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Anatomy and
Physiology Review
Jennifer Hayes-Klosteridis
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Homeostasis
Key Point for Nursing
school
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Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiac Cycle
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
(RAAS)
Review of Key Topics
The Nervous System
• First neurons are within the CNS and
extend axons to the second neuron (outside
CNS)
• Synapse of first and second = ganglion
• Ganglion can be near or far away from
CNS
Autonomic Nervous
System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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First neurons from cranial nerves (II,
VII, IX, X) and sacral region (S2, S3,
S4) of CNS (craniosacral outflow)
• First neuron axons =
parasympathetic preganglionic nerves
• Second neuron axons =
parasympathetic post ganglionic
nerves
• parasympathetic preganglionic nerves
secrete Acetylcholine (ACH)
• parasympathetic postganglionic
nerves secrete Acetylcholine (ACH)
• Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic
(ANS ganglia and neuromuscular
junction) and muscarinic receptors
(heart, smooth muscle, glands)
• Inhibitory (rest and digest)
Sympathetic Nervous System
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First neurons from thoracic and
lumbar regions of CNS
(Thoracolumbar outflow)
• First neuron axons = sympathetic
preganglionic nerves
• Second neuron axons = sympathetic
post ganglionic nerves
• sympathetic preganglionic nerves
secrete Acetylcholine (ACH)
• Sympathetic postganglionic nerves
secrete noradrenaline and adrenaline
• Noradrenaline binds to (α1) and (β1)
adrenergic receptors
• Adrenaline binds to (α1) and (β2
and β1 ) adrenergic receptors
• Excitatory (fight or flight)
Autonomic Nervous System
• Pharmaceutical agents work by blocking
(antagonist) or stimulating (agonist) ANS
receptors
Autonomic Nervous
System- Important Point
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Decreases heart rate
Bronchiolar constriction
Stimulates salivary glands
Stimulates nasal, lacrimal,
gastric and pancreatic
secretory activity
• Increases gastric motility
• Causes constriction of
bladder’s detrusor muscle
and relaxation of urethral
sphincter
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Increases heart rate and
contractility (β1)
• Blood vessel constriction (α1)
• Skin, digestive viscera, kidneys
• Blood vessel dilation (β2)
• Coronary, skeletal muscle, liver
• Bronchiolar dilation (β2)
• Stimulates kidneys to release
renin (β1)
• Stimulates sweat glands
Autonomic Nervous System:
Actions
• Network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine System:
Overview
Endocrine System: Major
Organs and Hormones
Endocrine System:
Feedback Loops
Endocrine and Nervous
System: working together
Autonomic Nervous System
• Electrical signal
• Fast response
• Short duration
Endocrine System
• Chemical signal
• Slower response
• Longer duration
Endocrine and Nervous
System: working together
The Cardiac Cycle
The Cardiac Cycle
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone
System (RAAS)