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 Scoliosis – lateral spinal curvature
Commonly in thorax
 Treated before bone growth is completed

 Kyphosis –dorsal spinal curvature
Hunchback
 Results from osteoporosis, rickets, etc.

 Lordosis – ventral lumbar curvature

Heavy belly load (potbelly, pregnant)
Flexion:
Bending movement along the sagittal
plane
•
•
Decreases the angle of a joint
Brings the articulating bones closer
together
•
Bending
the
head
forward
on the
chest
• Bending the
knee
• Raising the
arm in an
anterior
direction
Extension:
•Opposite of flexion
•Straightening movement along the
sagittal plane
•Increases the angle at a joint
•Moves the articulating bones further
apart
• Straightening the
knee
• Moving the arm
to a point
posterior to the
shoulder
Tilting the
head
backwards
Abduction:
•Movement along the coronal
plane
•Away from the midline
• Moving the arm
sideways, away from
the body
• Moving the fingers
away
from the third digit
Adduction:
•Opposite of abduction
•Towards the midline
 Moving the arms
towards the midline
of the trunk
 Moving the fingers
towards the third
digit
Circumduction:
•Combination of flexion,
abduction, extension and
adduction
•Moving a limb in a conical shape
• Twirling the
arm
• Twirling the
thumb
Rotation:
•
Turning the bone along its
own axis
Turning the
head
 Turning the femur
towards the
midline
(medial rotation)
 Turning the femur
away from the
midline
(lateral rotation)
Elevation
•
Lifting in a
superior direction
• Shrugging the
shoulders
• Closing the mouth
Depression:
• Moving in an
inferior direction
•
Opening the
mouth
Protraction:
•
•
Anterior
movements in a
transverse
plane
Jutting the jaw
out
Retraction:
• Opposite of
protraction
• Moving the jaw
back
Dorsiflexion:
Lifting the
foot
Plantar-flexion:
• Depressing the
foot
Inversion:
Turning the sole of
the foot medially
Eversion:
Turning the
sole of the foot
laterally
Supination:
•Movement of the
radius and ulna
•Lateral rotation of the
arm so palm faces
superiorly
•Anatomical position
•Ulna and Radius are
parallel
Pronation:
Opposite of
supination
•Medial rotation of the
arm so palm faces
inferiorly
•
•
Relaxed position
Ulna and Radius are
crossed
•