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Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance
1. The Renaissance was a cultural movement aimed
at the attainment of information, communication
amongst people, and a revitalization of classical
education- The movement started in Italy and moved
throughout Europe
2. Classical Education- Was based off the teaching of
Ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance
revolved around the studying the “Classics”- Along
with a focus on art, philosophy, and the science of
man
3. Petrarch said the Roman Empire was the height of
civilization and everything since has been the Dark
Ages.
4. Humanism- A philosophy that focuses on
education and the study of classical literature in order
to understand human nature rather than religion
5. Christian Humanism is the belief that human
freedom and individualism are intrinsic (natural)
parts of, or are at least compatible with, Christian
doctrine and practice- Began by Church to reconcile
with Humanist
6. Individualism- The idea of being yourself and not
necessarily what the church wants
7. Neo-Platonism - sought to reconcile humanism
with Christianity, to blend the teachings of Plato and
other ancient philosophers with the teachings of the
Church. Neo-Platonism flourished throughout Italy as
the primary philosophy by which artists rationalized
their more secular works- Began by Humanist to
reconcile with Church
The Arts & Developments
8. The most notable characteristic of Renaissance
painting is its realism- The representation in art or
literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as
they actually are, without idealization or presentation
in abstract form.
9. Medici- A political dynasty, banking family and
later royal house that first began to gather
prominence in the Republic of Florence during the
late 14th century10. Patron of the Arts- support, encouragement,
privilege, or financial aid that an organization or
individual bestows to another. In the history of art,
arts patronage refers to the support provided to
musicians, painters, and sculptors
11. Baroque-Art and architecture developed in
Europe from the early 17th to mid-18th century,
emphasizing dramatic, often strained effect and
typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate
ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts
12. Leonardo- Italian painter and sculptor and
engineer and scientist and architect; the most
versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance-Mona
Lisa- Vitruvian Man- The Last Supper
13. Michaelangelo- Florentine sculptor, painter,
architect, and poet; one of the outstanding figures of
the Renaissance- Among his creations are the
sculptures of David - Ceiling of the Sistine ChapelThe Last Judgment-Pieta
14. Raphael- Raphael, was an Italian painter and
architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the
perfection and grace of his paintings and drawingsThe School of Athens- The Madonna of the Beautiful
Garden- St. George and the Dragon
15. Pieter Brueghel painted lively scenes of village
festivals and dances- Similar to Modern-Day
Tourism
16. Erasmus- The First Humanist- Dutch
Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian
who sought to revive classical texts from antiquity,
restore simple Christian faith based on Scripture, and
eradicate the improprieties of the medieval Church.
17. Johannes Gutenberg became the first European to
use movable type to print books.- Broadsides- Single
printed sheets of paper- (Newsletters Newspaper)
Ramifications- Education, Lower-Class Learning,
Wider Availability of Books.
18. The Prince-A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli
in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and
says how a ruler is able to keep power and manages
to keep it disregarding enemies
19. William Shakespeare used real-life to create
masterpieces of poetic drama.
20. Portuguese mapmakers developed maps for seatravel.- Results- Communication, Slave Trade,
Eventually results in exploration of Western
Hemisphere
21. Sack of Rome- 1527- Following the defeat of the
French Force. Clement VII could not pay mercenary
soldiers and the Imperial Army. Pillage and Plunder
ensued with an ending to the beautification of Rome
and a renewed focus on Catholicism.—Ended Italian
Renaissance
Scientific Revolution
22. Scientific Revolution- New method of
investigating experimental research
23. Aristotelian System- The Aristotelian system was
the broad term used to refer to the traditional view of
the world expressed during the age of Aristotle by the
ancients, and maintained and modified by the Church
to fit with religious doctrine throughout the Middle
Ages
24. Geocentric Theory- (Ptolemy)- The Earth is the
Center of the Universe with Heavens Above
25. Heliocentric Theory- (Copernicus) - The Sun was
the center of the universe. Galileo used the telescope
to prove the Heliocentric Theory.
26. Doctrine of Uniformity- (Galileo) The doctrine of
uniformity was an enormous step in the quest to
integrate physics and astronomy--States that
corresponding causes produce corresponding affects
throughout the universe
27. Giordano Bruno-Italian monk- Argued that not
only does the Earth move, but so does the sun, and
that there is no such thing as a point absolutely at rest
in the universe-- Claimed that it was folly to maintain
that our planetary system was the center of the
universe.
Reformation
28. Unam sanctam • 1302 in which Boniface VIII
asserted the supremacy of the pope over all rulers in
temporal as well as in spiritual affairs
29. Theocracy-A government ruled by clergy
claiming God’s authority- Europe through Rome
30. The first division of the Roman Catholic Church
occurred in Germany.- Reasons- Financial
corruption, abuse of power, immorality
31. Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses- statements
about indulgences and other Church atrocities.Indulgences are pardons from punishment for sin.
The Theses stimulated discussion among university
intellectuals
Luther’s Beliefs Versus Catholic Church
1. Salvation is gained through faith alone
2. Bible is the only authority (not the priests)
3. All people are equal
32. By 1534 Luther translated the entire Bible into
German- Vernacular- the native speech or language
of a place.
33. Ways the Printing Press Helped with
Reformation
1. Helped increase literacy
2. Spread Renaissance and Reformation ideas
3. Made it so that the Bible could be printed in
English, French, and German
34. Since Martin Luther protested the Catholic
Church, his group became known as “Protestants.”
35. Henry VIII and England split from the Roman
Catholic Church in 1534 regarding specific belief in
Divine Right of King. Divine Right- The doctrine
that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from
God and are accountable only to God.
36. Pragmatic Sanction-An edict or a decree issued
by a sovereign that becomes part of the fundamental
law of the land
37. Secularists- Oppose religion or the religious
being afforded privileges- They support complete
separation of church and state38. Calvinism- French Born reformer named John
Calvin instituted the belief of predestination.
39. Predestination-The doctrine that God has
preordained all things, especially the divine decree
that all souls are either destined to salvation or
damnation
40. The Catholic revival became known as the
Counter-Reformation. A reform movement within the
Roman Catholic Church that arose in 16th-century
Europe in response to the Protestant Reformation
41. Council of Trent - 1545-1563. It marked a major
turning point in the efforts of the Catholic Church to
respond to the challenge of the Protestant
Reformation and formed a key part of the CounterReformation. In the area of religious doctrine, the
council refused any concessions to the Protestants
and, in the process, crystallized and codified Catholic
dogma far more than ever before
42. The Inquisition- The section of the Catholic
Church devoted to the maintenance of Church
doctrine by the discovery and punishment of heretics
43. Peace of Augsburg -- In 1555 the (assembly of
princes) of the Holy Roman Empire met in Augsburg
to make peace between the warring Roman Catholic
and Lutheran princes of Germany. It adopted the
formula whereby each prince was to determine the
religious character of his territory. The exclusion of
the Calvinists caused later problems
44. Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)- The origins of
the conflict and goals of the participants were
complex, and no single cause can accurately be
described as the main reason for the fighting.
Initially, the war was fought largely as a religious
conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the
Holy Roman Empire45. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years
War resulting in Protestants and Catholics being
redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was
given legal recognition
46. Test Act-Test acts were laws passed in
post‐Reformation England, Scotland, and Ireland to
limit office holding to those professing the
established religion. Thus non‐Anglicans were
formally excluded from public life
47. Puritans- A member of a group of English
Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries
advocated strict religious discipline along with
simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the
Church of England. The Puritans main problem with
the Anglican Church was they held ceremonies which
were similar to the Catholics
48. The Toleration Act Granted right to public
worship to Protestants
Results
The right and obligation of the individual conscience,
and the right to follow the directives of that
individual conscience
It is generally granted by modern historians that there
never would have been modern science were it not
for the Reformation. All scientific investigation and
endeavor prior to that had been controlled by the
church
The Reformation has profoundly affected the modern
view of politics and law. Prior to the Reformation the
Church governed politics; she controlled emperors
and kings and governed the law of lands
Protestantism became a major grouping of
Christianity and encompasses millions around the
world