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5.4.12.A 2011 Earth Systems Science: All students will understand that Earth operates as a set of complex, dynamic, and interconnected systems, and is a part of the all-encompassing system of the universe. (5.4) Objects in the Universe: Our universe has been expanding and evolving for 13.7 billion years under the influence of gravitational and nuclear forces. As gravity governs its expansion, organizational patterns, and the movement of celestial bodies, nuclear forces within stars govern its evolution through the processes of stellar birth and death. These same processes governed the formation of our solar system 4.6 billion years ago. (5.4.A) Essential Questions 1. How does scientific understanding build over time? 2. How did our Solar System form? 3. How do stars evolve/change over time? 4. How is the universe changing over time? Enduring Understandings 1. Science builds upon itself over time. 2. As new evidence arises and we acquire new understandings, old theories are revised or replaced by new ones. 3. Evidence collected through the use of various forms of technology combined with current understandings from the sciences, all contribute to understanding our solar system. Labs, Investigation, and Student Experiences 5.4.12.A.1 Websites/Labs Cumulative Progress Content Statements Indicators Prior to the work of 17thExplain how new evidence century astronomers, obtained using telescopes (e.g., scientists believed the Earth the phases of Venus or the moons was the center of the of Jupiter) allowed 17th-century universe (geocentric astronomers to displace the model). geocentric model of the universe. 5.4.12.A.1 The Copernican Revolution: http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-2312 Galileo: Sun-Centered System: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.ga lileosys/ Revolution of the Moons of Jupiter Lab http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.htm l The Period of Rotation of the Sun http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.htm l Are those sunspots really on the Sun? http://solar-center.stanford.edu/activities/galileosunspots.html Solar Rotation Study http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/ Rotation/ 5.4.12.A.2 Websites/Labs 5.4.12.A 2011 The properties and characteristics of solar system objects, combined with radioactive dating of meteorites and lunar samples, provide evidence that Earth and the rest of the solar system formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas 4.6 billion years ago. Stars experience significant changes during their life cycles, which can be illustrated with an Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram. The Sun is one of an estimated two hundred billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy, which together with over one hundred billion other galaxies, make up the universe. Collect, analyze, and critique evidence that supports the theory that Earth and the rest of the solar system formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas 4.6 billion years ago.5.4.12.A.2 Analyze an H-R diagram and explain the life cycle of stars of different masses using simple stellar models. 5.4.12.A.3 Analyze simulated and/or real data to estimate the number of stars in our galaxy and the number of galaxies in our universe. 5.4.12.A.4 The Physical Setting: Stars: http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1292 The Physical Setting: Galaxies and the Universe: http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1300 Imagine the Universe http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/lessons/xray_s pectra/spectra_cover.html What is Your Cosmic Connection to the Elements? http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/elements/eleme nts.html Dying Stars and the Birth of the Elements http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.h tml Telescopes From The Ground Up. http://amazingspace.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/ Origins of Astronomy Scavenger Hunt http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/3122 5.4.12.A.3 Websites/Labs National Science Digital Library, Science Digital Literacy 5.4.12.A 2011 The Big Bang theory places the origin of the universe at approximately 13.7 billion years ago. Shortly after the Big Bang, matter (primarily hydrogen and helium) began to coalesce to form galaxies and stars. Critique evidence for the theory that the universe evolved as it expanded from a single point 13.7 billion years ago. 5.4.12.A.5 According to the Big Bang theory, the universe has been expanding since its beginning, explaining the apparent movement of galaxies away from one another. Argue, citing evidence (e.g., Hubble Diagram), the theory of an expanding universe. 5.4.12.A.6 Desired Results Open Ended/ EOC Response Items: 1. What role do mistakes and wrong answers play in science? (A.1) 2. What is the role of models and evidence in science? (A.1) 3. Explain how Galileo’s observations of Venus and Jupiter helped to displace the geocentric model. (A.1) Maps: The Physical Setting: Stars: http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1292 HR diagrams of Star Clusters http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.htm l Life Cycle of Stars http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/lifecycles/stars.ht ml 5.4.12.A.4 Websites/Labs National Science Digital Library, Science Digital Literacy Map: The Physical Setting http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1300 5.4.12.A.5 and 6 National Science Digital Library, Science Digital Literacy Maps: Galaxies and the Universe: http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1300 Hubble: Galaxies Across Space and Time (http:/hubblesource.stsci.edu/exhibits/largefilm/) The Hubble Redshift Distance Relation http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome. html 4. All planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun in the same, counterclockwise, direction. Explain how this piece of evidence supports the Nebular Theory. (A2) Other Items: 5. Which of the following is true for chemical compounds that 14. To help you determine what the images of a spernova have been detected elsewhere in the universe? (A2) event, click on the link below each image. The links will A. They have a greater average density than the same take you to objects that are in similar stages of evolution. compounds found on Earth. http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stellar_ev/stellar_e B. They are composed of the same elements that are v_flash.html) 5.4.12.A 2011 found on Earth. C. They are less reactive chemically than the same compounds found on Earth. D. Those with the greatest molar masses are found furthest away from our solar system. 6. Explain how measuring the brightness (luminosity) and temperature of large numbers of stars helps scientists understand stellar evolution? (A.3) 7. It is sometimes said that we are all made of star dust. Using your understanding of stellar evolution, explain this statement. (A.3) 8. How do scientists estimate the number of stars in our galaxy? (A4) 9. How do scientists estimate the number of galaxies in the Universe? (A4) 10. Describe one piece of evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory and explain why it supports it. (A5) 11. Explain how scientists can find evidence for something that happened more than 10 billion years ago. (A5) 12. Describe how Hubble’s Law supports the idea that the universe is expanding. (A6) 13. In the Doppler effect, light reaching the Earth from a distant galaxy in an expanding universe is shifted to (A6) A. longer wavelengths B. higher frequencies C. greater velocities D. greater amplitudes 15. Explore a web based simulation that models how a star's brightness and surface temperature are measured throughout its life cycle. http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/starlife_main. html) 16. Determine the fate of the universe! OK, not the real universe but a mathematically modeled universe available at Build Your Own Universe. http://www.seed.slb.com/content.aspx?id=714) 17. Refine their models of the origin of the universe by interacting with a sequence of NASA simulations and tutorials about the big bang theory and the evolution of the universe. http://scout.wisc.edu/Reports/NSDL/PhysSci/2004/ps040611-topicindepth.php