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IT Electives
The Fundamental Knowledge on HIV and AIDS
Learning Objectives
The following objectives are aiming at enabling learners:
• To understand general concept of HIV and AIDS
• To have an understanding of the current statistic status of HIV
• To understand methods of HIV transmission
• To understand how HIV causes disease
• To understand different approaches to diagnosing and testing HIV
• To understand how HIV can be prevented
• To understand how HIV can be treated
• To understand possible strategies of communicating HIV
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Learning Objectives continues…….
• To understand ethical Issues about HIV/AIDS
• To understand the issues of HIV/AIDS stigma
• To understand the role of culture in the HIV/AIDS epidemic
• Understand how HIV/AIDS affects the economy
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HIV/AIDS Concepts
According to Health Research Council Report (2010), HIV/AIDS are two acronyms
that are closely related to each other. Most of common people who doe not have
medical background confuses the use of these terms/words.
• AIDS stands for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• It is the stage of infection that occurs when your immune system is badly damaged
and you become vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is the final stage of HIV
infection
• HIV stand for Human immunodeficiency virus
• It attacks the immune system of the body by attacking cells that protects body from
different diseases (T cells also known as CD4 cells). It destroys the fighting cells until
the body cannot fight any infections if left not treated. When the body cannot fight
for itself it results to AIDS, which is the final stage of critical sickness.
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HIV/AIDS Concepts continues……
• HIV/AIDS Epidemic – The widespread of HIV/AIDS is referred to as
epidemic, whereas scientists mainly talk about epidemiology which
refers to the tracking of occurrences, distribution and control of a
disease. The scientist also use specific calculations to determine these
frequencies in order to promote the health of the population (Munro,
2016)
• The scientific calculations helped the government to understand the
different stages and conditions of people who are infected. These
calculations also prepares the government for the distribution of
medication for different categories of infected HIV patients.
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History of HIV
According to Munro (2016),
• it is still not confirmed when the HIV started, however since the virus
growing very fast the debate of HIV evolution must be re-directed on
how this killer disease can be cured.
• it was captured that HIV was identified to be similar to the Simian
Immunnodeficiency virus (SIV) common amongst ape population in
Central Africa. The spread of SIV could have been resulted through
the cross species transfer of the virus.
• It is also recorded that the medical network became aware of the
challenge in 1981 when the unusual lung infection was seen in menwho-have-sex-with-men in United State.
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History of HIV continues……..
• it was further discovered in 1982 that people who were diagnosed with
this unusual infection have developed another unusual infections and
tumours and the kind of infections were named Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). is still not confirmed when the HIV
started, however since the virus growing very fast the debate of HIV
evolution must be re-directed on how this killer disease can be cured.
• it was further captured that scientist and medical practitioners investigated
the root cause of the virus using a molecular clock indicators and have
established that the evolution of the virus started in 1968 as HIV-1 virus.
The tracking of the virus became possible in the 1980s and 1990s.
• It is also captured that HIV was observed in Africa Congo 1959. The
assumption is that this virus was transferred through monkeys and
chimpanzees meat hunted in West Africa.
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History of HIV continues……..
• it was observed that outbreak of HIV was already found in other
African countries. The spread increased due to various methods such
as colonisation, urbanisation, increased sexual behaviour, increase of
use of needles during the new antibiotic era and vaccination era.
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How does the person gets HIV continues…….
• HIV infection is not transferred like a cold or the flu. One does not
need to observe the precaution actions like washing hand often,
covering your sneezes and the like will not protect you from getting
the HIV virus. It cannot be transferred by hugging or holding the hand
of, sitting together at a place of worship, selling at the market, sharing
a school bus or classroom with, or visiting the home of someone who
has HIV (eSchooltoday).
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How does the person gets HIV continues…….
• There are three scientific methods identified as HIV transmitters namely:
o Sexual transmission
It mostly transmitted when one is having sexual contact with a person who has HIV.
This also includes men that have sex with men (Gays). In fact, research confirms that all
forms of sex, anal, vaginal, oral and even sharing sex toys can highly transmit the virus.
o Blood borne transmission
This can be transmitted through blood transfusion with infected blood, sharing of
contaminated injection equipment (people who use needles for injecting drugs),
tattooing, skin-piercing tools and surgical equipment.
o Vertical transmission
This can be transmitted through mother to child (pregnant mother pass it to the
unborn child), during child birth, and through breastfeeding.
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How HIV cannot be transmitted
Amongst the things that cannot transmit HIV virus are the following:
• Contact with other bodily secretions
Saliva, urine, tears, sweat (unless contaminated by blood)
• Vaccination
Vaccination even those who are manufactured with blood since they have
been screened and purified.
• Blood sucking insects
Blood sucking insects like mosquitoes cannot be infected by HIV and do not
carry the virus in their blood and also do not inject blood into the next
person they bite.
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Viral load and CD4 Count
• Viral load is the term used to describe the amount of HIV in your
blood. The more HIV is in your blood (and therefore the higher your
viral load), then the faster your CD4 cell count will fall, and the
greater your risk of becoming ill because of HIV.
• A CD4 count is a lab test that measures the number of CD4 T
lymphocytes (CD4 cells) in a sample of your blood. In people with HIV,
it is the most important laboratory indicator of how well your
immune system is working and the strongest predictor of HIV
progression
(https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/just-diagnosedwith-hiv-aids/.../cd4-count/ )
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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and Viral Load
• Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the combination of several
antiretroviral medicines used to slow the rate at which HIV makes
copies of itself (multiplies) in the body. A combination of three or
more antiretroviral medicines is more effective than using just one
medicine (monotherapy) to treat HIV.
• If you are on treatment, then your viral load should go down to
undetectable level (less than 50 copies/mL). Once your viral load
goes down, then slowly your CD4 count will increase, although not to
the level before infection.
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HIV control: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) continues..
• An undetectable viral load means that the level of HIV in your blood
is below the threshold needed for detection by this test. A viral load
test is a measurement of the amount of HIV in your body. The
measurement is given in the number of copies in millilitre.
• CD4 counts are reported as the number of cells in a cubic millimeter
of blood. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells per cubic
millimeter of blood. It is more important to pay attention to the
pattern of results than to any one test result. In general, HIV disease
is progressing if the CD4 count is going down (www.webmd.com/hivaids/cd4-count-what-does-it-mean).
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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and CD4 Count
• An undetectable viral load means that the level of HIV in your blood
is below the threshold needed for detection by this test. A viral load
test is a measurement of the amount of HIV in your body. The
measurement is given in the number of copies in millilitre.
• CD4 counts are reported as the number of cells in a cubic millimeter
of blood. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells per cubic
millimeter of blood. It is more important to pay attention to the
pattern of results than to any one test result. In general, HIV disease
is progressing if the CD4 count is going down (www.webmd.com/hivaids/cd4-count-what-does-it-mean).
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HIV & Other Transmitted Diseases (STI)
• Apart from being serious diseases in their own right, sexually
transmitted infections increase the risk of contracting or transmitting
HIV infection. Other viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus type
2 (causing genital ulcer) or human papillomavirus (causing cervical
cancer) are becoming more prevalent
(www.who.int/ith/diseases/hivaids/en/).
• Although all STIs are treatable, only some can be cured through
treatment and completely cleared from the body. STIs that can be
cured through treatment include gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis and
Trichomonas vaginalis. STIs that can be managed through treatment,
but not cured, include HPV, herpes and HIV.
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HIV Diagnosis and Testing
According to Munro (2016)
Testing and diagnosis is important against HIV since:
• Almost half of those living with HIV do not know their status
• Early diagnosis results in early treatment with better and healthier life
• Knowing your status can reduce transmission of HIV by reducing viral loads with
appropriate treatment
• The prevention of mother to child transmission is improved if pregnant mothers
know their status
Watch these clip on youtube and summarise it not less 250 words but not more
than 300 words: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kw_e_O6MdM4
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HIV Diagnosis and Testing Continues………..
Different approaches to testing (Munro, 2016)
• Voluntary counselling
• Provider initiated testing
• Compulsory testing
• Community based testing
• Self testing
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HIV Diagnosis and Testing Continues………..
Different testing methodologies (Munro, 2016)
• Antibody testing
ELISA, Western Blot, rapid screening
• Antigen testing
Blood test to identify the presence of part of the capsid of the virus (p24 antigen)
• Nucleic acid testing
This test is accurate that target specific sequences in HIV genes. It is relatively expensive form
of testing and is usually used after other screening has been carried out. This method is also
frequently used at birth for early infant testing and diagnosis.
Refer to this clip for further explanation: : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kw_e_O6MdM4
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Symptoms of HIV / AIDS
An HIV-positive person will eventually begin to feel sick. Signs you may see include:
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Swollen lymph nodes
Weight loss
Fevers that come and go
Diarrhea
Infections in the mouth
Feel tired for no reason all of the time.
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HIV Prevention
There are several ways of preventing HIV that include but not limited to:
• Biomedical interventions
o Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
o Pre-exposure prophylaxis
o Condom use
o Female Microbicides
o Voluntary medical male circumcision
o Voluntary counselling and testing
o Testing and treatment for STIs
o Blood screening
o Needle exchange programmes and Opioid substitution therapy
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HIV Prevention continues……..
• Behavioural interventions (reducing risky behaviour)
o Sex education, safer sex practices, consistent condom usage, HIV awareness
o Behavioural change communication
o Counselling / psych-social support
o Adherence support
o Cash incentives for certain behaviour
• Structural interventions (reducing vulnerability)
o Addressing gender, economic and social inequalities
o Decreasing vulnerability
o Civil society and community system strengthening
o Addressing stigma and changing punitive laws
Second set of presentation slides to be posted later……………..
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