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KEEPING PLANTS
HEALTHY
CHAPTER 10
AGRISCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office
July, 2002
FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
PESTS
INSECTS
NEMATODES
DISEASES
WEEDS
RODENTS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSECTS
Insects have three pair of legs.
Insects body is divided into three
sections: head, thorax and abdomen.
The legs and wings, if any, are on the
thorax.
The abdomen usually has no
attachments.
TWO TYPES OF MOUTH
PARTS
CHEWING : Bite off, chew and swallow
parts of plants; examples include
cutworms, bean beetles and
armyworms.
SUCKING : Suck sap from a plant;
examples include aphids, chinch bugs,
thrips, squash bugs and leafhoppers.
METAMORPHOSIS
FOUR STAGES
1. EGG
2. LARVA
3. PUPA
4. ADULT
Examples of insects with complete
metamorphosis include moths and
butterflies, beetles and boll weevils.
INCOMPLETE
METAMORPHOSIS
1. EGG
2. NYMPH
3. ADULT
EXAMPLE IS A GRASSHOPPER
WAYS INSECTS ARE
BENEFICIAL
IMPROVE THE SOIL - Allow air to enter the
soil or bury decaying parts of plants:
ants,wild bees and beetles.
HELP POLLINATE PLANTS - Spread pollen
from plant to plant: bees, butterflies, wasps
and beetles.
DESTROY INSECTS - Attack and destroy
harmful insects: lady beetles, dragon flies,
wasps and ants.
NEMATODES
Nematodes are tiny worm-like
organisms that live in the soil and
attack the roots and stems of plants.
Accurate identification requires
laboratory testing.
Nematodes are carriers of certain
diseases.
MAJOR TYPES OF PLANT
DISEASES
ENVIRONMENTAL
1. Nutrient deficiencies
2. Damage to plant
parts
3. Chemical injuries
4. Pollution injuries
5. Weather
6. Naturally-occurring
genetic abnormalities
PARASITIC
1. Fungi
2. Bacteria
3. Viruses
KINDS OF WEEDS
ANNUALS - Morning glory, cocklebur,
pigweed, crabgrass, chickweed and
henbit are examples.
BIENNIALS - Thistle and wild carrot
are two examples.
PERENNIALS - Dandelion, plantain,
bermudagrass, poison ivy and
johnsongrass are examples.
PROBLEMS THAT WEEDS
CAUSE
Keep plants from growing
Waste nutrients
Lower quality of crop
Make harvesting harder
Hiding place for insects and disease
Look bad
RODENTS
EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE ARE:
Deer that eat soybean plants growing in a
field.
Raccoon that climb corn stalks and get
roasting ears.
Rabbits that bit off the tender leaves of new
bean plants.
Birds that eat grain from sorghum.
Rats that eat fruit growing near the ground.
CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A
PEST TO CAUSE PROBLEMS
A PEST MUST EXIST
A SUSCEPTIBLE PLANT
THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT
WAYS THAT PESTS DAMAGE
PLANTS
Pests
Pests
Pests
Pests
Pests
Pests
chew holes in plants
attack the vascular system
attack the fruit
contaminate products
rob plants of food
damage land
HOW DAMAGE AFFECTS THE
PRODUCER
Reduced yields
Lower quality
Increased production costs
Hiding place for pests
Restrict Marketing
WAYS TO PREVENT PEST
PROBLEMS
Use good seed
Destroy diseased plants
Use the right fertilizer
Disinfect equipment
Use good water
Control animal movement
Use chemicals properly
Use tests to check for pests
MECHANICAL METHODS OF
PEST CONTROL
PLOWING
MOWING
MULCHING
CULTURAL PRACTICES
ROTATING CROPS
ROGUING
TRAP CROPPING
BURNING
USING RESISTANT VARIETIES
CLEANING AROUND FIELDS
PESTICIDES
Chemicals used to control pest
Insecticides - controls insects
Nematocides - controls nematodes
Fungicides - controls fungi
Bactericides - used to control bacteria
Herbicides - used to control weeds
TYPES OF INSECTICIDES
STOMACH POISONS - Eaten by the insect
CONTACT POISONS - Absorbed through
the insect’s skin
SYSTEMIC POISONS - Poison is absorbed
by the plant and when insects bites or sucks
its juice, it gets poison.
FUMIGANTS - Enter the insect’s body
through the respiratory system
TYPES OF HERBICIDES
SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Will only kill
certain kinds of plants.
NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Used to
kill all vegetation where they are applied.
TRANSLOCATED HERBICIDES - Absorbed
into the plant and moved all through its
parts; upset the growth process of weeds.
NON-CHEMICAL MEANS OF
CONTROLLING PESTS
BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL -
Using living organisms to control pests.
GENETIC METHODS - Develop crops
that are resistant to pests
IPM
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT is a
planned process for controlling pests.
Involves using a blend of pest control
techniques in a planned program
Field of crops is managed as an ecosystem
IPM has fewer adverse effects on the
environment.
SAFETY PRACTICES IN
PEST CONTROL
Use only approved pesticides
Know the pesticide
Use the pesticide with low toxicity
Use pesticides only when needed
Do not contaminate resources
Wear protective clothing
SAFETY PRACTICES IN PEST
CONTROL
Wash the skin after contact
Dispose of empty containers properly
Apply in good weather
Use the right equipment
Know the emergency measures