Download 1.2 Anatomy - Selwyn College

1.2 Anatomy, Biomechanics
and Physiology
How the body responds to
exercise
Anatomy
Anatomy:
The structure and function of the body

*muscles
*movement
*antagonist
*bones
* joints
*agonist
Biomechanics

The study of the mechanics of the body
e.g a golf swing
*centre of gravity
*base of support
*line of support
*force summation,
*speed-height-angle of release
*newton's laws of motion
*projectiles
Physiology

Physiology: the study of how the body
responds to exercise
*heart rate
*sweating
*breathing
*blood pressure
*energy systems
*F.I.T.T
*components of fitness
Muscles and Bones
What bones make up the following
synvoial (freely moveable) joints?
Ankle (3), knee (4), hip (2), elbow (3),
Shoulder (3)

What muscles move the following joints?
Ankle (2), knee (2), hip (2), elbow (2),
Shoulder (3)
Joint movement

Flexion: narrowing the angle of a joint, on the
‘front’ (anterior) of the body except for knee
Joint movement
Extension:
 widening the angle
of a joint,
on the ‘back’
(posterior) of the
body except for
knee

Joint movement
Abduction: moving a limb (leg or
arm) away from the body
Adduction: moving a limb towards the
body

Joint movement
Rotation:
turning bones in
a circular motion
at a joint

Joint movement

Match the movement with the muscles that cause it
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Knee flexion
Knee extension
Hip flexion
Hip extension
Trunk flexion
Elbow flexion
Elbow Extension
Shoulder flexion
Shoulder extension
abdominals
anterior deltoid, pectorals
bicep
tricep
posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius
quadriceps
hamstring
hip flexors (iliopsoas)
gluteals
Agonist/Antagonist
*All muscles work in pairs
The agonist muscle is the contracting
muscle and the antagonist is the
relaxing muscle
Agonist/Antagonist

e.g when you do a bicep curl the
biceps contracts and the triceps
relaxes to allow the movement to
happen
Agonist/antagonist

Match the muscles together with the joint
[the muscles above the joint move it]
Ankle
Knee
Hip
Elbow
Shoulder
gluteals and hip flexors
deltoid, pectorals and latissimus dorsi
bicep and tricep
tibialis anterior and gastocnemius
quadriceps and hamstring
Biomechanics
*Centre of gravity (C.O.G)
- Point at which all parts of an object are equally
balanced
*Base of support (B.O.S)
-the area within an objects
point of contact with the
ground
*Line of gravity (L.O.G)
-Direct line from the C.O.G to
the ground
Stability
stable, low, wide within, more
Someone is _____ ______ when
they have a _____ centre of gravity,
a _____ base of support and their
line of gravity falls _________ their
base of support.
Force Summation
Using as many body parts as
possible in the correct order
(timing) to generate the most
possible force

Force Summation
e.g a discus throw using a full turn uses more body
parts than a standing turn so can generate more
force.
Projectile motion

Any object released into the air is a projectile
(e.g a ball or javelin)
There are 6 factors which can influence the distance
of a projectile
Projectile motion
1 gravity: pulls a projectile back to earth
2 air resistance: head or tail wind, javelin v
shot
3 spin: top or back spin
4 speed of release: run up generates
momentum
5 height of release: higher release point is
better
6 angle of release: 45 degrees is ideal
Newton’s Laws of motion
* 1st law: Inertia
- A body remains at rest or in motion
unless acted upon by a force
Newton’s Laws of motion
2nd Law: Acceleration (f=m x a)
- Acceleration is proportional to the
force causing it, the mass of the
object and the direction the force is
applied
Newton’s 2nd Law of motion
Newton’s Laws of motion
3rd Law:
Action/Reaction
-for every action
there is an equal
and opposite
reaction
•
Newton’s Laws

Give a sporting example of each law
1.Inertia:
2. Acceleration:
3. Action/Reaction:
Physiology
What happens to the body when we exercise (short term
response)?
Increased
heart rate
blood pressure
breathing rate
sweating
muscles stretch
body temperature
muscles fatigue
redness of skin
build up of lactic acid
dry mouth/spit

Physiology
If we have
trained every
day for 6 weeks
(long term
response)
what has
happened
to out body?

Long term responses







heart and lungs more efficient,
lower resting heart rate,
lower blood pressure,
stronger muscles,
larger heart,
blood carries more O2,
heart rate returns to resting rate
faster
Energy Systems
1.) ATP-CP: uses creatine phosphate,
short term exercise, 10 secs high
intensity
2.) Anaerobic: uses glycogen, medium
term exercise, 10secs-2mins, build
up of lactic acid, high intensity
3.)Aerobic: uses O2, long term
exercise, 5mins + low/medium
intensity
Energy Systems
Energy
system
ATP-CP
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Energy
used
Intensity Duration
Energy systems
Match the exercise to the energy system
(4 of each)
1.ATP-CP
2. Anaerobic
3. Aerobic

*100m sprint *21k run * 400m run
*shuttle runs *1RM bench press
*200m swim *50m swim * 3 hour cycle
*10k hike * sit ups for 1 min
*cross country skiing * sprinting 20m
Fitness Components
How can you be fit for sport?
marathon, rugby, gym, dance, sumo,
weight lifting, tennis, 100m, cricket
What types of fitness are there?
Fitness components
*endurance *speed
*strength
*flexibility *power
*balance
*agility
*reaction time
For each component list 2 sports that
need to have it
e.g endurance: long distance runner
and a cross country skiier
Fitness components
Endurance: marathon, 1500m swim
Speed: 100m, rugby wing
Strength: weight lifting, rugby prop
Flexibility: gymnastics, swimming
Power: rugby prop, wrestling
Balance: gymnastics, skiing
Agility: tennis, netball
Reaction time: goalies, cricket batting
Fitness components
Is there a sport that needs all of the components of
fitness?
endurance
speed
strength
flexibility
power
balance
agility
reaction time
Principles of training
F.I.T.T




Frequency: how often you train
Intensity: how hard you train
Time: how long you train
Type: how you train
Methods of training
How can we train for our sport?
Continuous
Resistance
Strength
plyometrics
Intervals
fartlek
circuit
stretching
Continuous training
Exercising without stopping for at least
20 minutes, low-medium intensity,
good for building aerobic endurance
run
swim
cycle
walk
row
ski
Resistance
Using an object as resistance to
improve speed/strength/power, high
intensity
Weights
Bungy
sleds
parachutes
Strength
Using weights as resistance to improve
muscular endurance, power or
strength
Plyometrics
Doing fast, explosive movements to
improve speed/power, high intensity
ladders
hurdles
bungees
boxes
Intervals
Working at a high intensity for short
periods with rest between each effort
Improves aerobic endurance and
anaerobic threshold
Fartlek
Continuous training that changes the
speed of the effort
e.g 40min run, 5minfast-5minslow x 4
Circuit
Doing a variety of exercises for a set
time with little rest between them at
high intensity
Stretching
Placing tension on a specific muscle to
help improve flexibility and reduce
injuries
Static
Dynamic
PNF