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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22695659A93521543 Scope: Global Language: English Accipiter gundlachi, Gundlach's Hawk Assessment by: BirdLife International View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Accipiter gundlachi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695659A93521543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Aves Accipitriformes Accipitridae Taxon Name: Accipiter gundlachi Lawrence, 1860 Synonym(s): • Accipiter gundlachii ssp. gundlachii Lawrence, 1860 — Collar and Andrew (1988) • Accipiter gundlachii ssp. gundlachii Lawrence, 1860 — Collar et al. (1994) Common Name(s): • English: • Spanish: Gundlach's Hawk Gavilán Cubano Taxonomic Source(s): del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK. Identification Information: 43-51 cm. Medium-sized, stocky forest raptor. Adult, dark blue-grey upperparts with blackish cap, and barred rufous underparts. Immature, brown above, paler below, but with dark streaking. Rounded tail in flight. Similar spp. Sharp-shinned Hawk A. striatus is smaller and has squared tail in flight. Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus is broader-winged and -tailed, and chunkier. Voice Loud kek-kek-kek .... Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered C2a(i) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: October 1, 2016 Justification: This species is considered Endangered owing to its very small and severely fragmented population, which has continued to decline until very recently. Trends appear to have stabilised or even reversed over the last five years, and if this is confirmed the species may warrant downlisting to Vulnerable in the future. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2015 – Endangered (EN) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22695659A83522893.en 2012 – Endangered (EN) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22695659A38167167.en 2008 – Endangered (EN) 2004 – Endangered (EN) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 1 2000 – Endangered (EN) 1996 – Endangered (EN) 1994 – Endangered (EN) 1988 – Threatened (T) Geographic Range Range Description: The species has never been common, but formerly occurred throughout Cuba. It is now very rare and local, with five main population centres known to remain. Most populations of Gundlach's Hawk are located in eastern Cuba with about 44% of suitable habitat for the species, followed by the central region with 32% and Western with 24% (Rodriguez Santana 2008). There are three centres for the nominate race in west and central Cuba, but two of these held only three and 20 pairs respectively in 1994. There are two further areas important for the race wileyi in the east of the island, where the bulk of the population resides. Sightings around Pico Turquino are scarce, but a bird was seen on the north slopes of the Sierra Maestra in early 1999 (Rompré et al. 2000). The current potential distribution of the Gundlach's Hawk covers c. 22,620 km2, which represents 22% of its original distribution (Rodriguez Santana & Viña Davila 2012). Country Occurrence: Native: Cuba © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 2 Distribution Map Accipiter gundlachi © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 3 Population The population is estimated to number 350-450 pairs, based on surveys (A. Kirkconnell in litt. 2016), equivalent to 1,050-1,350 individuals (rounded here to 1,100-1,400 individuals) and 700-900 mature individuals. Trend Justification The species is suspected to still be slowly declining, owing mainly to habitat loss and persecution. However, recently trends appear to have stabilised or even reversed, with more frequent sightings over a five-year period (A. Kirkconnell in litt. 2012). Further work is needed to confirm these trends. Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) It is found up to 800 m in a variety of wooded habitats including humid, dry and pine forests (Bierregaard 1994a). It preys mostly on birds, including poultry. The breeding season is December-May (Ferrer-Sánchez & Rodríguez-Estrella 2014), with up to four young fledging by June (Bierregaard 1994a, A. Kirkconnell in litt. 1999, Rodriguez Santana & Viña Davila, 2012). The nest is generally placed close to the trunk of a high tree, but below the canopy. Systems: Terrestrial Threats (see Appendix for additional information) Agriculture, hunting, habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, deforestation, mining and fire are threats to this species (A. Kirkconnell in litt. 2016). There are records of young being taken from the wild for trade (Bierregaard et al. 2014). The size of remaining forest patches in most territories does not seem to be sufficient to ensure the presence of isolated populations (Rodríguez-Santana, 2008). Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation and Research Actions Underway CITES Appendix II. Populations occur within 22 Protected Areas (A. Kirkconnell in litt. 2016), including the Sierra Maestra and Sierra del Cristal National Parks. Environmental education has grown in Cuba in recent years (A. Kirkconnell in litt. 2012). Conservation and Research Actions Proposed Survey Pinar del Río province and the Zapata swamp, and re-survey areas in eastern Cuba to determine current populations and assess trends. Conduct censuses of the species during the breeding season to determine the breeding range of the species and to identify sites to protect. Protect nesting sites and areas of suitable habitat where the species has historically nested. Further define the species's ecological requirements. Conduct education and public awareness campaigns to highlight the plight of the bird and discourage human persecution (A. Mitchell in litt. 1998). Provide compensation to farmers who lose poultry to Gundlach's Hawks. It is urgent to establish a conservation program particularly focused on this species (Ferrer-Sánchez & RodríguezEstrella, 2016). The Gundlach’s Hawk has lost 80% of its suitable habitat in the entire island and the size of the remaining forest patches in most territories does not seem to be sufficient to ensure the presence of isolated populations (Rodríguez-Santana, 2008). Thus, if endemic species are to be preserved, conservation strategies should be directed towards maintaining natural areas as their populations’ recovery depends on the existence of natural areas with little disturbance. Therefore, it is urgent to © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 4 establish a conservation program particularly focused on this species (Ferrer-Sánchez & RodríguezEstrella, 2016). Credits Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A. Contributor(s): Kirkconnell, A., Mitchell, A., Rodríguez-Estrella, R. & Ferrer-Sanchez, Y. Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Benstead, P., Isherwood, I., Mahood, S., Sharpe, C J, Wege, D., Khwaja, N., Ashpole, J & Wheatley, H. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 5 Bibliography Bierregaard, R. O. 1994. Neotropical Accipitridae (Hawks and Eagles). In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (ed.), Handbook of the birds of the world, pp. 52-205. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Bierregaard, R.O., Jr, Christie, D.A., Kirwan, G.M. and Marks, J.S. 2014. Gundlach's Hawk (Accipiter gundlachi). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Collar, N. J.; Gonzaga, L. P.; Krabbe, N.; Madroño Nieto, A.; Naranjo, L. G.; Parker, T. A.; Wege, D. C. 1992. Threatened birds of the Americas: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K. Ferrer-Sánchez, Y. and Rodríguez-Estrella, R. 2014. Notas sobre anidación del Gavilán Colilargo (Accipiter gundlachi) en Cuba. Ornitolología Neotropical 25: 355–361. Ferrer-Sánchez, Y. and Rodríguez-Estrella, R. 2016. How rare species conservation management can be strengthened with the use of ecological niche modelling: The case for endangered endemic Gundlach’s Hawk and Cuban Black-Hawk. Global Ecology and Conservation 5: 88-99. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 07 December 2016). Rodríguez Santana, F. 2008. Distribución, migración y conservación de las rapaces del orden Falconiformes en Cuba. Dissertation thesis. University of Alicante, Spain. Rodríguez Santana, F., Viña, N. 2012. Accipiter gundlachi. In: González Alonso, H., Rodríguez Shettino, L., Rodríguez, A., Mancina, C.A. and Ramos García, I. (eds), Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados de Cuba, Editorial Academia, La Habana, Cuba. Rompré, G.; Aubry, Y.; Kirkconnell, A. 2000. Recent observations of threatened birds in eastern Cuba. Cotinga 13: 66. Citation BirdLife International. 2016. Accipiter gundlachi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695659A93521543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 6 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes 1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable Yes 1. Forest -> 1.7. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level Resident Suitable No 1. Forest -> 1.8. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Resident Suitable Yes 1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Resident Suitable Yes Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder farming Ongoing Majority (5090%) Slow, significant declines - Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder farming 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is the target) 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control 5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood harvesting -> 5.3.3. Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Low impact: 5 - Medium impact: 6 Medium impact: 6 7 Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: No Systematic monitoring scheme: No In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: No In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No Subject to ex-situ conservation: No In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes Included in international legislation: Yes Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection 1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection 4. Education & awareness -> 4.1. Formal education 4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications 6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.4. Conservation payments Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 8 Research Needed 2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan Additional Data Fields Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 102000 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Number of Locations: 11-100 Continuing decline in number of locations: Yes Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No Upper elevation limit (m): 800 Population Number of mature individuals: 700-900 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: Yes No. of subpopulations: 5 Continuing decline in subpopulations: Yes Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: No No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 1-89 Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes Generation Length (years): 7.2 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Accipiter gundlachi – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695659A93521543.en 9 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™