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Multi-Faith Calendar 2008 & Religion or Belief Awareness Guidance Produced by the Equality & Diversity Team Contents Introduction…………….……………………………………………………………… Page 3 Multi-Faith Calendar 2008 ……………………………………………………. …... Page 5- 17 Religion or Belief Awareness Guidance Bahá’í …………………………………………………………………………………. Page 18 Buddhism …………………………………………………………………………….. Page 19 Christianity ……………………………………………………………………………. Page 20 Hinduism ………………………………………………………………………… …. Page 21 Islam …………………………………………………………………………………… Page 22 Judaism ……………………………………………………………………………… .. Page 23 Rastafarianism ………………………………………………………………………... Page 24 Sikhism ………………………………………………………………………………… Page 25 Zoroastrianism ………………………………………………………………………… Page 26 Good Practice Guidelines ……………………………………………………………. Page 27 2 Introduction Social Context The United Kingdom has one of the most religiously diverse populations in the European Union. Each religion or belief has a considerable internal diversity of traditions, movements, cultures and languages. Religious practice cuts across ethnic groups and ethnic groups are multi-religious. In 2001, the National Census included a question on religion for the first time, although, information on this area had previously been collected in Northern Ireland. The results demonstrated that there is a high level of diversity in the UK. Across recent decades in the UK there has been an increasing awareness of different religions and beliefs, and, in general, there has been an improvement in the fair treatment of individuals and interfaith relations. However, discrimination on the basis of religion and belief, prejudice, intolerance or even hatred linked to religious identity can still occur in many ways and, in some areas such as Anti-Semitism and Islamaphobia, has increased over recent years. It is important to understand the particular factors that affect those from certain religious or belief backgrounds we should be mindful that these factors can inter-play with other equalities areas. It is excellent practice to consider the ways in which race, gender, sexual orientation, disability and age interact with issues of religion or belief. This will enable a better understanding of equalities issues and ensure that we meet the diverse needs of staff and customers. Walsall is an extremely multi-cultural borough which is home to a large number of religious communities. The Christian, Muslim, Sikh and Hindu communities in Walsall are well represented and their numbers are above the national average. In light of the above, it is very important that we maintain good practice to ensure that we are able to make provisions for the diversity in the Council and within the Borough as a whole. Therefore, it is recommended that we are able to recognize and appreciate the basic concepts of the main religions or beliefs practiced in Walsall. This will promote greater understanding which can enable us develop and maintain good practice Legal context It is important that we are aware of the legal provisions in the area of religion or belief. • • • • Article 9 of the Human Rights Act 1998 – this covers freedom of thought, conscious and religion as a qualified right. Under this article, a person can hold any religious belief, and cannot be forced to change their religion or belief, follow a particular religion or stopped from changing their religion. The act covers a broad definition of religion and also includes beliefs such as veganism and pacifism. Anti-terrorism, Crime & Security Act 2001 – Religiously aggravated offences and harassment are covered under this Act. Offences such as, assault, criminal damage, and harassment can be taken into account if there is a religious element. The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 provide a certain level of protection for employees on the grounds of religion and belief, but do not cover issues of incitement and protection against discrimination in the area of goods, facilities and services Equality Act 2006 – The Equality Bill has gained royal assent and is therefore now an Act of Parliament. The Equality Act introduces provisions to protect people on the 3 grounds of religion and belief in the area of goods, facilities and services. This replicates similar legislation in the areas of race and disability • Racial & Religious Hatred Act 2006 –The Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 amends the Public Order Act 1986, to create offences involving stirring up hatred against persons on religious grounds. The legislation ensures that protection is provided to people against harm because of their religious beliefs or lack of religious beliefs This awareness guide aims to provide an introduction to a number of world religions and beliefs which will enable staff to recognise the diversity of beliefs and practices within Walsall, and the United Kingdom. It outlines some best practice guidelines, and includes a Multi-Faith calendar for 2008 highlighting a number of religious dates. We hope that you find these helpful as information and reference when you are planning events, meetings and consultation for employees and community groups. Whilst reading this guide, please be conscious that people can experience and observe religion or belief in a number ways. For example, there maybe many schools of thought, within a religion or belief which will have an affect on how the religion or belief is observed. Religion or belief can be a very personal issue, and it is important, therefore, we refrain from making generalisations about different religious communities. Do not be afraid of asking questions to raise your awareness. The Equality & Diversity Team, along with the Council’s Human Resources and Development Team are always available to provide further support and advice on employees rights regarding religion or belief, and on how the regulations should be implemented within the workplace. For information, advice and guidance please contact the Equality and Diversity Team Brian Fitzgerald Phone 01922 65 2622 Textphone 0845 111 2910 Email [email protected] ________________________________________ 4 Multi-Faith Calendar 2008 All dates are shown using the Gregorian (Western) calendar. The calendar is accurate, but some dates may vary regionally because they are determined by the lunar calendar. (For example, Jewish festivals usually begin at sundown on the previous day and the Muslim calendar is based on lunar system and therefore their dates for festivals and other holy days may vary by a day or two). Below are the religions and beliefs featured in this calendar. If there is a festival/holy day that you would like to be included in the future calendars please contact the Equality and Diversity team. ¾ ¾ ¾ Bahá'í Buddhism Christianity ¾ ¾ ¾ Hinduism Judaism Islam ¾ ¾ ¾ Rastafarianism Sikhism Zoroastrianism ______________________________ January 2008 1st Circumcision (Christian) Marks the day when Jesus was circumcised. New Year’s Day (Secular) The start of the Western calendar year Festival of St. Basil the Great (Christian) The Great St. Basil is one of the great Fathers of the Orthodox Church 5th Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh (Sikh) The birthday of the tenth Guru, who established equality for men and women in the Sikh community. This day is often celebrated with a procession of flags from gurdwaras. 6th Epiphany (Christian) The last day of Christmas, and a time to remember the visit of the wise men to the baby Jesus. Theophany (Christian) Orthodox Christians mark the baptism of Jesus on this day Christmas Day (Christian - Armenian Orthodox) Armenian Christians celebrate Christmas at Epiphany, except for Armenians in the Holy Land, who celebrate Christmas on January 19. 7th Ethiopian Christmas (Rastafarian) Christianity became the official religion of Ethiopia in 330 AD, and this day celebrates the life of Jesus. 5 Christmas Day (Christian – Orthodox) An Orthodox Christian holy day that marks the birth of Jesus, the son of God. 13th St. Hilary’s Day (Christian) According to tradition, St Hilary’s ‘is the coldest day of the year’. St. Hilary was a Fourth Century Bishop of Poitiers. Baptism of the Lord (Christian) Commemorates the baptism of Jesus in the River Jordan by John the Baptist. Occurs on the first Sunday after Epiphany. Catholics and Episcopalians celebrate this Holy Day, but Eastern Christianity celebrates Jesus’ baptism at Epiphany. 14th Makar Sankrant (Hindu) Makar Sankrant is the day when the glorious Sun-God of Hindus begins its ascendancy and entry into the Northern Hemisphere 18th Week of Prayer for Christian Unity – start (Christian) The Week of Prayer for Christian Unity involves Christian communities across the world and from almost every denomination. 19th Ashura (Muslim) Ashura marks two historical events: the day Nuh (Noah) left the Ark, and the day that Musa (Moses) was saved from the Egyptians by Allah. 21st World Religion Day (Baha’i) A day dedicated to the unity of all world religions. World Religion Day (Multi Faith) Equally, a day dedicated to the unity of all world religions St. Agnes (Christian) Patron saint of girls, martyred at the age of 13. 22nd Tu B’Shevat (Jewish) Tu B'Shevat is the Jewish "New Year for Trees". It is one of the four Jewish new years (Rosh Hashanahs). On Tu B'Shevat Jews often eat fruits associated with the Holy Land, especially the ones mentioned in the Torah. 25th St. Paul’s Day (Christian) Famously converted on the road to Damascus, St. Paul travelled tens of thousands of miles around the Mediterranean spreading the word of Jesus and it was Paul who came up with the doctrine that would turn Christianity from a small sect of Judaism into a worldwide faith that was open to all. 27th National Holocaust Memorial Day (Jewish/National) The UK Holocaust Memorial Day was first held in January 2001. The date was chosen as the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. 6 28th St Thomas Aquinas (Christian) Doctor of the Church and patron Saint of students and theologians 31st Birthday of Guru Har Rai (Sikh) A festival to celebrate one of the greatest religious innovators of all time and the founder of the Sikh religion ___________________________ February 2008 2nd Candlemass (Christian) Marks the day when Jesus was presented to the Temple. Candles for use in Churches are usually blessed on this day. 5th Shrove Tuesday (Christian) The day before the period of Lent begins. It is a time to remember Jesus’ time spent in the Wilderness. In many countries this day is known as ‘Mardi Gras’ (‘Fat Tuesday’) as it is traditionally a time of feasting before the fast. In Britain, it is also known as Pancake Day as pancakes were originally made to use up all the rich foods before Lent. 6th Ash Wednesday (Christian) Begins the 40 days of Lent, a period of fasting and abstinence. In some Churches, ash is used to mark a small cross on the forehead as a symbol of penitence. 7th Chinese New Year Chinese New Year is the longest and most important celebration in the Chinese calendar. The Chinese year 4706 begins on this day. 8th Parinirvana (Buddhist) A commemoration for Mahayana Buddhists of the death of the Buddha. He died, age 80, in a state of meditation and attained ‘nirvana’ – an escape from the cycle of death and rebirth. Losar – start (Buddhist) The most important holiday in Tibet, which celebrates the Tibetan New Year. Losar is a three day festival for Families and a time for Tibetans to visit monasteries and make offerings. Losar is marked with activities that symbolise purification, and welcoming in the new. 11th Vasant Panchami (Hindu) Vasant Panchami is the festival dedicated to Saraswati, the goddess of learning. Our Lady of Lourdes (Christian) Marks the day in 1858 when St. Bernadette had her first vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary 7 14th St. Valentine’s Day (Christian) Now more a secular festival than a religious one. There are at least three different saints named Valentine. 15th Nirvana Day (Alternative) (Buddhist) Nirvana Day is also known as Parinirvana and is celebrated by some Buddhists on February 8. Nirvana Day is the celebration of Buddha’s death when he reached total Nirvana, at the age of 80. ______________________________ March 2008 1st St David’s Day (Christian) A day to celebrate the patron saint of Wales. A daffodil is usually worn to mark the day. 2nd Nineteen Day Fast (Baha’i) This marks the beginning of a 19-day fast which lasts until March 20th and which prepares worshipers for the New Year (Naw-Ruz). Mothering Sunday (Christian) Mothering Sunday is the fourth Sunday of Lent. Traditionally, it was a day when children, mainly daughters, who had gone to work as domestic servants were given a day off to visit their mother and family. Today it is a day when children give presents, flowers, and home-made cards to their mothers. 5th St. Piran’s Day (Christian) Piran is regarded as the patron saint of Cornwall and tin miners. Originating from Ireland, he built an oratory to promote Christianity. 6th Mahashivratri (Hindu) A day to honour the god, Shiva. It is the night in which Shiva is said to perform the cosmic dance from creation to destruction. The night is spent in prayer, fasting and meditation with bells rung through the hours of darkness. 7th Women's World Day of Prayer (Multifaith) This dates from 1887 and is celebrated on the first Friday of March. 10th Clean Monday (Christian) The beginning of Lent for Orthodox Christians 16th Palm Sunday (Christian) Begins Holy Week (which recalls the last week of Jesus’ life). It remembers the arrival of Jesus in Jerusalem when he was welcomed by crowds waving palm leaves. 17th St Patrick’s Day (Christian) A day to mark the life of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. 19th St Joseph, Husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Christian) A feast day to celebrate a religious model of Fatherhood 8 20th Milad un Nabi (Muslim- Sunni) is the celebration of the birthday of Muhammad. Maundy Thursday (Christian) Commemorates the Last Supper Jesus ate with his disciples, and is celebrated by the sharing of bread and wine. 21st Purim (Jewish) Celebrates the saving of the Jewish community of Persia from the King’s Minister Haman. The Book of Ester is read twice in the Synagogue and the name of Haman is drowned out with rattles and hooters by the congregation. Naw Ruz (Baha’i) The Baha’i new year. Holi (Hindu) One of the most colourful Hindu festivals, Holi begins with a bonfire to celebrate the death of Holika, the demon of Winter. Handfuls of coloured powder are thrown and coloured water sprayed. Good Friday (Christian) Remembers the crucifixion of Jesus. Although it is a sombre day, it is called ‘Good’ since for Christians it is the ultimate example of God’s sacrifice when Jesus gave up his life for the world. Jamshidi Noruz (Zoroastrianism) Noruz is the seventh obligatory feast and it is dedicated to fire. It is the Zoroastrian New Year celebration, and occurs on the spring equinox. 22nd Hola Mohalla (Lunar Calendar) (Sikh) Guru Gobind Singh started this festival as a day for Sikhs to practise their military exercises and hold mock battles. Today, Sikhs celebrate by watching and partaking in martial arts parades, followed by poetry readings and music. 23rd Easter Sunday (Christian) The most important festival of the Christian year and is a celebration of the resurrection of Jesus. Easter eggs are given to symbolise new life. 25th Annunciation (Christian) Marks the visit of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, during which he told her that she would be the mother of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. Milad un Nabi (Muslim- Shia) Milad un Nabi marks the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Muslim parents will tell stories of the Prophet's life to their children. Those Muslims who celebrate this festival do so joyfully. 26th Birth of the Prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroastrian) A day celebrating the birth of the founder of the Zoroastrian faith. _____________________________ 9 April 2008 6th Bikarami Samvat (Hindu) The Hindu spring New Year. 13th Vaisakhi (Sikh) Commemorates the day when the tenth guru, Gobind Singh, founded the Sikh brotherhood of Khalsa. 14th Rama Navami (Hindu) The birthday of Lord Rama. Temples are decorated and the Ramayana is recited. Birthday of Guru Nanak (Sikh) Guru Nanak was one of the greatest religious innovators of all time and the founder of the Sikh religion. Hola Mohalla (Nanakshahi Calendar) (Sikh) Guru Gobind Singh started this festival as a day for Sikhs to practise their military exercises and hold mock battles. Today, Sikhs celebrate by watching and partaking in martial arts parades, followed by poetry readings and music. 18th Birthday of Guru Tegh Bahadur (Sikh) Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of the ten Gurus who founded Sikhism.He is honoured and remembered as the man who championed the rights for all religious freedom. Birthday of Guru Angad Dev (Sikh) Guru Angad was an ardent devotee of the Hindu goddess Durga. 19th Hanuman Jayanti (Hindu) This festival marks the birth of Hanuman, the Monkey God 20th Pesach (Passover) (Jewish) Commemorates the Jews exodus from Egypt and slavery. It begins with the special ‘seder’ meal. 21st Ridvan (Baha’i) This twelve-day period celebrates the time when Bahá'u'lláh proclaimed His Mission as God's Messenger Rastafari Anniversary (Rastafarian) The anniversary of Haile Selassie’s visit to Jamaica 23rd St George’s Day (Christian) St George is the patron saint of England. 27th Easter (Orthodox) (Christian) The Orthodox celebration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ 29th Ridvan –ninth day (Baha’i) Marks the arrival of Baha’u’llah’s family at the Ridvan garden 10 May 2008 1st Ascension Day (Christian) Commemorates the ascension of Jesus Christ into Heaven. 2nd Birthday of Guru Arjan Dev (Sikh) Guru Arjan Dev was the fifth of the Sikh Gurus. Ridvan –twelfth day (Baha’i) Marks Baha'u'llah's departure from the Ridvan garden. Yom Hashoah (Jewish) Yom Hashoah is a day set aside for Jews to remember the Holocaust. The name comes from the Hebrew word 'shoah', which means 'whirlwind'. 4th Ascension Day – Catholic Church in England and Wales (Christian) Commemorates the ascension of Jesus Christ into Heaven. 11th Pentecost (Christian) The festival when Christians celebrate the gift of the Holy Spirit 18th Trinity Sunday (Christian) The first Sunday after Pentecost. Christians meditate on the nature of God as ‘Three in One’. All Saint’s Day – Orthodox (Christian) This day honours all saints, known and unknown, of the Christian Church. Western Churches celebrate All Saints Day on November 1. 20th Buddha Day (Buddhist) Celebrates the birthday of the Buddha. Theravada New Year (Buddhist) New Year festival for Theravada Buddhists, celebrated for three days from the first full moon day in April. 23rd Declaration of the Bab (Baha’i) The Bab declared himself Messenger of God and Herald of One Greater to Come, as his mission was to prepare the world for the coming of the Baha’u’llah. Birthday of Guru Amar Das (Sikh) 25th Corpus Christi (Christian) The festival of Corpus Christi celebrates the Eucharist as the body of Christ. The name 'Corpus Christi' is Latin for 'the body of Christ'. 29th Ascension of Baha’u’llah (Baha’i) Anniversary of Baha’u’llah’s death in 1892 near Akka, Israel. ______________________________ 11 June 2008 9th Shavuot (Jewish) A two day festival in remembrance of the children of Israel receiving the Torah (the revelation of God’s will) 16th Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev (Sikh) The fifth guru was executed on the orders of the Moghul Emperor. Guru Arjan made the first compilation of the Sikh scriptures and supervised the completion of the Golden Temple in Amritsar. 29th St. Peter’s Day (Christian) Observed by Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran Churches. One of the oldest Saints’ days. ______________________________ July 2008 5th Birthday of Guru Hargobind (Sikh) Celebrates the Birthday of the sixth of the Sikh Gurus. 9th Martyrdom of the Bab (Baha’i) The Bab was executed at noon on this day in 1850. The day is kept with readings and prayer. 15th St Swithin’s Day (Christian) Saint Swithin was a Saxon bishop. He was born in the kingdom of Wessex and educated in its capital, Winchester. He was famous for charitable gifts and building churches. Legend holds that if it rains on this day, it will do so for forty days and nights. 18th Asala - Dharma Day (Buddhist) Marks the beginning of the Buddha's teaching. The word Dharma can be translated as truth and is the term used for the path to enlightenment, or the Buddhist teaching. 20th 17th Tammuz (Jewish) Commemorates the breach of the walls of Jerusalem by the besieging ancient Romans 23rd Birthday of Emperor Haile Selassie (Rastafarian) The day on which the Emperor was born is celebrated with drumming, hymns and prayer. Birthday of Guru Har Krishen (Sikh) Celebrates the Birthday of the eighth of the Sikh Gurus 26th Khordad Sal (Qadimi) (Zoroastrian) Celebrated as the birth anniversary of the prophet, Zarathustra. It was once celebrated as New Year’s Day, especially by the nobility 12 August 2008 6th Transfiguration (Christian) An event in which Jesus was transfigured upon a mountain. Jesus becomes radiant, speaks with Moses and Elijah, and is called "Son" by God. 10th Tishah B’av (Jewish) A day of fasting and mourning to commemorate the historical destruction of the First and Second Temples. 15th Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Christian) Catholics believe the doctrine of the Assumption, which teaches that at the end of her life, Mary, the mother of Christ, was taken body and soul (i.e. both physically and spiritually) into heaven to live with her son (Christ) for ever. Dormition of the Theotokos (Christian) The Feast of the Dormition or Falling Asleep of the Theotokos commemorates the death, resurrection, and glorification of Christ's mother 16th Raksha Bandan (Hindu) This festival celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. Sisters tie coloured threads on their brothers’ wrists to symbolise protection from evil. In return brothers usually give their sisters a gift or money. 17th Marcus Garvey’s Birthday (Rastafarian) The Jamaican prophet who foretold the coming of a Black king in Africa. 19th Jamshedi Noruz (Zoroastrian) It is the Zoroastrian New Year celebration. 24th Janamashtami (Hindu) A celebration of the Lord Krishna. It is often kept with fasting until midnight, when Krishna’s image is welcomed into the temple or home with great rejoicing. Khordad Sal (Zoroastrian) Khordad Sal is celebrated as the birthday of Zoroaster. This festival is considered one of the most important in the Zoroastrian calendar. Zoroastrians gather in Fire temples for prayers and then celebrate with feasting. _____________________________ September 2008 2nd Ramadan begins (Muslim) The ninth month of the Muslim year is spent in fasting between dawn and sunset. There are several reasons why it is considered important: The Qur’an was first revealed during this month: The gates of Heaven are open; the gates of Hell are closed and the devils are chained up in Hell. 13 3rd Ganesh Chathurthi (Hindu) A ten day festival in honour of Ganesh, the elephant-headed god, the remover of obstacles. 8th Nativity of the Theotokos (Christian) Feast of the Birth of Mary, Birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Christians celebrate the birth of the Virgin Mary Birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Christian) The Feast of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary has been celebrated in the Church at least since the 8th Century 11th Ethiopian New Year’s Day (Rastafarian) Since Rastafarians look to Ethiopia as their spiritual home, this is a special day of celebration to start the New Year. 29th Navaratri begins (Hindu) A time at which the story of Rama rescuing his wife Sita from the demon Ravana is told. Effigies of Ravana are burned to celebrate Rama’s victory. 30th Rosh Hashanah (Jewish) The beginning of the Jewish new year. The ram’s horn is blown in the synagogue to call people to awareness and repentance, and is a reminder of Abraham’s sacrifice of a ram instead of his son Isaac. It begins a 12 day period of self examination that continues until Yom Kippur. ______________________________ October 2008 1st Eid-Ul-Fitr (Muslim) This festival comes at the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting. Muslims thank Allah for the strength he gave them to help them practice self-control. 9th Yom Kippur (Jewish) The Day of Atonement is the holiest day of the year in the Jewish calendar. Jews fast from sunset on Yom Kippur to sunset the following day. The day is spent in prayer, requesting forgiveness for past wrongs and resolving to improve in the future. Birthday of Guru Ram Das (Sikh) Celebrates the Birthday of the fourth of the Sikh Gurus Dussera (Hindu) Dussera marks the day on which Lord Rama, a reincarnation of Lord Vishnu, liberated his wife Sita who had been abducted by Ravana, the king of Lanka 13th St Edward’s Day (Christian) Edward the Confessor was a man of great prayer - rather like a crowned monk. He was hailed throughout his life as a gentle, loyal and devoted king. He suffered for his faith by resisting the temptations of the world. He lived off the income of his own lands and reached out to the poor. 14 14th Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles) (Jewish) Commemorates the forty year journey of the Children of Israel from Mount Sinai where they received the Torah, to the land of Israel. God’s protection from the desert sun with clouds is remembered by building ‘succah’ or temporary shelters. 20th Birth of the Bab (Baha’i) The Bab was born in 1819 in Iran. 21st Simchat Torah (Jewish) When the annual cycle of reading the Torah ends and recommences, a new scroll is unwound. Shemini Atzerat (Jewish) Translated as ‘the assembly of the eighth (day)’, this festival is combined with Simchat Torah. 28th Diwali (Sikh) A remembrance of the spiritual victory of Guru Hargobind who saved 52 kings from imprisonment. Gurdwaras and homes are lit up. Diwali (Hindu) The festival of light is held in honour of Lakshmi, goddess of prosperity, and in celebration of the return of Rama and Sita after their exile. Small oil lamps called divas are put in houses, as it is believed that Lakshmi will only visit houses that are lit. 31st Hallowe’en (All Hallows’ Eve) (Christian) This festival, which means the end of summer, celebrated the end of harvest and the beginning of the Celtic New Year on November 1st. ______________________________ November 2008 2nd Crowning of Emperor Haile Selassie (Rastafarian) Rastafarians take their name from ‘Ras Tafari’ (‘Prince Creator’), crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930. All Soul’s Day (Christian) All Souls' Day directly follows All Saints' Day and is an opportunity for Anglicans and Roman Catholics to commemorate the faithful departed. They remember and pray for the souls of people who are in Purgatory - the place (or state) in which those who have died atone for their less grave sins before being granted the vision of God in Heaven. All Saint’s Day (Catholic Church in England and Wales (Christian) A feast day celebrated by Anglicans and Roman Catholics. It is an opportunity for followers to remember all saints and martyrs throughout Christian history. 9th Remembrance Sunday (Multifaith) The second Sunday of November is marked by ceremonies at war memorials and cenotaphs to remember those who gave their lives in conflicts. 15 11th Armistice Day (Multifaith) Marks the end of the First World War on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month in 1918. At 1100 on this day people in the UK pause for two minutes of silence to remember those who gave their lives in past conflicts 12th Birth of Baha’u’llah (Baha’i) The celebration of the birth of the founder of the Baha’i Faith 13th Birthday of Guru Nanak (Sikh) Celebrates the birthday of the first guru, who preached worship of one God, and the equality of humanity. 24th Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (Sikh) Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth guru, was executed for his belief in the need for religious liberty and freedom of worship. 26th Day of the Covenant (Baha’i) A celebration of the establishment of the Covenant of Baha’u’llah 28th The Ascension of 'Abdu'l-Bahá (Baha’i) The commemoration of the Master's passing affords Baha’is around the world an opportunity to reflect on His life of service and sacrifice, and to rededicate themselves to emulating His example. 30th St Andrew’s Day (Christian) A day to celebrate the life of St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. 30th Advent (Christian) A four week period of preparation for Christmas. It is often celebrated by lighting the 1st candle in the Advent crown. A further three candles are lit on subsequent Sundays, culminating with the Christmas candle. ____________________________ December 2008 8th Hajj Day (Islam) This day commemorates Hajj (pilgrimage). It is a day of observance when pilgrims pray for forgiveness. Bodhi Day (Buddhist) Remembered by Mahayana Buddhists as the day when Buddha achieved enlightenment whilst meditating under a bodhi tree. Feast of the Immaculate Conception (Christian) Celebrated by Roman Catholics who remember Mary’s conception as being without sin, therefore immaculate. 11th Eid-ul-Adha (Muslim) The ‘Feast of Sacrifice’ commemorates Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience to Allah. It also marks the end of hajj (annual pilgrimage). 16 13th St Lucy’s Day (Christian) A feast day marked by Roman Catholics and Greek Orthodox. Lucy is the patron saint of the blind. She was a virgin martyr who lived in Sicily during the third century. 22nd Hanukkah (Jewish) Commemorates the re-lighting of the menorah (the light which symbolises God’s presence) in the Temple in 168 BCE. Oil which was enough for only one day miraculously lasted for 8. Hanukkah is therefore an 8 day festival with an extra candle being lit on the special Hanukkah candlestick on each of the 8 days. 24th Christmas Eve (Christian) Evening carol services and midnight masses begin the period of Christmas. Santa Klaus is a legendary figure based on St Nicholas of Myra, who tradition says brings presents to children on Christmas Eve. 25th Christmas Day (Christian) Celebrates the birth of Jesus, who Christians believe to be the Son of God. 26th Death of the Prophet (Zoroastrian) The anniversary of the Prophet’s death, when special prayers are recited. Boxing Day (Secular) The day after Christmas Day. A secular festival St Stephen’s Day (Christian) A Christian celebration of the Saint. 29th Al - Hijira (Muslim) This day commemorates Hajj (pilgrimage). The pilgrimage to Mecca must be made at least once in a lifetime. It is a day of observance when pilgrims pray for forgiveness. 17 Religion or Belief Awareness Guidance Baha’i The Bahá’í religion is one of the most recent world faiths, having developed in Iran in 1844. There are around 6 million followers worldwide. There are around 6000 Baha’is in the United Kingdom. Baha’is believe that God has revealed himself through different manifestations over time, including Zarathustra, Moses, Jesus Christ, the Buddha, and the Prophet Muhammad, all of whom have provided guidance suitable for the time at which they appeared. Baha’u’llah, the founder of the Bahá’í faith is believed to be the most recent, although not final, manifestation. Baha'is therefore see their religion as the most complete set of truths at present, but not the final set of truths there ever will be. The coming of Baha’u’llah was declared by the Bab, who claimed the arrival of a new saviour was revealed to him by God. He was later executed for heresy, as his declaration challenged the teachings of Islam which say that Muhammad was the seal of the Prophets. Belief Baha’is believe in one God, and in one religion, which has been progressively revealed by God. They believe in the unity of the human race, teaching equality, respect, tolerance and peace, in the aim of breaking down prejudices and eliminating discrimination. The Bahá’í faith believes that all religions have the same spiritual foundation, and Baha’is are therefore very accepting of people of other faiths. Religious conflict is seen as one of the biggest threats to peace, and Baha’is therefore try to work closely with other religious communities. Worship Bahá’í worship includes prayer, fasting and meditation. Prayers are said in the direction of Bahji, the burial place of the Bab. There is an obligatory prayer which is performed daily, although other than this, the funeral prayer and the marriage rite, there is an absence of ritual within this religion. This absence of ritual is further marked by an absence of spiritual leaders or clergy. Diet Baha’is do not follow any dietary restrictions, although the drinking of alcohol is not accepted. 18 Buddhism Buddhism was founded in India about 2500 years ago by the former prince, Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as the Buddha (‘Enlightened One’). Buddhism has since spread throughout Central and South-East Asia and more recently to the West. There are around 350 million Buddhists worldwide. Beliefs Buddhism is a way of life, unlike most religions, it does not believe in a creator or God. Rather, it focuses on personal spiritual development to achieve the ultimate aim of enlightenment. The central philosophy of Buddhism lies in the Four Noble Truths; 1. The Noble Truth of Suffering – human life is filled with suffering such as pain and loneliness. 2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering – suffering is created through attachments to desire and selfishness. 3. The Noble Truth of the Ending of Suffering – suffering will cease when selfishness and desire are overcome. This end of suffering is known as Nirvana. 4. The Noble Truth of the Path – the Noble Eightfold Path which leads to the end of suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is as follows; 1. 2. 3. 4. Right understanding. Right thought. Right speech. Right action. 5. 6. 7. 8. Right livelihood. Right effort. Right mindfulness. Right concentration Buddhists believe in karma, Karma informs that one’s actions in their past life have determined what they are in this life. Buddhists also believe in the cycle of life, death and rebirth known as reincarnation. The aim is for the complete release from this cycle, which is known as nirvana. Worship Buddhist temples often contain an image or statue of Buddha, and are designed to represent the five elements of fire, air, earth, water and wisdom. Diet Most Buddhists are vegetarian as Buddhism teaches that intentional killing and violence must be avoided. Different Strands There are a number of different forms of Buddhism, the two main forms being; • • Mahayana – meaning ‘the great way’ is the most widespread form of Buddhism which is strongest in Tibet, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Mongolia Theravada – strongest in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Burma. Theravada means the ‘way of the elders’, which are the senior monks. This strand of Buddhism places a particular emphasis on the monastic life. 19 Christianity Christianity is the world’s largest religion, with an estimated 2.2 billion followers worldwide. It is also the largest faith group within the United Kingdom, with a following of around 30 million people. Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, who Christians believe to be the Son of God. Jesus is seen to be a symbol of salvation, and his death is believed to be a sacrifice in forgiveness of all past human sin. Christianity teaches the love of God and the love of people, through prayer, worship, charity work and other missionary work. Beliefs Christians believe in one God who consists of three different forms; • • • The Father The Son The Holy Spirit There is also a strong belief in life after death, as it is believed that Jesus rose from the dead after his crucifixion. Holy Scripture The Bible is the holy text within Christianity, and comprises of both the Old and New Testament. The Bible is central to both Christian belief and worship. Worship Christian worship takes place in Churches, which are often built in the shape of a cross. Hymnsinging, Bible readings, and prayer are all common forms of worship within Christianity, and are often led by spiritual leaders called priests or ministers. Communal worship usually takes place on Sundays, during which the Eucharist takes place. This involves the giving of wine and crackers to the congregation in remembrance of the last supper Jesus had with his disciples, during which bread and wine were both shared. Different Strands There are many different denominations within Christianity; • • • • • 20 Anglicanism (Church of England) –officially established as the Christian church within England Baptist – see membership of the Church as a family of believers, reserving baptism for those who are old enough to understand the faith. Methodist – expresses the teachings of Jesus through worship and missionary work. Orthodox – based on the very beginnings of Christianity which Orthodox Christians believe to be the right way. Roman Catholic – the oldest and largest Christian denomination, which sees the Pope as Jesus’ representative on earth. Seventh Day Adventists – Believe Saturday to be the Sabbath (day of worship). Hinduism Hinduism is the world’s third largest religion, with around 900 million followers. It dates back over 4000 years, and unlike most religions, has no acknowledged human founder. More than 80% of the population of India follow the Hindu faith. Beliefs Hindus believe in one God who is personified through a number of different gods and goddesses. The many gods and goddesses represent a different part of God (Brahman). Three of the most important gods are; Brahma – the creator Vishnu – the preserver Shiva – the destroyer. These three gods represent the endless cycle of birth, life and death known as reincarnation. These three gods are further personified by thousands of other gods and goddesses. The cycle of reincarnation is believed to be governed by karma (the idea that all actions have consequences), and the final release from this cycle is known as moksha, through which the individual soul is united with God. The caste system is still important to many Hindus, which is based on the principle that society is built up of many different social groups. Caste is determined through birth and can only be changed through rebirth. Caste is said to be determined by karma, therefore those born into a lower caste are said to have performed bad deeds in their former life. Holy Scripture There are a number of holy texts within Hinduism, including; • • • • The Vedas – the oldest religious texts within Hinduism The Upanishads – discuss the issue of the soul and reincarnation The Ramayana – tells the story of Rama and his wife Sita to demonstrate that good will always triumph over evil. The Mahabharata – tells the story of a war within a family. Worship Communal worship takes place in the Mandir. Shoes are removed upon entry, and the head is usually covered. Water, fruit, flowers and incense are offered to the gods and goddesses. This is known as Puja. Much worship also takes place at home. Pilgrimage is also important within Hinduism, and popular pilgrimage sites include many rivers, temples and sacred sites in India. Outward Symbols Some Hindu women may wear a bindi (small red dot) on their foreheads, and many married women wear a necklace called the Mangal Sutra which is given to them during the marriage ceremony as a similar symbol to the wedding ring. Diet Hindus do not eat beef, as the cow is seen as a sacred animal within India. Many Hindus are also strict vegetarians. 21 Islam Islam is the second most popular world religion with over a billion followers worldwide. It is also the second largest religion within the United Kingdom, with over one and a half million followers. Islam means submission to the will of Allah and is based on the teachings in the Qur’an. Muslims believe that the Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad as a guide for all humanity. Belief Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam; 1. Shahada – a declaration that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is his final and greatest Prophet. 2. Salah – the requirement to pray 5 times a day. Prayer times are fixed by the sun. 3. Saum – fasting during the month of Ramadan from dawn to dusk. Muslims fast for one lunar month each year, during which they reflect on their past behaviour. 4. Zakah – the giving of alms to charity. A minimum of 2.5% of one’s earnings is given to the poor. 5. Hajj – the pilgrimage to Mecca which must be made at least once in a life time if it can be afforded. Muslims also believe in life after death, and in the Day of Judgement, when it is decided whether the life of a human being will be sent to Heaven or Hell. Holy Scripture The Islamic holy text is the Qur’an, which is believed to be the direct word of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Worship Communal worship takes place in the Mosque. Mosques often have a domed shape roof and a tall tower called a minaret, from which the call to prayer is delivered. Pictures and statues are not allowed within mosques, which are instead decorated with words from the Qur’an. Shoes must be removed and heads should be covered at all times, as a mark of respect. A strict cleansing ritual is followed before prayer, whereby Muslims wash their hands, mouth, throat, nose, ears, arms up to the elbow, and feet. Women and men pray separately. Prayer mats are used for prayer, and prayers are said in the direction of Mecca. Diet Muslims do not eat pork or drink alcohol. Any meat that is eaten must be halal (killed in a way prescribed by Islamic law). Dress Islam requires both men and women to dress modestly. Some women therefore wear a hijaab (scarf) on their heads, and wear loose clothing so as not to reveal their body shape. Different Strands There are two subdivisions within Islam; • • 22 Sunni Muslims – of which 90% of Muslims belong to. Shi’ite Muslims – who split from Sunni Muslims in 632AD when Muhammad died. Judaism Judaism is around 4000 years old, and was founded by Abraham. There are around 12 million followers of Judaism worldwide. Beliefs Judaism believes in one God, the creator of the universe, with whom every Jew can form a personal relationship with. The Sabbath (Shabbat) is believed to be the most holy day of the week, on which Jews will not perform any work-type activity. The Sabbath takes place between sunset on Friday and sunset on Saturday. Holy Scripture The Jewish holy text is the Torah, which are also the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. Parchment scrolls of the first paragraphs of the Shema (basic prayer of Jewish belief) are kept in a small hollow box and often hung on doorframes of Jewish homes. Worship Communal worship takes place in Synagogues, in which men and women sit separately. Spiritual leaders are called rabbis, and worship is usually performed in Hebrew. Men are required to cover their heads during worship, and many men wear a hat or kippah (skullcap). Ceremonies At the age of 13, Jewish boys are given a Bar mitzvah ceremony to symbolise them becoming a responsible member of the Jewish community. This is seen as an important rite of passage for all Jewish boys. There has been a recent introduction of Bat mitzvah ceremonies for Jewish girls of the same age. Diet Judaism follows strict dietary laws, and Jews do not eat pork or shellfish. Milk and meat products must not be eaten together, and any meat that is eaten must be kosher meat (slaughtered in accordance with Jewish custom). Different Strands There are three subdivisions within Judaism; • • • Orthodox Judaism strictly follows traditions and practice, believing the Torah to contain God’s actual words. Conservative Judaism – remains committed to the teachings in the Torah, but understand it must be read in context. Reform Judaism – believes in the divine inspiration of the Torah, but also in the need for reinterpretation in changing times. 23 Rastafarianism Rastafarianism is a modern movement which began in the 1930’s, following the coronation of Prince Ras Tafari as Emperor Haile Selassie 1 of Ethiopia. Rastafarians believe Emperor Haile Selassie 1 to be the saviour of the Black race, as predicted by Marcus Garvey a year earlier. Rastafarianism began as a protest against the slavery and repression of Black people. Beliefs Rastafarians believe in one God, who is known as Jah. They believe that all migrated Africans will eventually be returned to their spiritual home of Africa, and will be released from their White suppressors. For Rastafarians, salvation is therefore an earthly rather than heavenly concept. Holy Scripture The Rastafarian holy text is the Bible, although Rastafarians regard some sections to have been changed by the White power structure, which has come to be known as Babylon. Worship There are no fixed rules on practice or ritual, and subsequently no specifically designated places of worship. Worship includes prayer, singing, drumming, and reasonings (discussions). Marijuana may also be smoked to help meditate. Diet Rastafarians do not eat pork or fish with scales. Most Rastafarians are vegetarian and eat mainly organic food. Outward Symbols Clothing in the colours of the Ethiopian flag is often worn, as each colour is said to have a different meaning; • • • • Red – is seen to represent the blood shed in their historical struggle. Gold – represents faith and prosperity Green – symbolises the land of Ethiopia Black – symbolises the colour of the people who helped develop the Rastafari movement. Hair is often worn in dreadlocks, which symbolise the lion’s mane. Many men also wear woollen hats (tams) in the colours above. Some Rastafarians wear African-style dress to mark their allegiance to their roots. 24 Sikhism th Sikhism began in the Punjab in the late 15 century, founded by Guru Nanak, the first of the ten gurus or ‘teachers’ of the Sikh faith. There are about 20 million Sikhs worldwide, and around 336 000 living within the United Kingdom, making the UK home to the largest Sikh community outside of India. Sikhism is based on teachings of the ten gurus; the 1. Guru Nanak 2. Guru Angad 3. Guru Amar Das 4. Guru Ram Das 5. Guru Arjan 6. Guru Hargobind 7. Guru Har Rai 8. Guru Har Krishan 9. Guru Tegh Bahadur 10. Guru Gobind Singh Beliefs Sikhism believes in one God, which is both formless and eternal, and teaches the equality between men and women. It contains reference to both the spiritual and temporal worlds, as although the religion developed at a time of relative peace, it faced heavy religious persecution by the time of the 9th and 10th Guru Holy Scripture The Sikh holy text is called the Guru Granth Sahib, which captures the main teachings of the Sikh faith. It is known as the living guru, and is the central feature of worship in the Sikh temples. Worship Communal Sikh worship takes place in Gurdwaras. Shoes are removed upon entry, and heads are covered as a sign of respect. Women and men sit separately during worship. Gurdwaras also have a langar (food hall) serving vegetarian food to the whole congregation. Outward Symbols Baptised Sikhs wear the 5 K’s, introduced by the tenth guru, Gobind Singh in 1699. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Kaccha – under shorts, symbolising self-restraint and discipline. Kangha - small comb to keep the hair tidy, symbolising cleanliness. Kara - steel bangle, symbolising the bond with the Gurus. Kesh – uncut hair, symbolising obedience and acceptance of God’s will. Kirpan – small sword, symbolising independence and fearlessness. Many Sikh men wear a turban to keep their uncut hair tidy. The turban has therefore also become an outward symbol of Sikh identity. Sikhs may also be identified by their names, as Sikh men adopt the name Singh (meaning lion), and Sikh women adopt the name Kaur (meaning princess). ‘Singh’ and ‘Kaur’ are usually used as middle names, for example Arjan Singh Johal and Kiran Kaur Sidhu. Diet Sikhs do not eat beef or halal meat. Many Sikhs are vegetarian. 25 Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism was founded around 2000BC by the Prophet Zarathushtra, who lived in Northern Iran. There are around 140 000 followers worldwide. It claims to be the first monotheistic religion, and its theology is said to have influenced Judaism, Christianity and Islam by introducing the concepts of God and Satan, the soul, heaven and hell, resurrection and judgement. Beliefs Zoroastrianism believes in one God, who is the creator of the universe. The teachings of Zoroastrianism divides time into three different periods. 1. Creation – a time when everything was in its perfect state 2. The present time – in which Zoroastrians believe evil is present. 3. The last time – a time which is yet to come, during which perfect goodness will be restored. Zoroastrians believe that the last time will arrive after the birth of a saviour, who will be from the lineage of Zarathushtra. This saviour will raise the dead and pass final judgement on everyone. Zoroastrians believe they must perform good deeds and be truthful in order to personally challenge the evil present in today’s world. Holy Scripture The main Zoroastrian holy text is the Avesta. th th recorded in the 5 or 6 century AD. This is based on an oral tradition eventually Worship Religious ceremonies are often performed in front of a sacred fire. These ceremonies, along with prayer, form the main aspects of Zoroastrian worship. 26 Good Practice Guidelines In this section, you will find some good practice guidelines that will help you in implementing the regulations and good practice in your work place. • • • • • • We should refrain from making assumptions about people’s faith; this does not mean that we cannot ask questions to increase our awareness and learning. Managers/employees should be pro-active about finding out about the needs of their staff/customers Staff should keep their managers informed of any individual needs regarding religion and belief, such as, leaving work early in Friday afternoons, and should allow reasonable time for these needs to be met, if practicable. Harassment targeted towards an individual’s religion or belief or about a religion or belief to those who the individual associates is unacceptable and unlawful. It may not be targeted at the individual(s) but consist of a general culture, which for instance, appears to tolerate the telling of religious jokes Respect the practices of different religious communities, particularly when visiting people’s homes or places of worship as part of your work. In order to show people how religion and belief affects Walsall Council, it is important that training interventions raise awareness of the legal provisions in this area, along with consideration on how they affect practices at Walsall. Dietary Requirements When organising meetings where food may be provided, such as lunches, it is good practice to ask about dietary requirements in advance, however, where this has not been possible you should provide a vegetarian option. If staff bring food to the workplace there may be a need to store and heat food separately from other food, it is good practice to consult staff/customers on such issues and find a mutually acceptable solution to any dietary issue. Religious days Staff may wish to request days off that are significant to them for holy festival days or days for spiritual observance. We advice that managers should treat such requests sympathetically where it is reasonable and practical for the member of staff to be away from work and they have sufficient holiday entitlement. Prayer Times Staff may wish to observe their faith within the organisational setting. It is good practice for managers to consider scheduling an employee’s work breaks around prayer times if requested to do as far as it reasonably practicable. Prayer Rooms If employees request access to a quiet place for their religious observances, it is good practice to agree to the request if such a place is available and its use for prayer would not have an adverse impact on the service or other employees. Dress codes We recommend that institutions welcome the diversity of appearance that people from different religious and belief backgrounds can bring. However, there may be health and safety considerations that may restrict certain modes of dress in particular contexts. ______________________________________________ 27