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Urban Sustainable Development Cases KARACHI TANZANIA 27.2.2002 Adrià Bonell - GEO 302 KARACHI Pakistan's major metropolis – – – – Commercial capital 11 million inhabitants 8% of country's total population 4.8% of annual growth rate Legal Housing Development System Too ambitious goverment regulations Large plot sizes and rights-of-way, high standards (materials and infraestructure) Delays in extending trunk infrastructure HIGH PRICES Lack of appropiate roads, piped water and sewerage Impossibility to obtain mortgage financing For low- and and middle-income households LOW PURCHASE CAPACITY KATCHI ABADIS The unplanned settlements created by the informal sector in order to overcome goverment's inability to supply cheap housing 1/2 the city's people are living in them Double city's average growth rate (9%) Katchi Abadis - Problems Insecurity of property Not incentive to invest in infrastructure Informal sector lacks technical capacity Low quality facilities => Natural disasters risk Illegal dumping of wastes and inadequate sewage treatment Dangerous health conditions => Epidemics Recommended Changes (i) Goverment has to recognize the Katchi Abadis as a reality (not a temporary situation) Incorporate existing informal-built facilities into the overall housing planning Nurture goverment-communities trust Promote positive interactions to find out actual residents' needs Rationalize overlaping responsabilities (city,state and federal agencies) to strenghten accountability Recommended Changes (ii) Decrease regualtory housing requirements Housing must meet public health and safety conditions, but not be so elaborate that it raises unecessarily the price of housing. The public sector should limit its activity to areas in which has a comparative advantage Improve property rights adjudication and registration Provide the necessary trunk infrastructure Allow low-income residents to apply for credit collectively TANZANIA Cultivating Rural-Urban Linkages The Region: SUB-SAHARA The weakest overall growth of all the developing regions Increasingly marginalised in the global economy The world's heaviest debt burden TANZANIA The 6 main cities generate 30% of GDP 75% of all Tanzanians live in rural areas Agriculture accounts for over 50% of GDP It Is Necessary to Increase Rural Productivity … and Market Access Technology level Economic wealth Rural productivity Industrialisation Incomes Demand for manufactured products City-Rural Linkages Can Help PRODUCTIVITY: Acquire new technical knowledge Build channels to bring this new technology to the rural economy MARKET ACCESS: Enable access of agricultural products to city markets Acquire new technical knowledge Improve education and research services To be informed about new technology advances Promote a secure and open business environment (i.e. macroeconomic stability, liberalization, effective legal rules) ATTRACT Foreign investors with access to better equipment, inputs and technology. Reverse migration with knowledge and capital earned abroad Bring the new technology to the rural economy Create technology diffusion services Private businesses, government research institutes and media Features Directed to the most innovative groups Avoid too specialized, top down management Client driven and customized to particular needs of each group Enable access to city markets Only 30% of agricultural output is currently marketed Build new infrastructure Strengthen the road system Establish support networks that create trusting relationshps between city businesses and rural producers Formal legal and insurance contracts Ties of ethnicity, religion and kinship (e.g. Muslim and Asian communities) Thank you ! Questions ? 27.2.2002 Adrià Bonell - GEO 302