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Major Battles of the Civil War Review: The Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name widely applied to the strategy used in the North for subduing the seceding states. ► At the start of the war, the Union developed this plan that used a naval blockade of the Confederate coastline to stop any military and commercial shipments that would aid the Confederate cause. 1. Blockade the coast of the South to prevent the export of cotton, tobacco, and other cash crops from the South and to keep them from importing much needed war supplies. 2. Divide the South by controlling the Mississippi River to cut the South off from the west. 3. Capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America. 4. Divide the South by capturing the Tennessee River Valley and marching through Georgia to the coast. ► “King Cotton” Plan ► The King Cotton Plan is the name widely applied to the strategy used in the South for defeating the North in the Civil War. 1. Go on the defensive 2. Hold onto as much territory as possible until the North tired of fighting 3. Sometimes take on the offensive to D.C. to persuade the North they couldn’t win the war Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus What is Habeas Corpus? ► ► ► In Latin, this means "you have the body." The Writ of Habeas Corpus is a tradition that gives a person a right to appear before a judge before being imprisoned. Lincoln suspended this right in April of 1861. What would the outcome of this suspension be? Which Constitutional amendment and right is being violated? What motivated Lincoln to suspend this right? 1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction) July 21, 1861 Commanding Generals Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (on left) Union Gen. Irwin McDowell (on right) Battle Of Bull Run July 21, 1861 ► Is this a Northern or Southern soldier? ► At the Battle of Bull Run, both sides had the same blue uniforms. Why would this be problematic? Wealthy and elite civilians from Washington, DC came to picnic and watch the battle. They are expecting a quick and easy victory by the Union Army. They were in for a surprise! Part of the Union Army under Gen. Burnside crossed this bridge and met the Confederate Army. A battle took place on the open fields with the Union driving back the enemy. Hero of the Battle ► Gen. Thomas Jackson arrives on the battlefield and refuses to retreat. He earns the nickname “Stonewall.” Why would this nickname be fitting for Thomas Jackson based on his actions at the battle? With a spine-tingling yell (rebel yell), the Confederates charged the Union (Yankee) troops. The troops retreat in a panic and don’t stop running until they get back to Washington, D.C., along with some very scared civilians. If the Confederates had pursued the Union Army, they might have captured the North’s capital. But they retreated to Manassas Junction. So ended the first major battle of the war with a Confederate victory. Battle of the Ironclads March 9,1862 The Monitor (U) V. The Merrimack (C) The Monitor (U) and the Merrimack (C) ► The two ironclads (armed naval vessels) battled for hours off the coast of Virginia without a winner. ► Cannonballs just bounced off the hulls of the ships. Submarine Warfare “The CSS Hunley” Submarine Warfare The CSS Hunley of the Confederate States of America attacked the USS Housatonic of the Union. It was the first submarine to sink a ship in warfare. ► The two naval vessels made history when the Hunley, attached a torpedo to the hull of the U.S.S. Housatonic and detonated it. ► The Housatonic sank just off of Charleston, and the crew of the Hunley became the first submariners in history to sink an enemy ship. But for some reason, the Hunley also sank to the bottom and didn't come up. ► The Hunley demonstrated both the advantages and the dangers of undersea warfare. The Hunley (C) attacking the Housatonic (U). The crew members of the Hunley were given a funeral 140 years (2004) after the Hunley sank. Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing) April 6 & 7, 1862 Commanding Officers ► Left-Confederate General Albert S. Johnston ► Below- U.S. General Ulysses S. Grant This battle was fought in southwestern Tennessee. ► General Major Ulysses S. Grant was encamped at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the river. ► Johnston’s men attack the Union troops in the early morning mists and drive them back. ► The Confederates achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day. ► Union reinforcements arrive and help defeat the Rebels. ► Battle of Shiloh Video The Battle of Shiloh is the bloodiest two day battle of the war with over 20,000 casualties. So many dying and wounded men crawled to this pond for water that the pond turned red with the blood of the fallen heroes. Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) Sept. 17, 1862 Sharpsburg, MD The battle was fought near here by Antietam Creek. Commanding Officers General Robert E. Lee, CSA General George B. McClellan, Union Battle Plans Found! ► Gen. What would you have done with these battle plans had you found them? Lee plans to attack into the North near Sharpsburg to get supplies and recruits. ► Four days before the battle, a Union scout finds Lee’s plans wrapped around 3 cigars. ► Gen. McClellan does nothing with this •The Army of the Potomac, under the command of George McClellan, mounted a series of powerful assaults against Robert E. Lee’s forces near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862. •At one point, The Union Army was well entrenched in a lane but the Confederates came around the side and fired. There were so many dead Union Soldiers, you could walk down the lane and never touch the ground. The battle raged on most of the day with no clear winner. Antietam was the bloodiest single day battle in American military history with 6,000 dead and 17,000 casualties. . Battle of Antietam Video President Lincoln later visits the battlefield. General McClellan is fired after his inability to destroy the Army of Virginia. The Emancipation Proclamation After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln decides it is the right time to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Though it freed only the slaves in the Southern states, it kept England and France out of the war. Emancipation Proclamation “If my name ever goes into history, it will be for this act.”—Lincoln, 1863 •The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. • It declared that "all persons held as slaves … shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free“ •The careful planning of this document, with Lincoln releasing it at just the right moment in the war, ensured that it had a great positive impact on the Union efforts and redefined the purpose of the war. •The Emancipation Proclamation continues to be a symbol of equality and social justice. Emancipation Proclamation cont. ► President Lincoln shook many hands on New Year’s Day of 1863 as a reception was held to commemorate the official signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. ► Diplomats, cabinet members and army officers filed past the president, and when he finally left the reception he noted that his arm was very stiff. ► As the document was presented, Lincoln remarked, “Now this signature is one that will be closely examined and if they find my hand trembled, they will say “he had some compunctions (second thoughts).” But anyway, it is going to be done!” Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Union General George Meade (left) Meade’s headquarters on the battlefield (right) Con. Gen. Robert E. Lee (left) Lee’s headquarters on the battlefield (right) Gen. Lee’s army was trying to regroup in the town of Gettysburg. Meade’s army was looking for Lee’s army when they collided just west of Gettysburg. “All roads lead to Gettysburg.” July 1st The two armies first met just west of Gettysburg, PA. The Confederates drove the Union army back and through the streets of Gettysburg where they take up a defensive position along Cemetery Ridge. July 2nd The fighting takes place at the northern end of the battlefield near Culp’s Hill and at the southern end around the Wheatfield, Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, and Little Round Top. Devil’s Den Modern View Dead Confederate Sharpshooter in Devil’s Den Little Round Top Front View of Little Round Top The Confederates tried unsuccessfully to attack this hill by a frontal assault. When that did not work, they tried to go around to the back to outflank them. Wartime Photo of Little Round Top The Backside of Little Round Top Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (left) led the 20th Maine of which his brother Thomas (right) was also a part of. The 20th Maine was the extreme left flank of the Union army. If the Confederates had gotten by them, the Union line would be flanked. The 20th Maine fended off several attacks from the charging rebels. 1st: 20th Maine at Little Round Top 2nd: 20th Maine Fend off Rebels Video: Gettysburg the Movie July 3rd General Lee decided that since his attacks on both ends of the Union lines have been unsuccessful, he will attack the center of the Union line. ► To lead the charge, General Lee chooses General George Pickett’s Division. ► This becomes famously known as, “Picketts’s Charge.” ► The charge begins with Confederate cannon fire aimed at the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. General Pickett’s men had to cross a mile of open field to reach the dense area of trees on Cemetery Ridge. This picture is a close view of the copse of trees the Confederates set their sights on reaching. This monument depicts the 28th North Carolina breaching the wall on Cemetery Hill. The Confederates were stopped and Pickett’s charge ended in failure. Pickett’s Charge Video The battle was over as Lee’s army limped back to Virginia, never to attack into the North again… On Nov. 19, 1863 President Lincoln helps dedicate a cemetery at Gettysburg to honor the brave men who gave their lives. He gives the Gettysburg Address. The Gettysburg Address ► In a two-minute speech called the “Gettysburg Address,” President Lincoln beautifully expressed what war came to mean: “It is for us the living… to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us… that these dead shall not have died in vain-that his nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.” Gettysburg Address Video Siege of Vicksburg May-July 4, 1863 ► Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s armies converged on Vicksburg, investing the city and entrapping the Confederate army under Lt. Gen. John Pemberton. ► This was the culmination of one of the most brilliant military campaigns of the war. ► With the loss of Pemberton’s army and this vital stronghold on the Mississippi, the Confederacy was effectively split in half. ► Grant's successes in the West boosted his reputation, leading to his appointment as Generalin-Chief of the Union armies. Siege of Vicksburg Video The Shirley House *Notice the bombproof shelters* •The only surviving wartime home in the national park, the Shirley House stood in an area of intense shelling. • The 45th Illinois Infantry used the home as its headquarters during the siege • Members of the unit dug hundreds of bombproof shelters around the house to try to shield themselves from Confederate artillery fire. •Union forces also used the home as a smallpox hospital in 1864. Wartime and Modern Views of the Vicksburg Waterfront Vicksburg Video The Anaconda Plan…. The Union now controls all the Mississippi River. Part One of the Anaconda Plan is now complete. Boats Along the Waterfront Siege of Petersburg June 15, 1864-April 2 1865 Siege of Petersburg Cont… ► ► ► ► ► The Richmond–Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia. Although it is more popularly known as the Siege of Petersburg, it was not a classic military siege, in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off, nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg. The campaign was nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles. Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his army, as well as the Confederate capital of Richmond. Lee yielded to the overwhelming pressure—the point at which supply lines were finally cut and a true siege would have begun— and abandoned both cities in April 1865, leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox Court House. Map of Petersburg Earthworks …… A military earthwork is defined as any primarily earthen structure erected for a military purpose. •During the Civil War, earthworks were called entrenchments, trenches, rifle or shelter trenches, rifle pits, parallels, earthen defenses, or breastworks. The Tunnel Entrance Miners dug a tunnel underneath the Confederate line and blew it up. •During the Siege of Petersburg Union troops led by General Ulysses S. Grant tunneled under the Confederate trenches and detonated the mine. •When set off, the resulting explosion killed about 300 soldiers Diagram of the tunnel The crater left form the explosion. Gen Lee, realizing that he can’t hold out at Petersburg, will try to head east to join up with the Confederate Army in North Carolina. With the end of the Siege of Petersburg, Richmond surrenders on April 3 and the Confederate government escapes. Much of Richmond is destroyed. Part II of the Anaconda Plan is now complete. More Destruction A Stereoscopic View of the ruins Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia April 9, 1865 Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia ► ► ► ► ► On the evening of April the 8th, 1865 General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of his once-proud Army of Northern Virginia arrived in Appomattox County one step ahead of the pursuing Federal Army. Lee's hope was to reach Appomattox Station on the South Side Railroad where supply trains awaited. The majority of Lee's forces were setting up a temporary camp one mile north of Appomattox Courthouse -- the small town lying between the Confederates and the station. After much time passed, Lee knew he was “checkmated” by federal advances and that he had no other options left. The disconsolate Lee sent word to Grant that he was prepared to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia. Surrender at Appomattox The tired and exhausted commanders would meet one last time! It would be in the front parlor of the Wilmer McLean home that the surrender would take place. ► Maj. Wilmer McLean might well have said, as tradition has it, "The [civil] ► The Civil War began on Wilmer McLean’s farm in Manassas Junction, Virginia, with the First Battle of Bull Run. A Union shell exploded in his kitchen. Wilmer McLean moved to get away from the conflict, yet almost four years later his new home, near Appomattox Court House, Virginia, was the agreed location for General Robert E. Lee to surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant on APRIL 9, 1865. War began in my front yard and ended in my parlor." Gen. Lee would sit to the left at this table and Gen. Grant would sit to the right as they discussed the terms of surrender. It was near here where the Confederate soldiers stacked their weapons and were paroled to fight no more. Appomattax Courthouse Video The North Carolina Monument at Appomattox North Carolina soldiers were the last to surrender at Appomattox. With Gen. Lee’s defeat, the war in the East is over. But Gen. William T. Sherman and his army have been reeking havoc in the West from Atlanta to the sea. He will turn North and sets his sights on the Carolinas! Sherman’s “March to the Sea” ► Sherman decides to conduct “Total War.” ► He will leave his supplies and live off the land as he marches through the south, all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. ► His first target: Atlanta ► The fall of Atlanta had virtually assured the reelection of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln that November, and the tide of war further shifted in favor of the Union. Atlanta was a busy railroad hub for the South. This is the Atlanta Depot. Atlanta Depot after Sherman Atlanta in ruins. Atlanta Confederate Palisades at Atlanta Sherman’s Army marched the entire way from Atlanta to Savannah and through the Carolinas. Sherman’s Tactics Video Sherman divides his 60,000 man army into 2 wings, the left and the right. Each wing took a different road to Savannah, cutting a 60 mile wide path of destruction… Defenses at Savannah Sherman enters Savannah Destruction at Savannah Sherman Destroys Columbia, SC Battle of Bentonville ► This March 19-20, 1865 was the last full-scale action of the Civil War in which the Confederate army was able to mount a tactical offensive. ► This major battle, the largest ever fought in North Carolina. ► It was the only significant attempt to defeat the large Union army of Gen. William T. Sherman during its march through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. The Harper House was turned into a hospital during the battle. The Confederacy’s Last Stand Video In this tiny cabin on April 26, 1865, Gen. Joe Johnston surrendered to Gen. William Sherman. This ended the Civil War.