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EQ: Was Martin Luther right to rebel against the Catholic Church and form a new religion? Directions: • Write down text in cream. • Don’t write down text in yellow. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c Martin Luther • Born 1483 • Priest & Professor in Wittenberg, Germany Selling of Indulgences • Pope Leo X started practice – certificates issued by Church to reduce or cancel punishment of sins • Luther didn’t agree with sale of Indulgences – 1530 Depiction of Selling Indulgences Calls for Reform • John Wycliffe (1330-1384) – Questioned the authority of the pope • Jan Hus (1370-1415) – Criticized the vast wealth of the Church • Erasmus (1469-1536) – Attacked corruption in the Church Luther Posts The 95 Theses • 1517 Luther nailed 95 Theses to door of Church • Criticized Indulgences & church corruption Luther’s Ideas Collection of Martin Luther’s Writings, 1581 Luther’s Different Accounts Young Martin Luther Old Martin Luther Essential Question: Why did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church? Reformation Spreads • Gutenberg’s printing press spreads ideas • Indulgences sales drop • Luther continued attacks 16th Century Europe: The Reformation Europe in 1560 Response From Rome • Pope Leo X sent envoys to end uprising • Luther refused to stop his criticism • In 1521 the Pope excommunicated Luther Diet of Worms • Council of German princes • Luther declared a heretic & outlaw Peasant Revolt in 1525 • Luther backed princes • Princes support Luther against Pope Catholic • Faith and Good Works • Ritual and Tradition • Pope • Language – Latin Lutheran • Faith alone • literal interpretation of bible • Did not recognize authority of Pope • Language – German The Spread of Lutheranism Calvin • Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination – God determines the fate of every person • Popular in Netherlands & Scotland Calvin’s World in the 16c The Anabaptists • Baptized adults • No participation in government • Pacifists • Persecuted went to America in 1600’s • Quakers, Baptists, Mennonites, Amish The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) The Catholic Reformation • Pope Paul III • Council of Trent 1545-1563 Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c) Religious Persecution • Jesuits – religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola • missionaries • Inquisition tortured unfaithful St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Slaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants) Edict of Nantes Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. In 1598: Granted religious rights to Huguenots Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion) Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War Peace of Westphalia (1648) Ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT must permit freedom of private worship. Reformation Europe (Late 16c) Effects of Reformation • • • • Division within Christian faith Religious Wars—30 Years War Religious Persecution--Inquisition Began Separation of Church & State