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BIO102 Unit 2 Digestive System Glossary bile a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder that emulsifies fats in the small intestine. bolus masticated (chewed), saliva treated swallowed food. cardiac sphincter a circular muscular valve that is found between the esophagus and the stomach. chyme partially digested food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine as a the thick creamy paste. cirrhosis disease common among alcoholics where the tissue of the liver is replaced by inactive scarring. crown the portion of the tooth above the gum line dental caries tooth decay and cavities cause by bacteria that metabolized sugars into acids that erode teeth.. digestion the breakdown of complex molecules into small molecules by the digestive system that can be absorbed into the circulatory system. endocrine glands that secrete their products directly into the blood stream. epiglottis a connective tissue structure that covers the larynx during the process of swallowing. esophagus muscular tube like organ of the digestive system that connects the pharynx to the stomach. gastric juices the digestive juices secreted by the gastric glands located in the lining of the stomach. gingivitis inflammation of the gums in the mouth around teeth.. hard palate bony, anterior portion of the roof of the mouth hepatitis inflammation of the liver caused by viruses. ingestion the ability to take food into the body by the mouth. (eatting food) large intestine has a matrix composed of reticular fibers found in the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow. lumen space or central cavity within a tube like structure of the body such as the esophagus or small intestine. minerals an element or inorganic compound of which many are required for normal metabolic function. mucosa inner mucus membrane layer of digestive and circulatory structures usually composed of epithelial tissue with goblet cells supported by connective tissue. muscularis the muscular tissue layer of an organ. neck the portion of the tooth at the gum line. oral cavity another term for the mouth and the components of the mouth. pancreas a flat elongated organ located between the stomach and the small intestine that has both an exocrine and endocrine function. As an exocrine gland the pancreas secretes digestive juices into the small intestine and as an endocrine gland it secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon parotid glands one pair of salivary glands located in the oral cavity in tissue on the side of the face below and anterior to the ear. pharynx the portion of the digestive system between the mouth and the esophagus which serves as a passageway for food and also air on its way to the trachea. pepsin an enzyme which is secreted as part of the gastric juices that acts as a protei peristalsis rhythmic contractions of the walls of the digestive system that moves food. root the portion of the tooth below the gum line that inserts in the jaw bones. rugae deep folds in the stomach lumen that disappear as the stomach fills with food.. salivary glands three pairs of exocrine glands that are located in the tissue of the oral cavity that secrete saliva. serosa tissue layer that lubricates the outer layer of the intestine composed of loose connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelial tissue. small intestine long tube like organ of the digestive system that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. It is divided into three portions known as the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. soft palate entirely muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. stomach large muscular storage structure for swallowed food of the digestive system between the esophagus and the small intestine. Some mechanical and chemical digestion occurs in this structure. sublingual glands one pair of salivary glands located in tissue beneath the tongue.. submandibular one pair of salivary glands located in tissue beneath the floor of the mouth. swallowing reflex action that moves food from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus. tonsillitis inflamed tonsils due to an infection of these organs. . tonsils found on either side of the tongue in the back of the mouth which seems to protect the body against infections. villus finger like microscopic projections of the jejunum of the small intestine that contain lacteals and blood capillaries and facilitate absorption of the digestive end products by the circulatory system. vitamins organic compounds that function as coenzymes in the body. There are thirteen vitamins divided into fat and water soluble compounds. uvula finger-shaped projection at the end of the soft palate.