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Download The Effects of Substrate Composition on Intertidal Organism Diversity
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Transcript
Hala Nader, Alyson Pickard, Sam Shaw, & Jenna Thebeau Diversity ◦ Probability that two randomly selected organisms from a community will belong to a different species Diversity ◦ Probability that two randomly selected organisms from a community will belong to a different species Richness ◦ Number of species in a community Diversity ◦ Probability that two randomly selected organisms from a community will belong to a different species Richness ◦ Number of species in a community Evenness ◦ The degree of similarity in the distribution of each species within the community What effects diversity? ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Vertical & horizontal stress gradients Wave exposure Temperature Desiccation Shelter availability Limitation Stress ◦ Lack of available resources Limitation Stress ◦ Lack of available resources Disruptive Stress ◦ Causes cellular damage 3 categories: ◦ Supralittoral ◦ Midlittoral ◦ Infralittoral 3 categories: ◦ Supralittoral ◦ Midlittoral ◦ Infralittoral Depends on elevation and exposure Depend on ice scour intensity and wave exposure Depend on ice scour intensity and wave exposure Wave exposure determines what type of substrate is found along horizontal gradient High wave exposure ◦ Washes away small debris ◦ Leaves large rocks & cobble ◦ Low predation High wave exposure ◦ Washes away small debris ◦ Leaves large rocks & cobble ◦ Low predation Moderate wave exposure ◦ Bedrock & cobble ◦ Stable habitat High wave exposure ◦ Washes away small debris ◦ Leaves large rocks & cobble ◦ Low predation Moderate wave exposure ◦ Bedrock & cobble ◦ Stable habitat Low wave exposure ◦ Primarily muddy ◦ Low drainage leading to anoxia Effect of substrate type on organism diversity and individual species preference Effect of substrate type on organism diversity and individual species preference Hypothesis ◦ Diversity will change with respect to substrate type 3 sites were sampled ◦ Green’s Point High wave exposure, large rock & cobble 3 sites were sampled ◦ Green’s Point High wave exposure, large rock & cobble ◦ Indian Point Moderate wave exposure, bedrock & cobble 3 sites were sampled ◦ Green’s Point High wave exposure, large rock & cobble ◦ Indian Point Moderate wave exposure, bedrock & cobble ◦ Bar Road Low wave exposure, mud & sand 10 samples along a 50 m transect line within midlittoral zone at each site 10 samples along a 50 m transect line within midlittoral zone at each site 1x1 m quadrat placed every 5 m 10 samples along a 50 m transect line within midlittoral zone at each site 1x1 m quadrat placed every 5 m Estimation of the number of plant and animal species encountered 10 samples along a 50 m transect line within midlittoral zone at each site 1x1 m quadrat placed every 5 m Estimation of the number of plant and animal species encountered Species identified A. nodosum C. crispus Corraline sp. Dictyosiphon sp. Elachista flaccida F. vesiculosus Lithothamnion sp. U. lactuca Plant Species Acmae testudinaris Asterias forbesii B. balanus L. littorea L. obtusata N. lapillus S. balanoides S. droebachiensis Animal Species 0.7 Diversity Index Value 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Bedrock Rocky Muddy Substrate Type Figure 1: The diversity of the 3 substrates based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index 12 Number of Encountered Species 10 8 6 4 2 0 Bedrock Rocky Muddy Substrate Type Figure 2: Species Richness and the 3 locations A. nodosum C. crispus Corraline sp. Dictyosiphon sp. Elachista flaccida F. vesiculosus Lithothamnion sp. U. lactuca Plant Species Acmae testudinaris Asterias forbesii B. balanus L. littorea L. obtusata N. lapillus S. balanoides S. droebachiensis Animal Species A. nodosum C. crispus Corraline sp. Dictyosiphon sp. Elachista flaccida F. vesiculosus Lithothamnion sp. U. lactuca Plant Species Acmae testudinaris Asterias forbesii B. balanus L. littorea L. obtusata N. lapillus S. balanoides S. droebachiensis Animal Species 80% 70% % Coverage /m2 60% Bedrock 50% Rocky 40% Muddy 30% 20% 10% 0% A. nodosum B. balanus E. flaccida Lithothamnion spp. Species Name S. balanoides Corraline spp. Figure 3: Percent coverage per m2 (mean ±SEM) for 3 different substrates 4 Number of Organisms per m2 3.5 3 2.5 Bedrock 2 Rocky 1.5 Muddy 1 0.5 0 N. lapillus Species Name Figure 4: Number of Nucella lapillus found per m2 (mean±SEM) Bedrock Number of Organisms per m2 70 Rocky 60 Muddy 50 40 30 20 10 0 L. littorea Species Figure 5: Number of Littorina littorea (mean ±SEM) Number of Organisms per m2 25 Bedrock 20 Rocky 15 Muddy 10 5 0 F. vesiculosus Species Figure 6: Number of Fucus vesiculosus (mean±SEM) Rocky substrate – Greens Point ◦ Ascophyllum nodosum (common brown algae) Found it in exposed areas Could be due to ability to attach to substrate Rocky substrate – Greens Point ◦ Ascophyllum nodosum (common brown algae) Found it in exposed areas Could be due to ability to attach to substrate ◦ Coralline spp. (red algae) and Elachista flaccide (brown algae) Sheltered due to canopy Rocky substrate – Greens Point ◦ Ascophyllum nodosum (common brown algae) Found it in exposed areas Could be due to ability to attach to substrate ◦ Coralline spp. (red algae) and Elachista flaccide (brown algae) Sheltered due to canopy ◦ Nucella lapillus (whelk) Found due to coverage of plants Bedrock substrate – Indian Point ◦ Fucus vesiculosus (bladder wrack) Only grow if fucus spiralis is removed Bedrock substrate – Indian Point ◦ Fucus vesiculosus (bladder wrack) Only grow if fucus spiralis is removed ◦ Lithothamnion spp. (calcareous algae) Fucus could have provided shelter Rock provides suitable place to grow Larvae can settle due lower wave exposure Bedrock substrate – Indian Point ◦ Littorina littorea (periwinkle) Fucus provided shelter from wave exposure and protection from desiccation Feed on green & brown algae Bedrock substrate – Indian Point ◦ Littorina littorea (periwinkle) Fucus provided shelter from wave exposure and protection from desiccation Feed on green & brown algae ◦ Semibalanus balanoides (barnacle) Fucus provided shelter from wave exposure and protection from desiccation Predators and competitors were absent from this sampling site Muddy Substrate – Bar Road ◦ Semibalanus balanoides (barnacle) ◦ Littorina littorea (periwinkle) ◦ Acmaea testudinalis (limpet) Muddy Substrate – Bar Road ◦ Semibalanus balanoides (barnacle) ◦ Littorina littorea (periwinkle) ◦ Acmaea testudinalis (limpet) ◦ Possibility of burrowed organisms Species are not evenly distributed in environments ◦ Acorn barnacles are the dominant species ◦ Plant species provide protection for animal species Species are not evenly distributed in environments ◦ Acorn barnacles are the dominant species ◦ Plant species provide protection for animal species Bedrock substrates have the highest species richness Species are not evenly distributed in environments ◦ Acorn barnacles are the dominant species ◦ Plant species provide protection for animal species Bedrock substrates have the highest species richness Muddy substrates have the lowest species richness Estimation of species numbers rather than an actual count of the species. Estimation of species numbers rather than an actual count of the species. Sample Size Estimation of species numbers rather than an actual count of the species. Sample Size Some species not seen but present Greater variety of substrates Greater variety of substrates Monitoring physical and biological factors Questions?
