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Secession and Civil
War
Chapter 5
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Free State
Compromise of 1850
Slave State
Missouri Compromise
Tariff
Nullify
Society
Mississippi Colonization
States’ Rights
America
Confederate States of
Popular Sovereignty
Proclamation
Emancipation
Emancipation
People to Know
John C. Calhoun
Jefferson Davis
John Jones Pettus
Ulysses S. Grant
Earl Van Dorn
Stephen Douglas
John A. Quitman
Pemberton
Nathan Bedford Forest
Sherman
Abraham Lincoln
Henry S. Foote
John C.
William Tecumseh
Places to Know
Missouri
Liberia
Richmond
Fort Sumpter
Vicksburg
Corinth
Holly Springs
House
Appomattox Court
Quotable History
“We hold these truths to
be self-evident, that all
men are created equal,
that they are endowed
by their Creator with
certain unalienable
Rights, that among these
are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness.”
Thomas Jefferson Declaration of
Independence 1776
Institutionalized Hypocrisy
The Declaration of
Independence stated
that “All men are created
equal” Therefore,
Americans either had to
abolish old world slavery
or admit that the
Declaration of
Independence meant
nothing.
A Simmering Issue
As the nation expanded westward, the issue of slavery
became explosive.
There were many attempts to compromise along the way
but, in the end, slavery was antithetical to the ideals of a
nation built upon the principles of freedom.
It would take a Civil War to decide the issue. (1861-1865)
More Americans died in that war than any other.
There were heroes and villains on both sides.
This war changed the country and the world.
The Slavery Issue
The labor for producing products like sugar,
cotton and tobacco was dependent upon
slave labor.
The Morality of slavery was endlessly
debated.
Abraham Lincoln, among others, introduced
religious objections to slavery and a
groundswell of anti-slavery advocates
emerged.
However, most whites, in both the north and
south believed in racial superiority which
further complicated the matter.
A Sensitive Issue
The issue of slavery was a uniquely odd political issue.
The question of slavery was a politically divisive issue before
the Revolution.
It was so sensitive an issue that it was usually avoided unless
absolutely necessary
The original draft of the Declaration of Independence even
blamed the issue of slavery on the King of England.
The words slave and slavery do not appear in the Constitution.
Even the provision that ended the slave trade after 1808
vaguely referred to it using the phrase “such persons”.
By 1819, however, slavery had become THE primary issue of
The Missouri
Compromise
The Louisiana Purchase
of 1803 caused a major
destabilizing problem for
the young country.
“A Fire Bell in the Night”
In 1819, The U.S. had 22 states.
They were evenly divided between slave and free
states
The Ohio River was the dividing line; All the slave
states were in the south.
That same year Missouri applied for admission to the
Union as a slave state.
A bitter debate ensued in Congress.
Finally, a compromise was passed:
The Missouri Compromise
Maine was to be admitted as a free state.
Missouri was admitted as a slave state.
This compromise preserved the parity of free to slave
states in the Union and most importantly in the U.S.
Senate.
Slavery was forbidden in the remainder of the Louisiana
Purchase north of the 36 30 N parallel, a line that ran
westward from Missouri’s southern border.
The Anti-Slavery Movement
In 1817, the American Colonization Society was formed and
supported the emancipation (freedom) of slaves and sending
them back to their continent of origin.
The nation of Liberia grew out of this movement.
This group worked in both the north and south to gradually
abolish slavery and see that people of African origin make it
back to their ancestral homes.
Some Mississippians supported this idea.
The Mississippi Colonization Society was formed in 1831.
By 1861, almost 600 freed black slaves had left
Mississippi to live in Liberia.
The Liberator
In 1831, William Lloyd
Garrison began
publishing The Liberator.
He believed slavery was
immoral and slave
owners were sinners.
He called for the
immediate end to
slavery.
The Nullification Crisis
State’s Rights - The principle that the rights of individual states
prevail over the rights of the federal government.
In the early 1800’s Congress passed several protective tariffs.
Tariff - a tax on imported goods designed to keep out
competition.
This raised the prices of goods in the U.S.
The South had few factories and imported its finished goods
thus was hit hard by the tariffs and blamed them for the
economic problems of the region.
John C. Calhoun, V.P., authored an article asserting that a
state could “nullify” a federal law. He believed that over time
the south would lose its numerical parity and Nullification could
Nullification
South Carolina challenged
the tariffs and Andrew
Jackson in 1832.
Most southern states
supported Jackson but
prominent men supported
Calhoun
Congress backed off the
tariffs but passed laws
against nullification.
The
Compromise
of 1850
After the
Mexican/American War of
1846, the question of
slavery was again at the
forefront of American
politics.
The Compromise of 1850
Another compromise to try and keep the Union together
because of the issue of slavery.
California was admitted as a free state
Slavery in some other western states would be determined
by popular sovereignty (a vote by those living there)
The south got a stronger fugitive slave law
Many hoped that the issue of slavery had been settled after
this compromise but that was the height of naiveté.
The major problem was the “popular sovereignty” provision
of the Compromise of 1850
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.
It permitted the people of Kansas to vote on whether slavery would be
permitted.
Because it lay above the 36 30’ parallel, abolitionists were outraged.
Kansas, Bloody-Kansas, started an all out war between its own
citizens and settlers coming in
Abolitionists formed the Republican Party to oppose slavery
The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision of 1857 further divided the
country and Republicans refused to accept the ruling.
Lincoln debated Douglas in 1858 on the issue
In 1859 John Brown attempted to insite a slave rebellion at Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia but was executed.
Mississippi Reacts
Mississippians were deeply distressed by these events.
They felt as if the North was trying to dictate a change in the
very culture of the South and also was attempting an
enormous power grab in the federal government where the
South would lose the ability to decide ANY issues in the
future.
Slavery was known as a “Peculiar Institution”
Many Southerners began to believe that secession
(withdrawal from the Union) was the only way to prevent
“tyrannical” rule by the northern states even though they
themselves ruled tyrannically over half their population. It
was indeed “peculiar”.
The Voters Speak
John A. Quitman, a “fire-eater” politician supported secession and was
elected Governor of Ms in 1849.
A state convention was called and a regional meeting set in Nashville to
decide what should be done.
They met in 1850, but most Mississippi delegates felt as if secession was
the only option, however, were convinced by William Sharkey to wait on a
compromise from congress
Senator Jefferson Davis continued to believe that secession was the only
answer.
Most Mississippians wanted to remain in the Union.
Henry S. Foote started a new party called the Union Party and ran
against Quitman, dividing the party on a single issue of secession or
Union.
The 1860 Election
After Harper’s Ferry and Bloody Kansas Mississippians became
extremely nervous about the election of a Republican President.
They elected John Jones Pettus, a pro-secession candidate,
governor
Southern Democrats demanded that their party platform
(statement of principles) include a defense of slavery.
Stephen Douglas led the Democratic polls but after including
“popular sovereignty” in the platform most southern Democrats
walked out.
Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John C.
Breckinridge of Kentucky, which divided the party and all but
ensured a Republican victory.
Republicans Take The White
House
Those who wanted to peacefully keep the Union together
formed yet another political party called the Constitutional
Union Party.
The Republicans moderated their platform that opposed
slavery to include language promising that they would not
interfere with slavery where it already existed.
Lincoln won the Presidency in a very close election with
180 electoral votes, all from northern states.
Lincoln had the most popular votes but not a majority of
the votes cast. (less than 50%)
The Road to War
Secession
After Lincoln was elected in 1860 South Carolina seceded on December
20.
Governor Pettus called the Ms legislature into emergency session
They called for a state convention, where most delegates present
supported immediate secession.
Lucius Q.C. Lamar called for a vote on secession and it passed on
January 9, 1861
84 delegates of the total 99 voted for secession.
The ordinance of secession was NOT submitted to the voters
Ms was second to secede and then 5 more states followed:
Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas
The states sent representatives to Montgomery, Al and formed the
Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky near the birthplace Lincoln
He moved with his parents to Ms when he was 2
He graduated from West Point Military Academy
He fought bravely in the Mexican-American War
After the war he returned to Brierfield, his plantation in Warren
County.
He was twice elected to the U.S. Senate
He served as Secretary of War for the Franklin Pierce
administration.
He was then elected President of the Confederacy
Confederate Constitution
It was similar to that of the U.S.
However, states’ rights and slavery were specifically protected
The President served a six year term instead of four
The first Capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Al
Once Virginia seceded, Richmond became the Capital
The South thought the issue was over and the Union would
simply let them go.
Lincoln took office in March 1861 and acted cautiously at first,
looking for a compromise to bring them back in.
The time for compromise was over
Fort Sumter
The Confederacy’s next issue was to take control of federal
land and federal forts.
Fort Sumter, SC was controlled by Union troops and they did
not leave upon secession.
They were surrounded by Confederate troops who wanted the
fort back.
Lincoln sent supplies to help the Union maintain control of the
fort
War began in April, 1861 in Charleston Harbor when South
Carolina authorities attacked and seized the fort.
Lincoln called on Union troops to put down the “rebellion”.
Handicapping Confederate vs. Union
Confederate:
Highly skilled army
Specially trained military leaders
“King Cotton”
Foreign Connections
Union:
More resources
More railroads
Larger population
Larger industrial base
Game On
In order to win the war the North had to invade and conquer the South
This meant that controlling the Mississippi River was paramount
By controlling the Mississippi River, the North could cut off western
supply routes and stop shipping to and from the South
Vicksburg was the key
To take Vicksburg the Union had to first drive forces out of north Ms
General Ulysses S. Grant commanded the Union troops while General
Albert Sidney commanded the Confederate troops in the region.
Early in 1862, Union troops pushed up the Tn and Cumberland Rivers
and by March the Confederate troops had retreated to Corinth, Ms
The War Continues
Corinth was an important
railway crossing
Grant set up headquarters at
Shiloh Church (20 miles N of
Corinth)
The South attacked on April 6,
and in a seesaw battle lost
their commander. General
PGT Beauregard took
command
The battle of Shiloh was the
bloodiest battle to that point
The Road to Vicksburg
Henry Halleck took command of
Union Troops.
He was very cautious
The Confederacy could no
longer hold Memphis and New
Orleans had fallen to the North
Union ships could move up and
down the Mississippi River
except for one specific
location...Vicksburg
The Battle of Vicksburg
Cutting off Vicksburg was vital to the
Union strategy.
It would give them the entire Ms
River and cut off rail supplies to the
interior of the South.
Vicksburg sat atop the bluffs of the
river and was perfect for shelling
Union ships as they passed.
It was highly defensible because of
the swampy surroundings and
Union forces had an almost
impossible mission
The Many Attempts to Take Vicksburg
June 1862:
Admiral David Farragut sailed from N.O., running his ships past
Vicksburg artillery and landed on the Louisiana side.
The plan was to build a canal so that Union ships would no longer be
subject to artillery fire from Vicksburg.
The plan failed because the river was too low
September 1862:
Conf. General Earl Van Dorn attacked Corinth but was defeated
and driven back to Holly Springs.
Late Oct 1862:
Gen. Grant attempted to outflank Van Dorn but Nathan Bedford
Forest cut off his supplies and he retreated
The Many Attempts to Take Vicksburg
(Cont)
December 1862:
Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman began a direct attack on
Vicksburg landing troops to the N of the city
The high water limited his movements and the Conf’s threw his
attacks back
By March 1863, Sherman decided that Vicksburg could not be taken
from the N. So Grant landed south.
Grant circled around, took Jackson in mid May and made his way
west to attack Vicksburg
He met Conf. Gen. Pemberton’s troops at Champion Hill, near
Edwards and forced the southern troops to retreat
Vicksburg was now surrounded by the Union Army and Navy.
The Fall of Vicksburg
The city was under steady
shelling
The citizens of the city were
forced to live in caves and eat
mules and rats
On July 4, 1863 Pemberton
surrendered his 40,000 troops
along with weapons and the
city.
This defeat, along with the
simultaneous defeat of Lee at
Gettysburg signaled the end of
the Confederate's chances to
The Final Days
Almost 2 more years of hard
fighting remained.
Gen. Sherman took
command of the western
troops and defended against
Conf. attempts to stop the
Union attacks on
Chattanooga and Atlanta
February 1864, Sherman
began attacking Meridian and
destroyed the rail junction
Endgame
Under the Command of Nathan Bedford Forest, Conf. Cavalry did win
some victories across the state.
In late 1864 Sherman made his famous march from Atlanta to
Savannah and then swung north into S. Carolina
Grant captured Richmond in March 1865 and Gen. Lee surrendered
his army at Appomattox Court House in April 1865
The remaining Confederate forces in Mississippi and Alabama
surrendered on May 4, 1865 at Citronelle, Al...just N of Mobile.
Union troops captured Jefferson Davis on May 10, 1865 in Irwinville,
Georgia
Around 80,000 Mississippians fought for the Conf.; 500 fought for the
Union; 27,000 died; many thousands more were injured. Bitterness
lasted generations.
The End Of Slavery
In 1862, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation declaring that on Jan. 1, 1863, all slaves owned
by persons in the Confederate states were free.
It did NOT free all slaves in the United States however. It
declared free only those slaves not living under Union control.
It was not until December 1865 and the ratification of the 13th
amendment that slavery was ended.
In 1863, the Union began to recruit black soldiers but were
treated with racism and paid less.
Despite these challenges they fought bravely and served the
confederacy well. The 3rd US Colored Cavalry fought several
battles in Ms during the war.
End Chapter 5
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