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Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
Name two processes
of river erosion and
explain.
Name two processes
of river transport and
explain.
What landforms can
you find in the upper
course of a river?
Rivers
Rivers
What landforms can
you find in the
middle course of a
river?
What landforms can
you find in the lower
course of a river?
Rivers
Explain the
formation of a
waterfall.
Rivers
Rivers
Name two processes of river
erosion and explain.
Abrasion: rocks carried by
the river wear down the
river bed.
Solution: soluble particles
are dissolved into the river
Name two processes of river
transport and explain.
Traction: heaviest particles
are rolled along the river
bed
Saltation: sand-sized
particles may be bounced
along the rive bed in a leapfrog motion
Rivers
Rivers
What landforms can you find
in the middle course of a
river?
Meanders and Ox-bow lakes
can be found.
What landforms can you find
in the lower course of a
river?
Mudflats, Deltas, Floodplains
and Estuaries can be found
in the lower course.
Rivers
What landforms can you find
in the upper course of a
river?
‘V’ shaped valleys, gorges,
waterfalls and interlocking
spurs
Rivers
Explain the formation of a
waterfall.
Water flows over a layer of
hard rock onto a layer of
soft rock. This then begins
to erode by hydraulic action.
An overhang begins to occur
and the hard rock
eventually collapses due to
gravity. Abrasion can now
erode more and repeat the
process.
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
What are the
physical causes of
flooding?
What are the human
causes of flooding?
What is soft
engineering?
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
What is a dam?
Name two ways in
which rivers can be
managed.
What is hard
engineering?
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
What are the physical causes
of flooding?
Rainfall, Antecedent Rainfall
(saturated ground),
Soli/Rock type, Relief,
Weather
What are the human causes
of flooding?
Deforestation, Soil Erosion,
Farming, Building
What is soft engineering?
Techniques that are
ecologically sensitive and
provide options for flooding
Rivers
Rivers
Rivers
What is hard engineering?
Direct human impact on the
river to manage flooding.
What is a dam?
Physical structure that holds
back water along the course
of a river, which can release
water in a controlled way
Name two ways in which
rivers can be managed.
Damn construction, River
engineering, Afforestation,
Managed flooding
Climactic
Hazards
Climactic
Hazards
Climactic
Hazards
What is a storm
surge?
How can tropical
storms be predicted?
What are the
advantages of
predicting a storm?
Climactic
Hazards
What are some
secondary impacts
How do building
techniques reduce
the impact of tropical
storms?
Climactic
Hazards
Climactic
Hazards
What can
governments do to
reduce the impact of
a tropical storm?
What are the primary
effects of tropical
storm?
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
What is a storm surge?
Large rises in sea level
caused by low pressure and
high winds of a storm.
How can tropical storms be
predicted?
Scientists use data from
equipment such as radar,
satellites and aircraft to
track storms. Computer
models are used to calculate
a predicted path for the
storm.
What are the advantages of
predicting a storm?
Gives people time to
evacuate, reducing injuries
and death. Also gives time to
protect homes and business
by boarding up windows
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
What are some secondary
impacts How do building
techniques reduce the
impact of tropical storms?
Using reinforced concrete,
fixing roofs securely, put
buildings on stilts so they
are safe from floodwater,
flood defences such as sea
walls and levees
What can governments do to
reduce the impact of a
tropical storm?
Educate people about how
to prepare e.g. told how to
make a survival kit,
including water, food and
medication. Told how to
evacuate
What are the primary effects
of tropical storm?
Buildings and bridges
destroyed, flooding, people
injured or killed, roads,
railways, ports and airports
damaged, electricity and
telephone cables damaged,
crops and livestock lost,
erosion
Climactic
Hazards
Climactic
Hazards
Why is it difficult to
define a drought?
Describe 2 causes of
droughts.
Climactic
Hazards
Climactic
Hazards
What are some
secondary impacts of
droughts?
Why in the Sahel
Region did the drought
turn into a full blown
famine, yet in the UK
we have simply
introduced a hose pipe
ban?
Climactic
Hazards
What are ways you
can reduce the
impacts of drought in
an MEDC?
Climactic
Hazards
What type of climatic
zones are prone to
drought?
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
Why is it difficult to define a
drought?
Because the length of a
drought can differ globally.
E.g. A drought in the UK can
signify 16 months without
average rainfall, but in the
Sahel region in Africa it
could signify a decade!
Describe 2 causes of
droughts.
Changes in atmospheric
circulation means there
might not be as much rain.
High pressure system which
prevents a depression
moving into the area.
What are ways you can
reduce the impacts of
drought in an MEDC?
Don’t water the lawn, don’t
wash the car, don’t fill a new
pool, don’t wash hard
surfaces.
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
Climactic Hazards
What are some secondary
impacts of droughts?
People and animals die from
dehydration/famine. Farms
close causing
unemployment. Wildfires.
Why in the Sahel Region did
the drought turn into a full
blown famine, yet in the UK
we have simply introduced a
hose pipe ban?
Different levels of
development, access to
alternative water and food
sources, length of drought.
What type of climatic zones
are prone to drought?
Areas of high and very high
aridity. Generally found near
the equator or between 30o
N and S.
Tectonic
Hazards
Tectonic
Hazards
Tectonic
Hazards
How do tectonic
plates move?
What is the
difference between
the focus and the
epicentre
Tectonic
Hazards
Tectonic
Hazards
Tectonic
Hazards
What is the
difference between
the Richter and
Mercali Scale?
What are the primary
effects of an
earhquake?
How can the impacts
of an earthquake be
reduced?
What is the different
between plate
movement for
constructive and
destructive plate
boundaries?
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
How do tectonic plates
move?
Convection currents in the
mantle
What is the difference
between the focus and the
epicentre?
The focus is the origin of the
earthquake within the
Earth’s crust. The epicentre
is located directly above the
focus on the Earth’s surface.
What is the different
between plate movement for
constructive and destructive
plate boundaries?
Constructive move apart
Destructive move together
and the oceanic is sub
ducted.
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
What is the difference
between the Richter and
Mercali Scale?
Richter measures the
magnitude of an earthquake.
Mercali measures the
amount of destruction
What are the primary effects
of an earthquake?
Landslides/tsunamis
triggered. Roads, buildings
and bridge collapse.
Electricity and telephone
poles destroyed.
How can the impacts of an
earthquake be reduced?
Creating stronger buildings,
education, planning and aid.
Tectonic
Hazards
Tectonic
Hazards
Why do people live
near volcanoes?
What is a lahar?
Tectonic
Hazards
Tectonic
Hazards
Tectonic
Hazards
What are pyroclastic
flows?
What are the
secondary effects of
volcanoes?
What are the four
layers of the Earth?
Tectonic
Hazards
What is the different
types of volcanoes
between a
constructive and
destructive plate
boundary?
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Why do people live near
volcanoes?
Mineral rich soil for farming,
tourism, geothermal energy
used in electricity
production, extracting
minerals from volcano.
What is a lahar?
A combination of mud, rock.
Pyroclastic material and
water that can travel tens of
metres a second.
What is the different types
of volcanoes between a
constructive and destructive
plate boundary?
Constructive – usually
shield, gentle eruption, ash
ad lava
Destructive – composite,
explosive, lava and ash
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
What are pyroclastic flows?
Avalanches of hot volcanic
debris
What are the secondary
effects of volcanoes?
Homes destroyed, thick mud
deposits from lahars, death
and injury, can be high £
cost.
What are the four layers of
the Earth?
Crust, Mantle, Outer Core,
Inner Core
Coasts
Coasts
Coasts
What are destructive
waves?
What are
constructive waves?
What is weathering?
Coasts
Coasts
Describe a reason for
protecting the
coastline.
Describe what
longshore drift is.
Coasts
Explain how different
geology can affect
the coast.
Coasts
Coasts
Coasts
What are destructive waves?
Associated with storm
conditions. Backwash is
stronger than swash, so
material is removed.
What are constructive
waves?
Associated with high
pressure systems. Swash is
stronger than backwash, so
material is deposited.
What is weathering?
Weathering is the break
down of material in-situ.
Coasts
Coasts
Coasts
Explain how different
geology can affect the coast.
Variation of hard and soft
rock. Hard rock can form
headlands. Soft rock can be
eroded to form bays
Describe a reason for
protecting the coastline.
Social – nice place for people
Economic – prevent flooding
Environmental – protect
natural habitat.
Describe what longshore
drift is.
A zig-zag motion of material
that moves down shore in
the direction of the
prevailing wind.
Coasts
Coasts
Name and describe
two types of erosion.
Describe how cliff
retreat occurs.
Coasts
What are 3 types of
weathering?
Coasts
Name 3 coastal
features
Coasts
Coasts
Describe 2 types of
hard engineering.
Describe 2 types of
soft engineering
Coasts
Name and describe two
types of erosion.
Hydraulic Action – force of
water that causes air to go
into cracks.
Attrition – pebbles hit each
other and become smaller
and rounder
Coasts
What are 3 types of
weathering?
Physical
Biological
Chemical
Coasts
Describe how cliff retreat
occurs.
Waves at the high tide mark
attack the base of the cliff
hydraulic action and
abrasion wear away at the
bottom of the cliff creating a
wave cut notch. This
eventually becomes large
enough where the overhang
collapses and the process
repeats
Coasts
Name 3 coastal features
Cave, stack, stump, arch,
wave-cut platform, wave-cut
notch
Coasts
Coasts
Describe 2 types of hard
engineering.
Groynes trap sediment that
would be carried by
longshore drift
Sea wall – made out of
concrete or stone at the
base of cliff which reflects
wave energy.
Describe 2 types of soft
engineering
Beach nourishment uses
sediment to replace the lost
sediment from longshore
drift.
Managed retreat – allowing
the coastline to erode
naturally
Population
Population
Population
What is the population
distribution?
What is the population
density?
What are factors that
decrease birth rate?
Population
Population
What does the
Demographic Transition
Model show and how
many stages are there?
How do birth rate, death
rate and life expectancy
vary between a LEDC and
an MEDC?
Population
What causes an aging
population?
Population
Population
Population
What is the population
distribution?
How people are spread out
over the globe.
What is the population
density?
The average number of
people per square kilometre.
What are factors that
decrease birth rate?
Better health care, family
planning, women choosing a
career first, couples having
children later.
Population
Population
What does the Demographic
Transition Model show and
how many stages are there?
The model shows change in
population over time and
there are 4 stages.
How do birth rate, death
rate and life expectancy vary
between a LEDC and an
MEDC?
An LEDC has a higher birth
and death rate but a lower
life expectancy.
Population
What causes an aging
population?
Decrease in birth rate and
better medical services that
result in a greater life
expectancy
Population
Population
What are the human
features that can
cause people to move
What are the
physical features
that cause people to
move?
Population
Population
What are the causes
of counter
urbanisation?
How can
urbanisation be
managed?
Population
What are the
consequences of
urbanisation?
Population
What stage of the
Demographic
Transition Model
shows the most
rapid increase in
population?
Population
Population
What are the human
features that cause people
to move?
Better jobs, better houses,
better living conditions
What are the physical
features that cause people
to move?
Disease, famine, poor living
conditions,
Population
Population
What are the causes of
counter urbanisation?
High crime rates; Pollution;
Clean air; More of a
community spirit; Poor
services; Cheaper living;
Peaceful Environment;
Retirement; Traffic
congestion
How can urbanisation be
managed?
Rubbish recycling schemes;
Improve public transport
(Trams); Redevelopment
Regenerate city centres for
Retail; Use of Brownfield
sites; Gentrification;
congestion charges; park
and ride schemes
Population
What are the consequences
of urbanisation?
Increase in number of Jobs in
service sector; Increase in car
ownership causes congestion
and pollution; Clean water,
sanitation, health centres and
power not available.
Insufficient schools; Retail
jobs lost to out of town
locations; Poor quality
housing in Inner city
Population
What stage of the
Demographic Transition
Model shows the most rapid
increase in population?
Stage 2 as the death rate
rapidly decreases
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
What is the
difference between
low and high order
goods?
What are the four
zones of the Burgess
Model?
What is the sphere of
influence?
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
Where are the higher
order goods bought
from now compared
in the 60/70s?
.
Why has the retail
changed over time?
Describe the
threshold population.
Settlement
Settlement
What are the four zones of
the Burgess Model?
CBD, Inner City, Inner
Suburbs, Outer Suburbs
What is the sphere of
influence?
The area that people come
from to buy things. Shops
that sell large, high order
goods have bigger spheres
of influence than
convenience goods (low
order goods)
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
Where are the higher order
goods bought from now
compared in the 60/70s?
Higher order goods used to
be purchased in the CBD, but
are now purchased in out of
town shopping centres.
Why has the retail changed
over time?
Transportation has been
improved
People have more
expendable money
There is more desire for
buying goods.
Describe the threshold
population.
The minimum population
needed to support a shop.
Higher order good shops
have a higher threshold.
Settlement
What is the difference
between low and high order
goods?
Low order goods are bought
more frequently and often
cheaper
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
In MEDCs many people
move to rural areas,
which is called counterurbanisation. What are 2
negative impacts?
In MEDCs many people
move to rural areas,
which is called counterurbanisation. What are 2
positive impacts?
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
What are some examples
of places that sell lower
ordered goods?
What are some examples
of places that sell higher
ordered goods?
Where are you more
likely to find high order
goods stores – places with
a higher or lower
population? Why?
What are 4 problems for
squatters?
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
In MEDCs many people
move to rural areas, which is
called counter-urbanisation.
What are 2 negative
impacts?
Commuters do not use local
shops, so they close.
Increase in house prices, so
locals cannot afford to buy.
In MEDCs many people
move to rural areas, which is
called counter-urbanisation.
What are 2 positive impacts?
There are families with
children who attend local
school preventing it from
closing.
Farmer sells land to
developer making a large
profit.
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
What are some examples of
places that sell lower
ordered goods?
Bakery, butcher, grocer,
supermarket, newsagent,
sweet shop
What are some examples of
places that sell higher
ordered goods?
Furniture shops, jewellers,
stores selling large electrical
goods such as washing
machines, televisions and
freezers, car dealers, travel
agents selling holidays.
Where are you more likely to
find high order goods stores
– places with a higher or
lower population? Why?
Higher, because the greater
population means that there
is a greater chance of people
buying the goods; due to
higher proportion of
dispensable income.
What are 4 problems for
squatters?
Cramped living conditions,
poor sanitation,
unemployment, high levels
of crime, no access to social
security of welfare. Risk of
fire/landslide/flood/disease.
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
How does the
primary industry
affect the
environment?
What is
globalisation?
What is a foreign
direct investment?
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
What is the different
between primary and
secondary industry?
Identify some ways
what the development
gap can be reduced
What factors affect the
location of an
industry?
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
How does the primary
industry affect the
environment?
Can disrupt local habitats
and ecosystems. Destroys
land. Removal of nonrenewable resources.
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the process
by which the world is
becoming increasingly
interconnected as a result of
massively increased trade
and cultural exchange.
What is a foreign direct
investment?
A controlling ownership in a
business enterprise in one
country by an entity based in
another country.
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
What factors affect the
location of an industry?
Site, situation, climate, raw
materials, component
suppliers, universities, water
and power supplies, energy,
accessibility of transport and
communications
What is the different
between primary and
secondary industry?
Primary industry Extracting
resources from the ground,
land and sea. Secondary
industry is manufacturing
these resources.
Identify some ways what the
development gap can be
reduced
Multination investment
Development of tourism
Development projects
Intermediate projects
Fair trade
Reducing debt
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Explain how the
improvement of
literacy can improve
the quality of life.
Explain 2
disadvantages of
long term aid.
How would the
percentage of people
that can read and
write change as a
country develops?
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
How would the
percentage of people
having access to the
internet change as a
country develops?
Explain one benefit
of aid to LEDCs
Explain one problem
of aid to LEDCs
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
Explain how the
improvement of literacy can
improve the quality of life.
Get a job/better job/ more
skilled job. Earn
money/higher pay. Spend
money on
food/education/family/cloth
es. Self belief/pride/self
esteem.
Explain 2 disadvantages of
long term aid.
Doesn’t always reach the
people it needs to due to
infrastructure/corruption.
Aid may be tied to the donor
country; so they have to buy
goods/services from the
donor country. Creates a
dependency on aid; so
government lose incentive
for long term plan
Economic
Development
Economic
Development
How would the percentage of
people having access to the
internet change as a country
develops?
The percentage would
increase because there are
more computers/internet
cafes and people can afford
them more easily.
Explain one benefit of aid to
LEDCs
Provides money for
investment into
agriculture/water
supply/helps improve diet
Buys machinery which
provides more opportunities
for jobs.
Economic
Development
How would the percentage
of people that can read and
write change as a country
develops?
Literacy would increase
because there are more
schools/teachers/money
spent on education
Economic
Development
Explain one problem of aid to
LEDCs
Aid may be directed at a
capital intensive project,
which may not help local
people.
Aid in the form of loans
creates debt
If misspent benefits are short
and aid may not be
sustainable.