth.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
4. Broadleaf weeds have a broad leaf associated
with dicot plants.
– Examples are dandelions, ground ivy, plantain, and
spurge.
5. Grass weeds include monocots such as crabgrass,
nimblewill, and quackgrass.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
• Plants suffer from a variety of other pests including
mites, nematodes, parasitic plants, and animals.
1. Mites are small organisms with an exoskeleton,
two body parts, and eight legs.
2. Nematodes are tiny hair-like roundworms that
feed on the root of plants.
– They may live in the soil or water, within insects, or as
parasites of plants or animal
– Nematodes are quite small and
produce damage to plants by feeding
on roots, stems, or leaf tissue.
How are the types of pests identified and
described?
3. Some plants, such as dodder and mistletoe, are
parasitic.
– Parasitic plants extract water and nutrients from other
plants and give nothing in return.
4. Animals including deer, mice, rabbits, and voles
cause severe physical damage to plants, which often
causes plant death.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
• For successful management of pests, the IPM
program must be a year-round program.
• Also, IPM control measures for a specific crop,
poinsettias for example, should begin before the
plants enter the greenhouse.
• The strength of IPM is the combination of control
measures used.
• Four broad areas of control include sanitation,
cultural/physical control, biological control, and
chemical control.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
• Many pest problems can be greatly reduced, if not
eliminated, with sanitation.
• Sanitation is simply the effort made to keep a
greenhouse or garden clean.
• Many insects and diseases can be found in plant
debris.
• Sanitation involves the removal of weeds from the
immediate area around crops.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
• Cultural/physical control methods are those
methods that physically prevent activities of pests.
– Used alone they probably will not provide complete
control of pests and reduce certain problems.
– Cultural/physical controls are also safe to humans and
relatively easy to implement.
1. Stop the introduction of pests to the greenhouse
when possible.
2. Remove and destroy heavily infested and diseased
plants.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
3. Maintain optimal cultural requirements for each
crop (growing medium, watering, fertility,
temperatures, etc.) to promote healthy growth.
4. Fungal diseases can be reduced by providing good
air circulation around the plants.
5. The yellow sticky traps
used as monitoring tools
also serve as a means of
physical control.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
• Biological controls involve the use of living
organisms to control pests.
– They maybe microbial organisms, parasitic organisms, or
predators.
– Biological control organisms for greenhouse use are found
in nature and are considered environmentally safe.
1. A bacterium, Bacillus thurengiensis, effectively
controls caterpillars.
– Aphids and whitefly can be controlled to an extent by
species of bacteria and fungi.
– The bacteria and fungi are natural diseases of those
insects.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
2. Parasitic organisms help to control some pests.
– The parasites are natural enemies of the pest and live off
the pest organism.
– An example is a tiny parasitic wasp that lays its eggs on
the whitefly larva that feeds on plant leaves.
– The eggs hatch with the wasp larva inside the whitefly
larva.
– The wasp larva proceeds to eat the whitefly larva.
– The wasp matures, emerges from what is left of the
whitefly, mates, and looks for whitefly larva on which to
lie the next generation of eggs.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
3. Predatory organisms can be released to devour
certain plant pests.
–
–
–
–
A beetle attacks whitefly larva and adults.
A mite is used to control thrips.
Ladybugs eat aphids.
As with parasitic organisms, chemical pesticides should
not be used with predatory organisms.
– Also, predatory and parasitic organisms should be
released when pest populations are small.
What are the basic elements of an integrated
pest management program?
• The use of chemicals to control pests and diseases is
chemical control.
– The chemicals used are called pesticides.
– Although once used almost exclusively, control of pests
with the use of pesticides is now viewed as only one
component of an IPM program.
– In fact, use of chemical pesticides is now often done only
when absolutely necessary.
– Application of pesticides must be done safely to reduce
potential injury to people and the environment.
Review/Summary
•What is integrated pest
management?
•How are the types of pests
identified and described?
Review/Summary
•What are the basic elements of
an integrated pest management
program?