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Chapter 2 – Basic Kinematic Concepts Forms of Motion Directional Terms Planes of Sections + Axes of Rotation Joint Movement Terminology Forms of motion Translation: all parts of a body travel exactly the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time. Rectilinear translation – straight line translation Curvilinear Translation – curved line translation Angular (rotational) motion: – all parts of the body, move along a circular path about the same point called the axis of rotation, so that all parts travel through the same angle, in the same direction, in the same time. General Motion: a combination of translation and rotation - most movements are difficult to classify into pure translation or rotation. Directional Terms Superior (cranial) – closer to the head Inferior (caudal) – farther from the head Anterior (ventral)– toward the front of the body Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back of the body Medial - closer to the mid-line Lateral – further from the mid-line Proximal – closer to the trunk Distal - farther from the trunk Palmer (volar)– palm side of hand Plantar (volar) - sole of foot Dorsal – back of hand / top of foot Superficial/deep – closer to the surface/farther from the surface Planes of Section and Axes of Rotation Joint Movement Terminology In the sagittal plane about the mediolateral axis. Flexion – decreasing joint angle or anteriorly directed rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and upper leg. Posteriorly directed movement of the lower leg Extension – increasing joint angle (back to anatomical position) or returns a body segment to the anatomical position from flexion Hyperextension – movement of the joint angle beyond the anatomical position in the opposite direction to flexion Plantar flexion – top of the foot away from the tibia Dorsiflexion – top of the foot toward the tibia In the frontal plane about the anteroposterior axis ABduction – movement away from the midline ADduction – movement towards the midline Lateral Flexion (head and trunk) Elevation – upward movement Depression – downward movement Inversion – sole of the foot inward (medially) Eversion – sole of the foot outward (laterally) In the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis. Rotation: • Left / Right rotation – for head, neck, and trunk • Medial rotation – rotation towards the midline • Lateral rotation – rotation away from the midline Pronation – rotation of forearm/hand towards the midline Supination – rotation of forearm/hand away from the midline Protraction – movement forward Retraction – movement backward Special case Circumduction – distal end of limb moves in a circle while the proximal end is stable.