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Egypt 8,000 years ago the Sahara was a green grassland. Today – the Sahara is the largest desert in the world. 2 Great Nile Civilizations developed around 3000 B.C. •Egypt •Nubia Label the map of Ancient Egypt and Nubia Egypt – the Gift of the Nile Herodotus - “Father of History” • The Nile gives birth to civilization • Gave life to the desert The Nile Facts Nile Facts Geography of the Nile Cataracts • area of strong rapids or waterfalls • 1st cataract – 720 miles from Mediterranean; border between Upper and Lower Egypt Nile Delta • Nile Delta: triangular (fan-shaped) marshland where Nile empties into Mediterranean Sea • Most lived near the Delta; farmers Advantages of the Nile • Fresh water, fish, animals (game & livestock) • Protection: Cataracts • Flooding: rich soil • transportation Flooding of the Nile • Little rain; mostly desert • Water comes from rainfall in East African highlands • Easier to predict than flooding in Mesopotamia • mid-summer: Upper Egypt • Fall – Lower Egypt Results of Flooding • • • • Deposited silt – dark, fertile soil Essential for farming (& life) Black lands – along Nile Red Lands – dry, lifeless, desert (beyond Nile) Advantages Beyond the Nile • Deserts on both sides provided protection • Seas: protection and trade from Village to Civilization Villages Develop • 12,000 ya: hunter-gatherers moved to Nile Valley • Began to settle in small villages • Developed irrigation systems: basins, canals, shadoofs Irrigation • Basins: bowlshaped holes to store water • Shadoof – machine used to lift water Villages Grew • Wealthy farmers became leaders • Took over villages • 3200 B.C. – villages banded together to form 2 kingdoms • Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt Unifying Egypt • Lower Egypt: Pe (wore red crown) • Upper Egypt: Nekhen (white crown) Shallow red crown – Lower Egypt in the north High white crown – Upper Egypt in the south A Unified Egypt • Scorpion – king of Upper Egypt failed to unite the two kingdoms • King Menes - successful King Menes • 3100 B.C. • Invaded and conquered Lower Egypt • Married princess from Lower Egypt • Capital - Memphis King Menes • 1st pharaoh (Egyptian leader) • 1st dynasty (series of rulers from the same family) • Also called Narmer • Wore double crown – symbolized leadership over two kingdoms King Menes • 1st dynasty – 200 years • 2nd dynasty – 200 years rd • 3 dynasty – begins about 2700 B.C. • 2700 b.C. – Old Kingdom
