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5.4.12.A 2011
Earth Systems Science: All students will understand that Earth operates as a set of complex, dynamic, and interconnected
systems, and is a part of the all-encompassing system of the universe. (5.4)
Objects in the Universe: Our universe has been expanding and evolving for 13.7 billion years under the influence of gravitational
and nuclear forces. As gravity governs its expansion, organizational patterns, and the movement of celestial bodies, nuclear forces
within stars govern its evolution through the processes of stellar birth and death. These same processes governed the formation of
our solar system 4.6 billion years ago. (5.4.A)
Essential Questions
1. How does scientific
understanding build
over time?
2. How did our Solar
System form?
3. How do stars
evolve/change over
time?
4. How is the universe
changing over time?
Enduring Understandings
1. Science builds upon itself
over time.
2. As new evidence arises and
we acquire new
understandings, old theories
are revised or replaced by
new ones.
3. Evidence collected through
the use of various forms of
technology combined with
current understandings from
the sciences, all contribute to
understanding our solar
system.
Labs, Investigation, and Student Experiences
5.4.12.A.1
Websites/Labs
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Cumulative Progress
Content Statements
Indicators
Prior to the work of 17thExplain how new evidence
century astronomers,
obtained using telescopes (e.g.,
scientists believed the Earth the phases of Venus or the moons
was the center of the
of Jupiter) allowed 17th-century
universe (geocentric
astronomers to displace the
model).
geocentric model of the universe.
5.4.12.A.1
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The Copernican Revolution:
http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-2312
Galileo: Sun-Centered System:
http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.ga
lileosys/
Revolution of the Moons of Jupiter Lab
http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.htm
l
The Period of Rotation of the Sun
http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.htm
l
Are those sunspots really on the Sun?
http://solar-center.stanford.edu/activities/galileosunspots.html
Solar Rotation Study
http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/
Rotation/
5.4.12.A.2
Websites/Labs
5.4.12.A 2011
The properties and
characteristics of solar
system objects, combined
with radioactive dating of
meteorites and lunar
samples, provide evidence
that Earth and the rest of
the solar system formed
from a nebular cloud of
dust and gas 4.6 billion
years ago.
Stars experience significant
changes during their life
cycles, which can be
illustrated with an
Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R)
Diagram.
The Sun is one of an
estimated two hundred
billion stars in our Milky
Way galaxy, which
together with over one
hundred billion other
galaxies, make up the
universe.
Collect, analyze, and critique
evidence that supports the theory
that Earth and the rest of the solar
system formed from a nebular
cloud of dust and gas 4.6 billion
years ago.5.4.12.A.2
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Analyze an H-R diagram and
explain the life cycle of stars of
different masses using simple
stellar models. 5.4.12.A.3
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Analyze simulated and/or real
data to estimate the number of
stars in our galaxy and the number
of galaxies in our universe.
5.4.12.A.4
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The Physical Setting: Stars:
http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1292
The Physical Setting: Galaxies and the Universe:
http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1300
Imagine the Universe
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/lessons/xray_s
pectra/spectra_cover.html
What is Your Cosmic Connection to the Elements?
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/elements/eleme
nts.html
Dying Stars and the Birth of the Elements
http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.h
tml
Telescopes From The Ground Up.
http://amazingspace.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/
Origins of Astronomy Scavenger Hunt
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/3122
5.4.12.A.3
Websites/Labs
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National Science Digital Library, Science Digital Literacy
5.4.12.A 2011
The Big Bang theory places
the origin of the universe at
approximately 13.7 billion
years ago. Shortly after the
Big Bang, matter (primarily
hydrogen and helium)
began to coalesce to form
galaxies and stars.
Critique evidence for the theory
that the universe evolved as it
expanded from a single point 13.7
billion years ago. 5.4.12.A.5
According to the Big Bang
theory, the universe has
been expanding since its
beginning, explaining the
apparent movement of
galaxies away from one
another.
Argue, citing evidence (e.g.,
Hubble Diagram), the theory of an
expanding universe. 5.4.12.A.6
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Desired Results
Open Ended/ EOC Response Items:
1. What role do mistakes and wrong answers play in science?
(A.1)
2. What is the role of models and evidence in science? (A.1)
3. Explain how Galileo’s observations of Venus and Jupiter
helped to displace the geocentric model. (A.1)
Maps: The Physical Setting: Stars:
http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1292
HR diagrams of Star Clusters
http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.htm
l
Life Cycle of Stars
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/lifecycles/stars.ht
ml
5.4.12.A.4
Websites/Labs
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National Science Digital Library, Science Digital
Literacy Map: The Physical Setting
http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1300
5.4.12.A.5 and 6
 National Science Digital Library, Science Digital
Literacy Maps: Galaxies and the Universe:
http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/?id=SMS-MAP-1300
 Hubble: Galaxies Across Space and Time
(http:/hubblesource.stsci.edu/exhibits/largefilm/)
 The Hubble Redshift Distance Relation
http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.
html
4. All planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun in
the same, counterclockwise, direction. Explain how this
piece of evidence supports the Nebular Theory. (A2)
Other Items:
5. Which of the following is true for chemical compounds that 14. To help you determine what the images of a spernova
have been detected elsewhere in the universe? (A2)
event, click on the link below each image. The links will
A. They have a greater average density than the same
take you to objects that are in similar stages of evolution.
compounds found on Earth.
http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stellar_ev/stellar_e
B. They are composed of the same elements that are
v_flash.html)
5.4.12.A 2011
found on Earth.
C. They are less reactive chemically than the same
compounds found on Earth.
D. Those with the greatest molar masses are found
furthest away from our solar
system.
6. Explain how measuring the brightness (luminosity) and
temperature of large numbers of stars helps scientists
understand stellar evolution? (A.3)
7. It is sometimes said that we are all made of star dust.
Using your understanding of stellar evolution, explain
this statement. (A.3)
8. How do scientists estimate the number of stars in our
galaxy? (A4)
9. How do scientists estimate the number of galaxies in the
Universe? (A4)
10. Describe one piece of evidence that supports the Big
Bang Theory and explain why it supports it. (A5)
11. Explain how scientists can find evidence for something
that happened more than 10 billion years ago. (A5)
12. Describe how Hubble’s Law supports the idea that the
universe is expanding. (A6)
13. In the Doppler effect, light reaching the Earth from a
distant galaxy in an expanding universe is shifted to (A6)
A. longer wavelengths
B. higher frequencies
C. greater velocities
D. greater amplitudes
15. Explore a web based simulation that models how a
star's brightness and surface temperature are measured
throughout its life cycle.
http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/starlife_main.
html)
16. Determine the fate of the universe! OK, not the real
universe but a mathematically modeled universe
available at Build Your Own Universe.
http://www.seed.slb.com/content.aspx?id=714)
17. Refine their models of the origin of the universe by
interacting with a sequence of NASA simulations and
tutorials about the big bang theory and the evolution of
the universe.
http://scout.wisc.edu/Reports/NSDL/PhysSci/2004/ps040611-topicindepth.php