Download Multi-Fiath Calendar 2008

Multi-Faith Calendar 2008 &
Religion or Belief Awareness
Guidance
Produced by the Equality & Diversity Team
Contents
Introduction…………….……………………………………………………………… Page 3
Multi-Faith Calendar 2008 ……………………………………………………. …... Page 5- 17
Religion or Belief Awareness Guidance
Bahá’í …………………………………………………………………………………. Page 18
Buddhism …………………………………………………………………………….. Page 19
Christianity ……………………………………………………………………………. Page 20
Hinduism ………………………………………………………………………… …. Page 21
Islam …………………………………………………………………………………… Page 22
Judaism ……………………………………………………………………………… .. Page 23
Rastafarianism ………………………………………………………………………... Page 24
Sikhism ………………………………………………………………………………… Page 25
Zoroastrianism ………………………………………………………………………… Page 26
Good Practice Guidelines ……………………………………………………………. Page 27
2
Introduction
Social Context
The United Kingdom has one of the most religiously diverse populations in the European
Union. Each religion or belief has a considerable internal diversity of traditions,
movements, cultures and languages. Religious practice cuts across ethnic groups and
ethnic groups are multi-religious.
In 2001, the National Census included a question on religion for the first time, although,
information on this area had previously been collected in Northern Ireland. The results
demonstrated that there is a high level of diversity in the UK.
Across recent decades in the UK there has been an increasing awareness of different
religions and beliefs, and, in general, there has been an improvement in the fair treatment
of individuals and interfaith relations. However, discrimination on the basis of religion and
belief, prejudice, intolerance or even hatred linked to religious identity can still occur in
many ways and, in some areas such as Anti-Semitism and Islamaphobia, has increased
over recent years.
It is important to understand the particular factors that affect those from certain religious
or belief backgrounds we should be mindful that these factors can inter-play with other
equalities areas. It is excellent practice to consider the ways in which race, gender,
sexual orientation, disability and age interact with issues of religion or belief. This will
enable a better understanding of equalities issues and ensure that we meet the diverse
needs of staff and customers.
Walsall is an extremely multi-cultural borough which is home to a large number of
religious communities. The Christian, Muslim, Sikh and Hindu communities in Walsall are
well represented and their numbers are above the national average.
In light of the above, it is very important that we maintain good practice to ensure that we
are able to make provisions for the diversity in the Council and within the Borough as a
whole. Therefore, it is recommended that we are able to recognize and appreciate the
basic concepts of the main religions or beliefs practiced in Walsall. This will promote
greater understanding which can enable us develop and maintain good practice
Legal context
It is important that we are aware of the legal provisions in the area of religion or belief.
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Article 9 of the Human Rights Act 1998 – this covers freedom of thought, conscious
and religion as a qualified right. Under this article, a person can hold any religious
belief, and cannot be forced to change their religion or belief, follow a particular
religion or stopped from changing their religion. The act covers a broad definition of
religion and also includes beliefs such as veganism and pacifism.
Anti-terrorism, Crime & Security Act 2001 – Religiously aggravated offences and
harassment are covered under this Act. Offences such as, assault, criminal damage,
and harassment can be taken into account if there is a religious element.
The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 The Employment
Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 provide a certain level of protection for
employees on the grounds of religion and belief, but do not cover issues of incitement
and protection against discrimination in the area of goods, facilities and services
Equality Act 2006 – The Equality Bill has gained royal assent and is therefore now an
Act of Parliament. The Equality Act introduces provisions to protect people on the
3
grounds of religion and belief in the area of goods, facilities and services. This
replicates similar legislation in the areas of race and disability
•
Racial & Religious Hatred Act 2006 –The Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006
amends the Public Order Act 1986, to create offences involving stirring up hatred
against persons on religious grounds. The legislation ensures that protection is
provided to people against harm because of their religious beliefs or lack of religious
beliefs
This awareness guide aims to provide an introduction to a number of world religions and
beliefs which will enable staff to recognise the diversity of beliefs and practices within
Walsall, and the United Kingdom. It outlines some best practice guidelines, and includes
a Multi-Faith calendar for 2008 highlighting a number of religious dates. We hope that
you find these helpful as information and reference when you are planning events,
meetings and consultation for employees and community groups.
Whilst reading this guide, please be conscious that people can experience and observe
religion or belief in a number ways. For example, there maybe many schools of thought,
within a religion or belief which will have an affect on how the religion or belief is
observed. Religion or belief can be a very personal issue, and it is important, therefore,
we refrain from making generalisations about different religious communities. Do not be
afraid of asking questions to raise your awareness.
The Equality & Diversity Team, along with the Council’s Human Resources and
Development Team are always available to provide further support and advice on
employees rights regarding religion or belief, and on how the regulations should be
implemented within the workplace.
For information, advice and guidance please contact the
Equality and Diversity Team
Brian Fitzgerald
Phone 01922 65 2622
Textphone 0845 111 2910
Email [email protected]
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Multi-Faith Calendar 2008
All dates are shown using the Gregorian (Western) calendar. The calendar is accurate,
but some dates may vary regionally because they are determined by the lunar calendar.
(For example, Jewish festivals usually begin at sundown on the previous day and the
Muslim calendar is based on lunar system and therefore their dates for festivals and other
holy days may vary by a day or two).
Below are the religions and beliefs featured in this calendar. If there is a festival/holy day
that you would like to be included in the future calendars please contact the Equality and
Diversity team.
¾
¾
¾
Bahá'í
Buddhism
Christianity
¾
¾
¾
Hinduism
Judaism
Islam
¾
¾
¾
Rastafarianism
Sikhism
Zoroastrianism
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January 2008
1st
Circumcision (Christian)
Marks the day when Jesus was circumcised.
New Year’s Day (Secular)
The start of the Western calendar year
Festival of St. Basil the Great (Christian)
The Great St. Basil is one of the great Fathers of the Orthodox Church
5th
Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh (Sikh)
The birthday of the tenth Guru, who established equality for men and women in the
Sikh community. This day is often celebrated with a procession of flags from
gurdwaras.
6th
Epiphany (Christian)
The last day of Christmas, and a time to remember the visit of the wise men to the baby
Jesus.
Theophany (Christian)
Orthodox Christians mark the baptism of Jesus on this day
Christmas Day (Christian - Armenian Orthodox)
Armenian Christians celebrate Christmas at Epiphany, except for Armenians in the
Holy Land, who celebrate Christmas on January 19.
7th
Ethiopian Christmas (Rastafarian)
Christianity became the official religion of Ethiopia in 330 AD, and this day celebrates
the life of Jesus.
5
Christmas Day (Christian – Orthodox)
An Orthodox Christian holy day that marks the birth of Jesus, the son of God.
13th St. Hilary’s Day (Christian)
According to tradition, St Hilary’s ‘is the coldest day of the year’. St. Hilary was a Fourth
Century Bishop of Poitiers.
Baptism of the Lord (Christian)
Commemorates the baptism of Jesus in the River Jordan by John the Baptist. Occurs
on the first Sunday after Epiphany. Catholics and Episcopalians celebrate this Holy
Day, but Eastern Christianity celebrates Jesus’ baptism at Epiphany.
14th Makar Sankrant (Hindu)
Makar Sankrant is the day when the glorious Sun-God of Hindus begins its ascendancy
and entry into the Northern Hemisphere
18th Week of Prayer for Christian Unity – start (Christian)
The Week of Prayer for Christian Unity involves Christian communities across the world
and from almost every denomination.
19th Ashura (Muslim)
Ashura marks two historical events: the day Nuh (Noah) left the Ark, and the day that
Musa (Moses) was saved from the Egyptians by Allah.
21st World Religion Day (Baha’i)
A day dedicated to the unity of all world religions.
World Religion Day (Multi Faith)
Equally, a day dedicated to the unity of all world religions
St. Agnes (Christian)
Patron saint of girls, martyred at the age of 13.
22nd Tu B’Shevat (Jewish)
Tu B'Shevat is the Jewish "New Year for Trees". It is one of the four Jewish new years
(Rosh Hashanahs). On Tu B'Shevat Jews often eat fruits associated with the Holy
Land, especially the ones mentioned in the Torah.
25th St. Paul’s Day (Christian)
Famously converted on the road to Damascus, St. Paul travelled tens of thousands of
miles around the Mediterranean spreading the word of Jesus and it was Paul who
came up with the doctrine that would turn Christianity from a small sect of Judaism
into a worldwide faith that was open to all.
27th National Holocaust Memorial Day (Jewish/National)
The UK Holocaust Memorial Day was first held in January 2001. The date was
chosen as the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau.
6
28th St Thomas Aquinas (Christian)
Doctor of the Church and patron Saint of students and theologians
31st Birthday of Guru Har Rai (Sikh)
A festival to celebrate one of the greatest religious innovators of all time and the
founder of the Sikh religion
___________________________
February 2008
2nd
Candlemass (Christian)
Marks the day when Jesus was presented to the Temple. Candles for use in Churches
are usually blessed on this day.
5th
Shrove Tuesday (Christian)
The day before the period of Lent begins. It is a time to remember Jesus’ time spent in
the Wilderness. In many countries this day is known as ‘Mardi Gras’ (‘Fat Tuesday’) as
it is traditionally a time of feasting before the fast. In Britain, it is also known as
Pancake Day as pancakes were originally made to use up all the rich foods before
Lent.
6th
Ash Wednesday (Christian)
Begins the 40 days of Lent, a period of fasting and abstinence. In some Churches, ash
is used to mark a small cross on the forehead as a symbol of penitence.
7th
Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is the longest and most important celebration in the Chinese
calendar. The Chinese year 4706 begins on this day.
8th
Parinirvana (Buddhist)
A commemoration for Mahayana Buddhists of the death of the Buddha. He died, age
80, in a state of meditation and attained ‘nirvana’ – an escape from the cycle of death
and rebirth.
Losar – start (Buddhist)
The most important holiday in Tibet, which celebrates the Tibetan New Year. Losar is a
three day festival for Families and a time for Tibetans to visit monasteries and make
offerings. Losar is marked with activities that symbolise purification, and welcoming
in the new.
11th Vasant Panchami (Hindu)
Vasant Panchami is the festival dedicated to Saraswati, the goddess of learning.
Our Lady of Lourdes (Christian)
Marks the day in 1858 when St. Bernadette had her first vision of the Blessed Virgin
Mary
7
14th St. Valentine’s Day (Christian)
Now more a secular festival than a religious one. There are at least three different
saints named Valentine.
15th Nirvana Day (Alternative) (Buddhist)
Nirvana Day is also known as Parinirvana and is celebrated by some Buddhists on
February 8. Nirvana Day is the celebration of Buddha’s death when he reached total
Nirvana, at the age of 80.
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March 2008
1st
St David’s Day (Christian)
A day to celebrate the patron saint of Wales. A daffodil is usually worn to mark the day.
2nd
Nineteen Day Fast (Baha’i)
This marks the beginning of a 19-day fast which lasts until March 20th and which
prepares worshipers for the New Year (Naw-Ruz).
Mothering Sunday (Christian)
Mothering Sunday is the fourth Sunday of Lent. Traditionally, it was a day when
children, mainly daughters, who had gone to work as domestic servants were given a
day off to visit their mother and family. Today it is a day when children give presents,
flowers, and home-made cards to their mothers.
5th
St. Piran’s Day (Christian)
Piran is regarded as the patron saint of Cornwall and tin miners. Originating from
Ireland, he built an oratory to promote Christianity.
6th
Mahashivratri (Hindu)
A day to honour the god, Shiva. It is the night in which Shiva is said to perform the
cosmic dance from creation to destruction. The night is spent in prayer, fasting and
meditation with bells rung through the hours of darkness.
7th
Women's World Day of Prayer (Multifaith)
This dates from 1887 and is celebrated on the first Friday of March.
10th Clean Monday (Christian)
The beginning of Lent for Orthodox Christians
16th Palm Sunday (Christian)
Begins Holy Week (which recalls the last week of Jesus’ life). It remembers the arrival
of Jesus in Jerusalem when he was welcomed by crowds waving palm leaves.
17th St Patrick’s Day (Christian)
A day to mark the life of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.
19th St Joseph, Husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Christian)
A feast day to celebrate a religious model of Fatherhood
8
20th Milad un Nabi (Muslim- Sunni)
is the celebration of the birthday of Muhammad.
Maundy Thursday (Christian)
Commemorates the Last Supper Jesus ate with his disciples, and is celebrated by the
sharing of bread and wine.
21st Purim (Jewish)
Celebrates the saving of the Jewish community of Persia from the King’s Minister
Haman. The Book of Ester is read twice in the Synagogue and the name of Haman is
drowned out with rattles and hooters by the congregation.
Naw Ruz (Baha’i)
The Baha’i new year.
Holi (Hindu)
One of the most colourful Hindu festivals, Holi begins with a bonfire to celebrate the
death of Holika, the demon of Winter. Handfuls of coloured powder are thrown and
coloured water sprayed.
Good Friday (Christian)
Remembers the crucifixion of Jesus. Although it is a sombre day, it is called ‘Good’
since for Christians it is the ultimate example of God’s sacrifice when Jesus gave up his
life for the world.
Jamshidi Noruz (Zoroastrianism)
Noruz is the seventh obligatory feast and it is dedicated to fire. It is the Zoroastrian New
Year celebration, and occurs on the spring equinox.
22nd Hola Mohalla (Lunar Calendar) (Sikh)
Guru Gobind Singh started this festival as a day for Sikhs to practise their military
exercises and hold mock battles. Today, Sikhs celebrate by watching and partaking in
martial arts parades, followed by poetry readings and music.
23rd Easter Sunday (Christian)
The most important festival of the Christian year and is a celebration of the resurrection
of Jesus. Easter eggs are given to symbolise new life.
25th Annunciation (Christian)
Marks the visit of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, during which he told her that she
would be the mother of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
Milad un Nabi (Muslim- Shia)
Milad un Nabi marks the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Muslim parents
will tell stories of the Prophet's life to their children. Those Muslims who celebrate
this festival do so joyfully.
26th Birth of the Prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroastrian)
A day celebrating the birth of the founder of the Zoroastrian faith.
_____________________________
9
April 2008
6th
Bikarami Samvat (Hindu)
The Hindu spring New Year.
13th Vaisakhi (Sikh)
Commemorates the day when the tenth guru, Gobind Singh, founded the Sikh
brotherhood of Khalsa.
14th Rama Navami (Hindu)
The birthday of Lord Rama. Temples are decorated and the Ramayana is recited.
Birthday of Guru Nanak (Sikh)
Guru Nanak was one of the greatest religious innovators of all time and the founder of
the Sikh religion.
Hola Mohalla (Nanakshahi Calendar) (Sikh)
Guru Gobind Singh started this festival as a day for Sikhs to practise their military
exercises and hold mock battles. Today, Sikhs celebrate by watching and partaking in
martial arts parades, followed by poetry readings and music.
18th Birthday of Guru Tegh Bahadur (Sikh)
Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of the ten Gurus who founded Sikhism.He is
honoured and remembered as the man who championed the rights for all religious
freedom.
Birthday of Guru Angad Dev (Sikh)
Guru Angad was an ardent devotee of the Hindu goddess Durga.
19th Hanuman Jayanti (Hindu)
This festival marks the birth of Hanuman, the Monkey God
20th Pesach (Passover) (Jewish)
Commemorates the Jews exodus from Egypt and slavery. It begins with the special
‘seder’ meal.
21st Ridvan (Baha’i)
This twelve-day period celebrates the time when Bahá'u'lláh proclaimed His Mission as
God's Messenger
Rastafari Anniversary (Rastafarian)
The anniversary of Haile Selassie’s visit to Jamaica
23rd St George’s Day (Christian)
St George is the patron saint of England.
27th Easter (Orthodox) (Christian)
The Orthodox celebration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ
29th Ridvan –ninth day (Baha’i)
Marks the arrival of Baha’u’llah’s family at the Ridvan garden
10
May 2008
1st
Ascension Day (Christian)
Commemorates the ascension of Jesus Christ into Heaven.
2nd
Birthday of Guru Arjan Dev (Sikh)
Guru Arjan Dev was the fifth of the Sikh Gurus.
Ridvan –twelfth day (Baha’i)
Marks Baha'u'llah's departure from the Ridvan garden.
Yom Hashoah (Jewish)
Yom Hashoah is a day set aside for Jews to remember the Holocaust. The name
comes from the Hebrew word 'shoah', which means 'whirlwind'.
4th
Ascension Day – Catholic Church in England and Wales (Christian)
Commemorates the ascension of Jesus Christ into Heaven.
11th Pentecost (Christian)
The festival when Christians celebrate the gift of the Holy Spirit
18th Trinity Sunday (Christian)
The first Sunday after Pentecost. Christians meditate on the nature of God as ‘Three in
One’.
All Saint’s Day – Orthodox (Christian)
This day honours all saints, known and unknown, of the Christian Church. Western
Churches celebrate All Saints Day on November 1.
20th Buddha Day (Buddhist)
Celebrates the birthday of the Buddha.
Theravada New Year (Buddhist)
New Year festival for Theravada Buddhists, celebrated for three days from the first full
moon day in April.
23rd Declaration of the Bab (Baha’i)
The Bab declared himself Messenger of God and Herald of One Greater to Come, as
his mission was to prepare the world for the coming of the Baha’u’llah.
Birthday of Guru Amar Das (Sikh)
25th Corpus Christi (Christian)
The festival of Corpus Christi celebrates the Eucharist as the body of Christ. The name
'Corpus Christi' is Latin for 'the body of Christ'.
29th Ascension of Baha’u’llah (Baha’i)
Anniversary of Baha’u’llah’s death in 1892 near Akka, Israel.
______________________________
11
June 2008
9th
Shavuot (Jewish)
A two day festival in remembrance of the children of Israel receiving the Torah (the
revelation of God’s will)
16th Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev (Sikh)
The fifth guru was executed on the orders of the Moghul Emperor. Guru Arjan made
the first compilation of the Sikh scriptures and supervised the completion of the Golden
Temple in Amritsar.
29th St. Peter’s Day (Christian)
Observed by Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran Churches. One of the oldest
Saints’ days.
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July 2008
5th
Birthday of Guru Hargobind (Sikh)
Celebrates the Birthday of the sixth of the Sikh Gurus.
9th
Martyrdom of the Bab (Baha’i)
The Bab was executed at noon on this day in 1850. The day is kept with readings and
prayer.
15th St Swithin’s Day (Christian)
Saint Swithin was a Saxon bishop. He was born in the kingdom of Wessex and
educated in its capital, Winchester. He was famous for charitable gifts and building
churches. Legend holds that if it rains on this day, it will do so for forty days and
nights.
18th Asala - Dharma Day (Buddhist)
Marks the beginning of the Buddha's teaching. The word Dharma can be translated as
truth and is the term used for the path to enlightenment, or the Buddhist teaching.
20th 17th Tammuz (Jewish)
Commemorates the breach of the walls of Jerusalem by the besieging ancient Romans
23rd Birthday of Emperor Haile Selassie (Rastafarian)
The day on which the Emperor was born is celebrated with drumming, hymns and
prayer.
Birthday of Guru Har Krishen (Sikh)
Celebrates the Birthday of the eighth of the Sikh Gurus
26th Khordad Sal (Qadimi)
(Zoroastrian)
Celebrated as the birth anniversary of the prophet, Zarathustra. It was once celebrated
as New Year’s Day, especially by the nobility
12
August 2008
6th
Transfiguration (Christian)
An event in which Jesus was transfigured upon a mountain. Jesus becomes radiant,
speaks with Moses and Elijah, and is called "Son" by God.
10th Tishah B’av (Jewish)
A day of fasting and mourning to commemorate the historical destruction of the First
and Second Temples.
15th Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Christian)
Catholics believe the doctrine of the Assumption, which teaches that at the end of her
life, Mary, the mother of Christ, was taken body and soul (i.e. both physically and
spiritually) into heaven to live with her son (Christ) for ever.
Dormition of the Theotokos (Christian)
The Feast of the Dormition or Falling Asleep of the Theotokos commemorates the
death, resurrection, and glorification of Christ's mother
16th Raksha Bandan (Hindu)
This festival celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. Sisters tie coloured
threads on their brothers’ wrists to symbolise protection from evil. In return brothers
usually give their sisters a gift or money.
17th Marcus Garvey’s Birthday (Rastafarian)
The Jamaican prophet who foretold the coming of a Black king in Africa.
19th Jamshedi Noruz (Zoroastrian)
It is the Zoroastrian New Year celebration.
24th Janamashtami (Hindu)
A celebration of the Lord Krishna. It is often kept with fasting until midnight, when
Krishna’s image is welcomed into the temple or home with great rejoicing.
Khordad Sal (Zoroastrian)
Khordad Sal is celebrated as the birthday of Zoroaster. This festival is considered one
of the most important in the Zoroastrian calendar. Zoroastrians gather in Fire temples
for prayers and then celebrate with feasting.
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September 2008
2nd
Ramadan begins (Muslim)
The ninth month of the Muslim year is spent in fasting between dawn and sunset. There
are several reasons why it is considered important: The Qur’an was first revealed
during this month: The gates of Heaven are open; the gates of Hell are closed and the
devils are chained up in Hell.
13
3rd
Ganesh Chathurthi (Hindu)
A ten day festival in honour of Ganesh, the elephant-headed god, the remover of
obstacles.
8th
Nativity of the Theotokos (Christian)
Feast of the Birth of Mary, Birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Christians celebrate the birth
of the Virgin Mary
Birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Christian)
The Feast of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary has been celebrated in the Church at
least since the 8th Century
11th Ethiopian New Year’s Day (Rastafarian)
Since Rastafarians look to Ethiopia as their spiritual home, this is a special day of
celebration to start the New Year.
29th Navaratri begins (Hindu)
A time at which the story of Rama rescuing his wife Sita from the demon Ravana is
told. Effigies of Ravana are burned to celebrate Rama’s victory.
30th Rosh Hashanah (Jewish)
The beginning of the Jewish new year. The ram’s horn is blown in the synagogue to
call people to awareness and repentance, and is a reminder of Abraham’s sacrifice of a
ram instead of his son Isaac. It begins a 12 day period of self examination that
continues until Yom Kippur.
______________________________
October 2008
1st
Eid-Ul-Fitr (Muslim)
This festival comes at the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting. Muslims thank Allah
for the strength he gave them to help them practice self-control.
9th
Yom Kippur (Jewish)
The Day of Atonement is the holiest day of the year in the Jewish calendar. Jews fast
from sunset on Yom Kippur to sunset the following day. The day is spent in prayer,
requesting forgiveness for past wrongs and resolving to improve in the future.
Birthday of Guru Ram Das (Sikh)
Celebrates the Birthday of the fourth of the Sikh Gurus
Dussera (Hindu)
Dussera marks the day on which Lord Rama, a reincarnation of Lord Vishnu, liberated
his wife Sita who had been abducted by Ravana, the king of Lanka
13th St Edward’s Day (Christian)
Edward the Confessor was a man of great prayer - rather like a crowned monk. He was
hailed throughout his life as a gentle, loyal and devoted king. He suffered for his faith
by resisting the temptations of the world. He lived off the income of his own lands
and reached out to the poor.
14
14th Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles) (Jewish)
Commemorates the forty year journey of the Children of Israel from Mount Sinai where
they received the Torah, to the land of Israel. God’s protection from the desert sun with
clouds is remembered by building ‘succah’ or temporary shelters.
20th Birth of the Bab (Baha’i)
The Bab was born in 1819 in Iran.
21st Simchat Torah (Jewish)
When the annual cycle of reading the Torah ends and recommences, a new scroll is
unwound.
Shemini Atzerat (Jewish)
Translated as ‘the assembly of the eighth (day)’, this festival is combined with Simchat
Torah.
28th Diwali (Sikh)
A remembrance of the spiritual victory of Guru Hargobind who saved 52 kings from
imprisonment. Gurdwaras and homes are lit up.
Diwali (Hindu)
The festival of light is held in honour of Lakshmi, goddess of prosperity, and in
celebration of the return of Rama and Sita after their exile. Small oil lamps called divas
are put in houses, as it is believed that Lakshmi will only visit houses that are lit.
31st Hallowe’en (All Hallows’ Eve) (Christian)
This festival, which means the end of summer, celebrated the end of harvest and the
beginning of the Celtic New Year on November 1st.
______________________________
November 2008
2nd
Crowning of Emperor Haile Selassie (Rastafarian)
Rastafarians take their name from ‘Ras Tafari’ (‘Prince Creator’), crowned Emperor of
Ethiopia in 1930.
All Soul’s Day (Christian)
All Souls' Day directly follows All Saints' Day and is an opportunity for Anglicans and
Roman Catholics to commemorate the faithful departed. They remember and pray for
the souls of people who are in Purgatory - the place (or state) in which those who have
died atone for their less grave sins before being granted the vision of God in Heaven.
All Saint’s Day (Catholic Church in England and Wales (Christian)
A feast day celebrated by Anglicans and Roman Catholics. It is an opportunity for
followers to remember all saints and martyrs throughout Christian history.
9th
Remembrance Sunday (Multifaith)
The second Sunday of November is marked by ceremonies at war memorials and
cenotaphs to remember those who gave their lives in conflicts.
15
11th Armistice Day (Multifaith)
Marks the end of the First World War on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh
month in 1918. At 1100 on this day people in the UK pause for two minutes of silence to
remember those who gave their lives in past conflicts
12th Birth of Baha’u’llah (Baha’i)
The celebration of the birth of the founder of the Baha’i Faith
13th Birthday of Guru Nanak (Sikh)
Celebrates the birthday of the first guru, who preached worship of one God, and the
equality of humanity.
24th Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (Sikh)
Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth guru, was executed for his belief in the need for religious
liberty and freedom of worship.
26th Day of the Covenant (Baha’i)
A celebration of the establishment of the Covenant of Baha’u’llah
28th The Ascension of 'Abdu'l-Bahá (Baha’i)
The commemoration of the Master's passing affords Baha’is around the world an
opportunity to reflect on His life of service and sacrifice, and to rededicate themselves
to emulating His example.
30th St Andrew’s Day (Christian)
A day to celebrate the life of St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland.
30th Advent (Christian)
A four week period of preparation for Christmas. It is often celebrated by lighting the
1st candle in the Advent crown. A further three candles are lit on subsequent Sundays,
culminating with the Christmas candle.
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December 2008
8th
Hajj Day (Islam)
This day commemorates Hajj (pilgrimage). It is a day of observance when pilgrims
pray for forgiveness.
Bodhi Day (Buddhist)
Remembered by Mahayana Buddhists as the day when Buddha achieved
enlightenment whilst meditating under a bodhi tree.
Feast of the Immaculate Conception (Christian)
Celebrated by Roman Catholics who remember Mary’s conception as being without sin,
therefore immaculate.
11th Eid-ul-Adha (Muslim)
The ‘Feast of Sacrifice’ commemorates Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son in
obedience to Allah. It also marks the end of hajj (annual pilgrimage).
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13th St Lucy’s Day (Christian)
A feast day marked by Roman Catholics and Greek Orthodox. Lucy is the patron saint
of the blind. She was a virgin martyr who lived in Sicily during the third century.
22nd Hanukkah (Jewish)
Commemorates the re-lighting of the menorah (the light which symbolises God’s
presence) in the Temple in 168 BCE. Oil which was enough for only one day
miraculously lasted for 8. Hanukkah is therefore an 8 day festival with an extra candle
being lit on the special Hanukkah candlestick on each of the 8 days.
24th Christmas Eve (Christian)
Evening carol services and midnight masses begin the period of Christmas. Santa
Klaus is a legendary figure based on St Nicholas of Myra, who tradition says brings
presents to children on Christmas Eve.
25th Christmas Day (Christian)
Celebrates the birth of Jesus, who Christians believe to be the Son of God.
26th Death of the Prophet (Zoroastrian)
The anniversary of the Prophet’s death, when special prayers are recited.
Boxing Day (Secular)
The day after Christmas Day. A secular festival
St Stephen’s Day (Christian)
A Christian celebration of the Saint.
29th Al - Hijira (Muslim)
This day commemorates Hajj (pilgrimage). The pilgrimage to Mecca must be made at
least once in a lifetime. It is a day of observance when pilgrims pray for forgiveness.
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Religion or Belief Awareness Guidance
Baha’i
The Bahá’í religion is one of
the most recent world faiths,
having developed in Iran in
1844. There are around 6
million followers worldwide.
There are around 6000
Baha’is
in
the
United
Kingdom.
Baha’is believe that God has
revealed
himself
through
different manifestations over
time, including Zarathustra,
Moses, Jesus Christ, the
Buddha, and the Prophet
Muhammad, all of whom have
provided guidance suitable for
the time at which they
appeared.
Baha’u’llah, the
founder of the Bahá’í faith is
believed to be the most
recent, although not final, manifestation. Baha'is therefore see their religion as the most
complete set of truths at present, but not the final set of truths there ever will be. The
coming of Baha’u’llah was declared by the Bab, who claimed the arrival of a new saviour
was revealed to him by God. He was later executed for heresy, as his declaration
challenged the teachings of Islam which say that Muhammad was the seal of the
Prophets.
Belief
Baha’is believe in one God, and in one religion, which has been progressively revealed
by God. They believe in the unity of the human race, teaching equality, respect, tolerance
and peace, in the aim of breaking down prejudices and eliminating discrimination. The
Bahá’í faith believes that all religions have the same spiritual foundation, and Baha’is are
therefore very accepting of people of other faiths. Religious conflict is seen as one of the
biggest threats to peace, and Baha’is therefore try to work closely with other religious
communities.
Worship
Bahá’í worship includes prayer, fasting and meditation. Prayers are said in the direction
of Bahji, the burial place of the Bab. There is an obligatory prayer which is performed
daily, although other than this, the funeral prayer and the marriage rite, there is an
absence of ritual within this religion. This absence of ritual is further marked by an
absence of spiritual leaders or clergy.
Diet
Baha’is do not follow any dietary restrictions, although the drinking of alcohol is not
accepted.
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Buddhism
Buddhism was founded in India about 2500 years ago
by the former prince, Siddhartha Gautama, who later
became known as the Buddha (‘Enlightened One’).
Buddhism has since spread throughout Central and
South-East Asia and more recently to the West. There
are around 350 million Buddhists worldwide.
Beliefs
Buddhism is a way of life, unlike most religions, it does
not believe in a creator or God. Rather, it focuses on
personal spiritual development to achieve the ultimate
aim of enlightenment.
The central philosophy of Buddhism lies in the Four
Noble Truths;
1. The Noble Truth of Suffering – human life is
filled with suffering such as pain and loneliness.
2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering –
suffering is created through attachments to desire and selfishness.
3. The Noble Truth of the Ending of Suffering – suffering will cease when selfishness and
desire are overcome. This end of suffering is known as Nirvana.
4. The Noble Truth of the Path – the Noble Eightfold Path which leads to the end of suffering.
The Noble Eightfold Path is as follows;
1.
2.
3.
4.
Right understanding.
Right thought.
Right speech.
Right action.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Right livelihood.
Right effort.
Right mindfulness.
Right concentration
Buddhists believe in karma, Karma informs that one’s actions in their past life have determined
what they are in this life. Buddhists also believe in the cycle of life, death and rebirth known as
reincarnation. The aim is for the complete release from this cycle, which is known as nirvana.
Worship
Buddhist temples often contain an image or statue of Buddha, and are designed to represent the
five elements of fire, air, earth, water and wisdom.
Diet
Most Buddhists are vegetarian as Buddhism teaches that intentional killing and violence must be
avoided.
Different Strands
There are a number of different forms of Buddhism, the two main forms being;
•
•
Mahayana – meaning ‘the great way’ is the most widespread form of Buddhism which is
strongest in Tibet, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Mongolia
Theravada – strongest in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Burma. Theravada
means the ‘way of the elders’, which are the senior monks. This strand of Buddhism places
a particular emphasis on the monastic life.
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Christianity
Christianity is the world’s largest religion, with an
estimated 2.2 billion followers worldwide. It is
also the largest faith group within the United
Kingdom, with a following of around 30 million
people.
Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus
Christ, who Christians believe to be the Son of
God. Jesus is seen to be a symbol of salvation,
and his death is believed to be a sacrifice in
forgiveness of all past human sin.
Christianity teaches the love of God and the love
of people, through prayer, worship, charity work
and other missionary work.
Beliefs
Christians believe in one God who consists of
three different forms;
•
•
•
The Father
The Son
The Holy Spirit
There is also a strong belief in life after death, as it is believed that Jesus rose from the dead after his
crucifixion.
Holy Scripture
The Bible is the holy text within Christianity, and comprises of both the Old and New Testament.
The Bible is central to both Christian belief and worship.
Worship
Christian worship takes place in Churches, which are often built in the shape of a cross. Hymnsinging, Bible readings, and prayer are all common forms of worship within Christianity, and are
often led by spiritual leaders called priests or ministers. Communal worship usually takes place on
Sundays, during which the Eucharist takes place. This involves the giving of wine and crackers to
the congregation in remembrance of the last supper Jesus had with his disciples, during which
bread and wine were both shared.
Different Strands
There are many different denominations within Christianity;
•
•
•
•
•
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Anglicanism (Church of England) –officially established as the Christian church within England
Baptist – see membership of the Church as a family of believers, reserving baptism for those
who are old enough to understand the faith.
Methodist – expresses the teachings of Jesus through worship and missionary work.
Orthodox – based on the very beginnings of Christianity which Orthodox Christians believe to
be the right way.
Roman Catholic – the oldest and largest Christian denomination, which sees the Pope as
Jesus’ representative on earth. Seventh Day Adventists – Believe Saturday to be the Sabbath
(day of worship).
Hinduism
Hinduism is the world’s third largest
religion, with around 900 million
followers. It dates back over 4000
years, and unlike most religions, has
no acknowledged human founder.
More than 80% of the population of
India follow the Hindu faith.
Beliefs
Hindus believe in one God who is
personified through a number of
different gods and goddesses. The
many
gods
and
goddesses
represent a different part of God
(Brahman). Three of the most
important gods are; Brahma – the creator Vishnu – the preserver Shiva – the destroyer. These
three gods represent the endless cycle of birth, life and death known as reincarnation. These
three gods are further personified by thousands of other gods and goddesses.
The cycle of reincarnation is believed to be governed by karma (the idea that all actions have
consequences), and the final release from this cycle is known as moksha, through which the
individual soul is united with God.
The caste system is still important to many Hindus, which is based on the principle that society is
built up of many different social groups. Caste is determined through birth and can only be
changed through rebirth. Caste is said to be determined by karma, therefore those born into a
lower caste are said to have performed bad deeds in their former life.
Holy Scripture
There are a number of holy texts within Hinduism, including;
•
•
•
•
The Vedas – the oldest religious texts within Hinduism
The Upanishads – discuss the issue of the soul and reincarnation
The Ramayana – tells the story of Rama and his wife Sita to demonstrate that good will
always triumph over evil.
The Mahabharata – tells the story of a war within a family.
Worship
Communal worship takes place in the Mandir. Shoes are removed upon entry, and the head is
usually covered. Water, fruit, flowers and incense are offered to the gods and goddesses. This is
known as Puja. Much worship also takes place at home. Pilgrimage is also important within
Hinduism, and popular pilgrimage sites include many rivers, temples and sacred sites in India.
Outward Symbols
Some Hindu women may wear a bindi (small red dot) on their foreheads, and many married
women wear a necklace called the Mangal Sutra which is given to them during the marriage
ceremony as a similar symbol to the wedding ring.
Diet
Hindus do not eat beef, as the cow is seen as a sacred animal within India. Many Hindus are
also strict vegetarians.
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Islam
Islam is the second most popular world religion with
over a billion followers worldwide. It is also the
second largest religion within the United Kingdom,
with over one and a half million followers.
Islam means submission to the will of Allah and is
based on the teachings in the Qur’an. Muslims
believe that the Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet
Muhammad as a guide for all humanity.
Belief
Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam;
1. Shahada – a declaration that there is only
one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is his
final and greatest Prophet.
2. Salah – the requirement to pray 5 times a day. Prayer times are fixed by the sun.
3. Saum – fasting during the month of Ramadan from dawn to dusk. Muslims fast for one
lunar month each year, during which they reflect on their past behaviour.
4. Zakah – the giving of alms to charity. A minimum of 2.5% of one’s earnings is given to the
poor.
5. Hajj – the pilgrimage to Mecca which must be made at least once in a life time if it can be
afforded.
Muslims also believe in life after death, and in the Day of Judgement, when it is decided whether
the life of a human being will be sent to Heaven or Hell.
Holy Scripture
The Islamic holy text is the Qur’an, which is believed to be the direct word of God as revealed to
the Prophet Muhammad.
Worship
Communal worship takes place in the Mosque. Mosques often have a domed shape roof and a
tall tower called a minaret, from which the call to prayer is delivered. Pictures and statues are not
allowed within mosques, which are instead decorated with words from the Qur’an. Shoes must be
removed and heads should be covered at all times, as a mark of respect. A strict cleansing ritual
is followed before prayer, whereby Muslims wash their hands, mouth, throat, nose, ears, arms up
to the elbow, and feet. Women and men pray separately. Prayer mats are used for prayer, and
prayers are said in the direction of Mecca.
Diet
Muslims do not eat pork or drink alcohol. Any meat that is eaten must be halal (killed in a way
prescribed by Islamic law).
Dress
Islam requires both men and women to dress modestly. Some women therefore wear a hijaab
(scarf) on their heads, and wear loose clothing so as not to reveal their body shape.
Different Strands
There are two subdivisions within Islam;
•
•
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Sunni Muslims – of which 90% of Muslims belong to.
Shi’ite Muslims – who split from Sunni Muslims in 632AD when Muhammad died.
Judaism
Judaism is around 4000 years old,
and was founded by Abraham.
There are around 12 million
followers of Judaism worldwide.
Beliefs
Judaism believes in one God, the
creator of the universe, with whom
every Jew can form a personal
relationship with.
The Sabbath
(Shabbat) is believed to be the most
holy day of the week, on which
Jews will not perform any work-type
activity. The Sabbath takes place
between sunset on Friday and
sunset on Saturday.
Holy Scripture
The Jewish holy text is the Torah,
which are also the first five books of
the Hebrew Bible.
Parchment
scrolls of the first paragraphs of the
Shema (basic prayer of Jewish
belief) are kept in a small hollow box
and often hung on doorframes of
Jewish homes.
Worship
Communal worship takes place in Synagogues, in which men and women sit separately. Spiritual
leaders are called rabbis, and worship is usually performed in Hebrew. Men are required to cover
their heads during worship, and many men wear a hat or kippah (skullcap).
Ceremonies
At the age of 13, Jewish boys are given a Bar mitzvah ceremony to symbolise them becoming a
responsible member of the Jewish community. This is seen as an important rite of passage for all
Jewish boys. There has been a recent introduction of Bat mitzvah ceremonies for Jewish girls of
the same age.
Diet
Judaism follows strict dietary laws, and Jews do not eat pork or shellfish. Milk and meat products
must not be eaten together, and any meat that is eaten must be kosher meat (slaughtered in
accordance with Jewish custom).
Different Strands
There are three subdivisions within Judaism;
•
•
•
Orthodox Judaism strictly follows traditions and practice, believing the Torah to contain
God’s actual words.
Conservative Judaism – remains committed to the teachings in the Torah, but understand it
must be read in context.
Reform Judaism – believes in the divine inspiration of the Torah, but also in the need for
reinterpretation in changing times.
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Rastafarianism
Rastafarianism is a modern
movement which began in the
1930’s,
following
the
coronation of Prince Ras
Tafari as Emperor Haile
Selassie 1 of Ethiopia.
Rastafarians believe Emperor
Haile Selassie 1 to be the
saviour of the Black race, as
predicted by Marcus Garvey a
year earlier. Rastafarianism
began as a protest against the
slavery and repression of
Black people.
Beliefs
Rastafarians believe in one God, who is known as Jah. They believe that all migrated Africans
will eventually be returned to their spiritual home of Africa, and will be released from their White
suppressors. For Rastafarians, salvation is therefore an earthly rather than heavenly concept.
Holy Scripture
The Rastafarian holy text is the Bible, although Rastafarians regard some sections to have been
changed by the White power structure, which has come to be known as Babylon.
Worship
There are no fixed rules on practice or ritual, and subsequently no specifically designated places
of worship. Worship includes prayer, singing, drumming, and reasonings (discussions). Marijuana
may also be smoked to help meditate.
Diet
Rastafarians do not eat pork or fish with scales. Most Rastafarians are vegetarian and eat mainly
organic food.
Outward Symbols
Clothing in the colours of the Ethiopian flag is often worn, as each colour is said to have a
different meaning;
•
•
•
•
Red – is seen to represent the blood shed in their historical struggle.
Gold – represents faith and prosperity
Green – symbolises the land of Ethiopia
Black – symbolises the colour of the people who helped develop the Rastafari movement.
Hair is often worn in dreadlocks, which symbolise the lion’s mane. Many men also wear woollen
hats (tams) in the colours above. Some Rastafarians wear African-style dress to mark their
allegiance to their roots.
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Sikhism
th
Sikhism began in the Punjab in the late 15 century, founded by Guru Nanak, the first of the ten
gurus or ‘teachers’ of the Sikh faith. There are about 20 million Sikhs worldwide, and around 336 000
living within the United Kingdom, making the UK home to the largest Sikh community outside of India.
Sikhism is based on
teachings of the ten gurus;
the
1. Guru Nanak
2. Guru Angad
3. Guru Amar Das
4. Guru Ram Das
5. Guru Arjan
6. Guru Hargobind
7. Guru Har Rai
8. Guru Har Krishan
9. Guru Tegh Bahadur
10. Guru Gobind Singh
Beliefs
Sikhism believes in one God,
which is both formless and eternal, and teaches the equality between men and women. It
contains reference to both the spiritual and temporal worlds, as although the religion developed at
a time of relative peace, it faced heavy religious persecution by the time of the 9th and 10th Guru
Holy Scripture
The Sikh holy text is called the Guru Granth Sahib, which captures the main teachings of the Sikh
faith. It is known as the living guru, and is the central feature of worship in the Sikh temples.
Worship
Communal Sikh worship takes place in Gurdwaras. Shoes are removed upon entry, and heads
are covered as a sign of respect. Women and men sit separately during worship. Gurdwaras also
have a langar (food hall) serving vegetarian food to the whole congregation.
Outward Symbols
Baptised Sikhs wear the 5 K’s, introduced by the tenth guru, Gobind Singh in 1699.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Kaccha – under shorts, symbolising self-restraint and discipline.
Kangha - small comb to keep the hair tidy, symbolising cleanliness.
Kara - steel bangle, symbolising the bond with the Gurus.
Kesh – uncut hair, symbolising obedience and acceptance of God’s will.
Kirpan – small sword, symbolising independence and fearlessness.
Many Sikh men wear a turban to keep their uncut hair tidy. The turban has therefore also become
an outward symbol of Sikh identity. Sikhs may also be identified by their names, as Sikh men adopt
the name Singh (meaning lion), and Sikh women adopt the name Kaur (meaning princess). ‘Singh’
and ‘Kaur’ are usually used as middle names, for example Arjan Singh Johal and Kiran Kaur Sidhu.
Diet
Sikhs do not eat beef or halal meat. Many Sikhs are vegetarian.
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Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism was founded
around 2000BC by the Prophet
Zarathushtra, who lived in
Northern Iran. There are around
140 000 followers worldwide. It
claims
to
be
the
first
monotheistic religion, and its
theology is said to have
influenced Judaism, Christianity
and Islam by introducing the
concepts of God and Satan, the
soul,
heaven
and
hell,
resurrection and judgement.
Beliefs
Zoroastrianism believes in one
God, who is the creator of the
universe.
The teachings of Zoroastrianism divides time into three different periods.
1. Creation – a time when everything was in its perfect state
2. The present time – in which Zoroastrians believe evil is present.
3. The last time – a time which is yet to come, during which perfect goodness will be
restored.
Zoroastrians believe that the last time will arrive after the birth of a saviour, who will be from the
lineage of Zarathushtra. This saviour will raise the dead and pass final judgement on everyone.
Zoroastrians believe they must perform good deeds and be truthful in order to personally
challenge the evil present in today’s world.
Holy Scripture
The main Zoroastrian holy text is the Avesta.
th
th
recorded in the 5 or 6 century AD.
This is based on an oral tradition eventually
Worship
Religious ceremonies are often performed in front of a sacred fire. These ceremonies, along with
prayer, form the main aspects of Zoroastrian worship.
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Good Practice Guidelines
In this section, you will find some good practice guidelines that will help you in implementing
the regulations and good practice in your work place.
•
•
•
•
•
•
We should refrain from making assumptions about people’s faith; this does not mean that we
cannot ask questions to increase our awareness and learning.
Managers/employees should be pro-active about finding out about the needs of their
staff/customers
Staff should keep their managers informed of any individual needs regarding religion and
belief, such as, leaving work early in Friday afternoons, and should allow reasonable time for
these needs to be met, if practicable.
Harassment targeted towards an individual’s religion or belief or about a religion or belief to
those who the individual associates is unacceptable and unlawful. It may not be targeted at the
individual(s) but consist of a general culture, which for instance, appears to tolerate the telling
of religious jokes
Respect the practices of different religious communities, particularly when visiting people’s
homes or places of worship as part of your work.
In order to show people how religion and belief affects Walsall Council, it is important that
training interventions raise awareness of the legal provisions in this area, along with
consideration on how they affect practices at Walsall.
Dietary Requirements
When organising meetings where food may be provided, such as lunches, it is good practice to ask
about dietary requirements in advance, however, where this has not been possible you should
provide a vegetarian option.
If staff bring food to the workplace there may be a need to store and heat food separately from other
food, it is good practice to consult staff/customers on such issues and find a mutually acceptable
solution to any dietary issue.
Religious days
Staff may wish to request days off that are significant to them for holy festival days or days for
spiritual observance. We advice that managers should treat such requests sympathetically where it
is reasonable and practical for the member of staff to be away from work and they have sufficient
holiday entitlement.
Prayer Times
Staff may wish to observe their faith within the organisational setting. It is good practice for
managers to consider scheduling an employee’s work breaks around prayer times if requested to do
as far as it reasonably practicable.
Prayer Rooms
If employees request access to a quiet place for their religious observances, it is good practice to
agree to the request if such a place is available and its use for prayer would not have an adverse
impact on the service or other employees.
Dress codes
We recommend that institutions welcome the diversity of appearance that people from different
religious and belief backgrounds can bring.
However, there may be health and safety
considerations that may restrict certain modes of dress in particular contexts.
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