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Level Notes- Human Body Systems Part 2 The Excretory System Structures of the Excretory System •_____________- remove waste products from blood; maintain blood pH; regulate blood volume •_____________- leaves kidney & carries urine to urinary bladder •_____________- sac-like organ where urine is stored before being excreted •_____________- tube that carries urine (and semen in males) from body •“Dirty” blood comes to the kidney for ___________________ •Good & bad substances are filtered from the _____________. •The good substances like ____________ and most water are returned to the ___________. •The bad substances are collected as ___________ and are excreted. •Circular muscles called __________________ are found at the base of the bladder. •At about _________ years of age children learn to use these muscles. We usually call this being “potty-trained.” •Kidney stones are painful because of their ___________. They are formed in the kidneys and as they travel down the ______________ they may tear tissue or get stuck and cannot pass down any further. •__________________________ is a procedure in which waves of sound are sent to “blow up” the stone, so that the patient only has to pass a powdery substance, not a solid stone. Adrenal Gland Urinary opening Urethra Urinary bladder Ureter Kidney Circulatory System Relationship between _________________ and ________________ systems supply cells with ______________ and ________________ throughout your body. Function of Circulatory System Transports ______________ Transports ______________ Transports _______________ out of body Know as the “__________________________” of the body Made up of _____________ and ____________________. Vessels can be _____________ , ___________________ , and __________________. Heart anatomy Size of your _____________________________ Hollow ______________________________________ Heart divided into __________ chambers – Right Atria, Right Ventricle – Left Atria, Left Ventricle Atria pump blood _______the heart. – _______________________________ Ventricles pump blood out of the heart. – _______________________________ Pathway of blood through heart: 1. ____________________ blood enters via superior and inferior vena cava’s into _______________________. 2. ____________________blood enters ________________________. 3. Deoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle through __________________________. 4. Blood cells pick up ____________________________. 5. __________________ blood returns to heart via ___________________________. 6. _____________________blood pumped into ______________________. 7. _____________________ blood pumped into left ventricle. 8 Oxygenated blood pumped out of _________________________ to entire body. Left ventricle more muscular than right…..why? Circulation systems of body: __________________ circulation only involved the blood circulation from heart to lungs to heart again. ____________________ circulation involves entire circulation system. Circulation outside of the heart Blood vessels: As blood flows through the circulatory system it moves through three types of blood vessels. _________________ carries oxygen rich blood cells ____________ from heart. _________________ junction between _______________ and veins. Brings nutrients and oxygen to body cells. _________________ Carry deoxygenated blood cells back to heart and lungs. Veins carry CO2 waste (______________________________________________) away from cells. Break down of _________________________ causes this CO2 waste. Blood The human body contains between 4-6 liters of blood. _______ of blood consists of cells _______ is plasma Plasma helps transport _____________, _______________, and ________________. Cells of blood Red Blood Cells (RBC) Transport ____________ to body. ____________________ molecule in RBC gives blood ______ color. Oxygen molecules picked up by _________________ in _____________. RBC’s last about ________ days. Liver and spleen _______________ worn out RBC’s. White Blood Cells (WBC) Fight against _____________, _____________ and _________________. Helper T-cells mature in thalamus gland ___________________attacks this type of WBC. WBC’s not just confined to circulatory system. Also enter into Lymphatic system. Digestive System Pathway of Digestion: 1. Mouth a. _______________ digestion: _________ break apart food b. Carbohydrates start their digestion w/ chemicals in ____________ 2. Esophagus a. Connects mouth to stomach b. ________________: muscles push food ball (bolus) to stomach 3. Stomach a. ______________ digestion: muscular sac secretes acids & _______________ to break down food 4. Small Intestine a. _________________________ & water from broken down food 5. Large Intestine a. Absorbs ______________ b. Eliminates indigestible wastes 6. Rectum and Anus a. Stores_____________ until ready for release Indirect organs that aid in the digestive process 1. Liver a. Produces __________ which helps break down fat 2. Gallbladder a. Stores ___________ 3. Pancreas a. Makes ______________ that help digest food b. Makes ________________ which helps break down blood sugar 4. Appendix a. Sac containing ______________ cells b. Located at the beginning of the large intestine Esophagus Liver Stomach Small Intestine Pancreas Large Intestine Gall Bladder Rectum Appendix The Human Immune System What is the immune system? The body’s __________ against ___________ causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles The First Line of Defense ~Skin~ The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the ______________, forms a shield against invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders. As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into _______ throughout your respiratory system and become stuck. Hair-like structures called ______ sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing What’s the first thing you do when you cut your finger? Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong ________ in the stomach that break down your food The Second Line of Defense ~White Blood Cells~ If invaders actually get within the body, then your ______________(WBCs) begin their attack WBCs normally circulate throughout the _________, but will enter the body’s _________ if invaders are detected These white blood cells are responsible for eating foreign particles by ____________ them Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called ___________. Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus makingfactory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells The Second Line of Defense ~Interferon~ Virus-infected body cells release _______________ when an invasion occurs Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other body cells White Blood Cells~T-Cells~ ________, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and _______ cells T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to search for more cells to kill The Second Line of Defense ~The Inflammatory Response~ Injured body cells release chemicals called _________, which begin ________________ ____________ Capillaries dilate Pyrogens released, reach hypothalamus, and temperature rises Pain receptors activate WBCs flock to infected area like sharks to blood The Third Line of Defense ~Antibodies~ Most infections never make it past the first and second levels of defense Those that do trigger the production and release of _____________- proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an _____________ What is immunity? Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance Two types: Active Immunity & Passive Immunity Active Immunity- ______ produce the antibodies Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through: – Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You fought it, you won, you remember it – Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed or weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and remember it Vaccines Antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce _____________ Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur Have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the Earth, such as polio and smallpox How long does active immunity last? It depends on the antigen Some disease-causing bacteria multiply into new forms that our body doesn’t recognize, requiring annual vaccinations, like the flu shot __________________- reminds the immune system of the antigen Others last for a lifetime, such as ______________________ Passive Immunity- You ________ produce the antibodies A mother will pass immunities on to her baby during pregnancy - through what organ? These antibodies will protect the baby for a short period of time following birth while its immune system develops. What endocrine gland is responsible for this? Lasts until antibodies die Immune Disorders~Allergies~ Immune system mistakenly recognizes harmless foreign particles as serious threats Launches immune response, which causes ___________, runny nose, and watery eyes Anti-histamines block effect of histamines and bring relief to allergy sufferers Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Discovered in ________ Specifically targets and kills ________ Because normal body cells are unaffected, immune response is not launched The HIV virus doesn’t kill you – it cripples your _________________________ With your immune system shut down, common diseases that your immune system normally could defeat become life-threatening Can show no effects for several months all the way up to _____________ Transmitted by ________________, blood transfusions, contaminated needles As of 2007, it affects an estimated 33.2 million people Respiratory System The chart of the respiratory system shows the intricate structures needed for breathing. Breathing is the process by which oxygen in the air is brought into the lungs and into close contact with the blood, which absorbs it and carries it to all parts of the body. At the same time the blood gives up waste matter (carbon dioxide), which is carried out of the lungs when air is breathed out. 1. The ___________________ are hollow spaces in the bones of the head. Small openings connect them to the nose. The functions they serve include helping to regulate the temperature and humidity of air breathed in, as well as to lighten the bone structure of the head and to give resonance to the voice. 2. The ______________ (nasal cavity) is the preferred entrance for outside air into the respiratory system. The hairs that line the wall are part of the air-cleaning system. 3. Air also enter through the __________________________(oral cavity), especially in people who have a mouth-breathing habit or whose nasal passages may be temporarily obstructed, as by a cold or during heavy exercise. 4. The _______________ are lymph nodes in the wall of the throat (pharynx) that often become infected. They are part of the germ-fighting system of the body. 5. The ________________________ (pharynx) collects incoming air from the nose and mouth and passes it downward to the windpipe (trachea). 6. The ___________________________ is a flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the windpipe (trachea), closing when anything is swallowed that should go into the esophagus and stomach. 7. The __________________________ (larynx) contains the vocal chords. It is the place where moving air being breathed in and out creates voice sounds. 8. The _____________________________ is the passage leading from the mouth and throat to the stomach. 9. The ______________________ (trachea) is the passage leading from the throat (pharynx) to the lungs. 10. The ________________ are bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity. They move to a limited degree, helping the lungs to expand and contract. 11. The windpipe divides into the two main _______________________, one for each lung, which subdivide into each lobe of the lungs. These, in turn, subdivide further. 12. The right lung is divided into three _______________, or sections. Each lobe is like a balloon filled with sponge-like tissue. Air moves in and out through one opening -- a branch of the bronchial tube. 13. The left lung is divided into two ______________________. 14. The _______________________ are the two membranes, actually one continuous one folded on itself, that surround each lobe of the lungs and separate the lungs from the chest wall. 15. The ______________________ is the strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. By moving downward, it creates suction in the chest to draw in air and expand the lungs. 16. The smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tubes are called __________, at the ends of which are the air sacs or alveoli (plural of alveolus). 17. The _________________ are the very small air sacs that are the destination of air breathed in. The _________________ are blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, brought to them by the _______________________________ and taken away by the ___________________________. While in the capillaries the blood gives off carbon dioxide through the capillary wall into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli. Reproductive System The reproductive system is the only body system that an individual can live without. It is the most important, however, in continuation of the species. The reproductive glands of the body are called the _________. The gonads have two functions: 1) ______________________________________________________________ 2) ______________________________________________________________ The female gonads are called __________. They function to produce ______ or ______ and female sex hormones. The female sex hormones include: 1. _______________: responsible for egg and female body characteristics such as breast development, the widening of the hips, and the development of the female reproductive system. 2) ___________________: prepares the ____________ for a developing ______________. The male gonads are called __________. They function to produce _________ and _________________________. The male sex hormone is _________________. Testosterone is necessary for the production of normal sperm and for the physical characteristics of the male body such as facial hair, large body size, and a deep voice. During fetal development, the testes develop in the ____________________. Around the time of birth the testes descend into an external sac called the __________, where the temperature is ___________ than the body's (by about 3 degrees) to allow for proper sperm development. 1) Sperm Development: A sperm is a ___________ cell produced in the ______________________. They mature in the ________________ where they are stored until ejaculation. During ejaculation they move into a tube called the ___________________. The vas deferens merges with the urethra and eventually exits the body through the _________. The seminal vesicles, _______________________, and the Cowper’s gland, provide a fluid rich in nutrients called the seminal fluid that provides ____ __ and ________________ for the sperm. The sperm and seminal fluid make up the _________. One drop of semen contains about 2.5 million sperm!!!! The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: –the __________, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm –the ___________, which holds the developing fetus –the ___________, which produce the female's ova. The vagina meets the outside at the _________, which also includes the _____________, __________________ and _____________; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the Bartholin’s glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the _________, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the _______________________. Egg development: Each ovary contains ______________ which are clusters of cells surrounding an immature egg. The purpose of the follicle is to help the egg mature and be released to become ___________. Of the 400,000 follicles, only about ______ actually become released, one per _____ days. Egg release: The egg is released once the follicle matures. This release is called ____________. The egg leaves the ovary and is swept into one of the _________________________ (oviduct). The egg moves along the Fallopian tube by the movement of the tube's ________. It is within the Fallopian tube that the egg may become fertilized. After a few days the egg enters the _________. The opening of the uterus is called the _________. The canal leaving the cervix is the _______________. Reproduction & Pregnancy •Human reproduction takes place as ___________________________ by sexual intercourse. •During this process, the ______________ of the male is inserted into the female's ________ until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. •The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the ___________ or fallopian ___________ for fertilization of the _______. •The average human pregnancy lasts ___________ or ____________ or 280 days. •By day ____ the baby has all of its major organs formed and working. •The baby is about the size of a _______ at this point. •When the baby is ready to be born the _____________ sac around the baby must first be broken. •This is commonly called when a woman’s “water breaks.” •The “water” is actually amniotic fluid in which the baby swims during the pregnancy. •This fluid is also breathed in by the baby to practice breathing. •They do not drown because they are getting their _____________ supplied through the blood in their __________________ cord. •_____________ secreted by mom cause the ________ to contract and squeeze the baby out. •Pushing with _______________ muscles also helps. Picture the typical delivery scene you see on tv: Mom is pushing, doctor is looking, nurses are watching. Then the baby comes out, the umbilical cord is clamped & cut and the nurses take the baby. Right? Now, in your head, zoom back over to the mom. See a problem? Where is the other half of the umbilical cord? What about the placenta? These 2 structures must also be delivered, just like the baby. This is called the “afterbirth” because it comes after birth. Cancers of the Reproductive System: Male: 1. ___________________________- 3rd leading cause of death in males that is found in almost all men over age ____. 2. ___________________________- leading cause of death in males ages _________; all men should perform a self exam once a month, checking for unusual lumps or hard spots. Women: 1. _______________________________-affects ______ of all women; linked to early sexual activity and multiple partners. 2. __________________________- very rare and may be ________________. 3. _______________________ can result from high levels of ____________ used to treat __________________. *** Cervical cancer can be detected by a _________________.