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Part1–Biodiversity*sample* Chordates, Molluscs,120,000 50,000 Protozoa,100,000 Algae,300,000 Other,250,000 Plants,320,000 Fungi,1,500,000 Anthropods, 4,050,000 Nematodes, 500,000 Whatisaspecies? o Agroupoflivingorganismsconsistingofsimilarindividualscapableofexchanginggenes orinterbreeding. o A‘new’speciesarisefromtaxonomicchangesthateither‘split’or‘lump’species. Biologicalspeciesconcept,1942 § Groupsofinterbreeding/(potentialinterbreeding)naturalpopulationsthatare reproductivelyisolatedfromotherpopulations. Limitations:difficulttoapplywhenpopulationsongeographicallyseparatedandspeciesmaybe morphologicallydifferentbuthybridizenaturallyincertaincircumstance. Morphologicalspeciesconcept § Speciesdefinedbysimilarmorphology(size,shape,appearance)anddistinguishedby theirdifferences. § Classicapproachwhendescribingspecies Limitations:Morphologycanvarygeographicallyandwithdifferentenvironmentalconditions. Crypticspeciesthatmaylookmorphologicallyidenticalmaybegeneticallydifferent. Recognitionspeciesconcept § Agroupofindividualsthatcanrecognizeeachotheraspotentialmates(evenifthey don’tactuallyinterbreed) Phylogeneticspeciesconcept § Agroupofindividualsthatshareacommonancestorandcanbedistinguishedfrom othergroupsofindividuals CrypticSpecies–Clade o Morphologysimilarordifferentbetweengeneticallydifferentspecies/clades o EightcladesaroundAustraliashowednomorphologicaldifference,patterns inconsistentbetweenspecies o Femalemorphology,highlyvariable,withnophylogeneticorgeographicbias. o GroupsofmorphologicallyindistinguishablemalesoccurredinQLD&WA. o Evencloselyrelatedcladeswerenotmorphologicallysimilar. Phylogeneticspeciesconcept § Focusedongeneticdifferences,particularlyevolutionaryrelationships. § Asetofpopulationshaveauniquecombinationofcharactersthatdifferfromanyother ‘related’species Therealityofspecies: Ø Taxonomyisnotfixed–therearealwaysongoingchangesthatoccurwithnew techniquese.g.geneticadvances Ø Nosingleapproachanddifferentdefinitionsofaspeciesresultindifferent classifications Ø Widespreaduseofgenetictechniqueshasbroughtaboutmajorchangesto taxonomy Ø Typically,classificationsarebasedonacombinationofapproaches,including considerationofgeneticrelatedness,morphologyandgeographicdistribution. Part2:GlobalTourofbiodiversity*sample* Parta:BacteriatoProtists Twosuperkingdoms Archaea • Morespecialized • Restrictedenvironment,manyliveinextremeconditions(e.g.hotthermalsprings,near volcanicventsontheseafloor)oranaerobicconditions • Somegrowattemperaturesover100°C • Mayoccupyconditionsotherbacteriaoreukaryotescannot Bacteria • Mostdiversegroup • Maybebeneficial,harmfulorhavenoaffectonorganisms • Generallysinglecellswithsimpleshapes(rods,spheres,spirals,filaments) • • Prokaryotesdon’thavemembraneorganelles(nucleus,mitochondria) Bothpositivelyandnegativelyusedin: Foodproduction Medicine Agriculture(nitrogenfixation&breakdownoforganicmatter) -Viruses Ø Subcellular Ø Canonlyreproduceinthecellsoftheirhosts Ø Manycausediseaseinplantsandanimals(includinghumans) Ø Eachvirusinfectsparticularhostspecies Ø E.g.Myxomatosis–rabbitcontrol Lifecycleofavirus Transmissionstage: o Vironsaremetabolicallyinactiveandvirusistransferringtoitshost o Genomeofthevirus,eitherRNAorDNAisinaproteinorlipid o Itisinthedispersalformandcanspreadthroughcoughing,sneezing,foodcontamination ect. o Vectororganisms-airbornvirusesthroughmosquitos,mitesect Reproductivestage: o Vironentersacellofasuitablehost,itsgenometakesoverfromthehostsgenesand makethehoststartreproducingthevirus o Copiesarethencombinedwithviralproteins(almostmadeinthehostcell)toformnew Virons o Virusvs.immunesystem.Virusevolvesandchangesinordertosurvivedespitethe immunesystem KingdomProtista Anextraordinarydiversecollectionofeukaryoticorganisms o Eukaryotes–cellscontainseveralmembranelinescompartmentse.g.nucleus, mitochondria o Polyphyletic–notasinglecommonancestor o Taxonomyisnotyetclear,numerousevolutionaryorigins o Mostaresinglecelledorganismsandmostliveinaquaticenvironments.Canalsobe colonialormulticellular o Atleast100,000speciesandmorebeingdiscovered o Differentsourcesofenergy: - Photosynthetice.g.algae - Parasitice.g.malariaPlasmodium - Predatoryortakeinsmallfoodparticlesfromsurroundings