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Title of Course: Equine Management
Level: 9-12
Teacher: Shannon Swank
Duty: Using Basic Scientific Skills in Animal Nutrition
Unit Title: Basic Scientific Skills in Animal Nutrition
Task to be Taught: Identify parts and functions of the digestive system of a ruminant, a non-ruminant,
and a pseudo-ruminant.
SOLs to be Taught: BIO.4
Lesson Title: Ruminant Digestive System
Time Required: 50 minutes
Instructional Performance Objectives
Overall Objective: The student will be able to identify the parts and functions of the digestive system
of a ruminant animal with 80% accuracy on a teacher created assessment graded on an appropriately
designed rubric.
Enabling Objectives:
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Define basic functions of ruminant digestive anatomy
Define what cudding is?
Identify the parts of the cattle digestive system
Standards of Learning:
BIO.4
The student will investigate and understand life functions of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Key
concepts include:
a) comparison of their metabolic activities;
b) maintenance of homeostasis;
c) how the structures and functions vary among and within the Eukarya kingdoms of protists,
fungi, plants, and animals, including humans;
d) human health issues, human anatomy, and body systems;
e) how viruses compare with organisms; and
f) evidence supporting the germ theory of infectious disease
CTSO Activity Incorporated in Lesson: N/A
Resources Needed:
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Projector
PowerPoint
Handouts
Computer
Activity
Resources Used:
www.cteonline.org/portal/default/.../Viewer/Curriculum?.
http://youtu.be/ksxl8Jyev3Y
http://youtu.be/cWg1u1bUKNc.
Content
1. Introduction
• What do you think is the function of the
ruminant digestive system?
• Function of the digestive system
Breaks down food into nutrients
Eating
Mastication
Deglutition
Absorbs Nutrients
Defication
• What do you think carnivores eat?
Herbivores?
• How about omnivores?
2. Content
Different species of animals have digestive systems
adapted to the most efficient use of the food they
consume.
The anatomy and physiology of the digestive systems
of herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores all differ.
What do you think some of the differences might be
for ruminants?
Ruminants are those animals that contain a multichambered digestive system (polygastric) that allows
the animal to gain the majority of their nutritional
needs from forages and other roughages.
• Forage refers to grasses, roughages
refers to other high-fiber food sources.
Teaching Strategies
Show ruminant digestion videos
Show slide 3&4
Show slides 5&6
Slide 7
Slide 8
The digestive tract extends from the lips to the anus. It
includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and
the small and large intestines.
• Accessory glands include the salivary
Slide 9&10&11
glands, the liver, and the pancreas.
What do you think may be the function of some of
these accessory glands? Like the liver?
The digestive system of ruminant animals includes the
:
• Mouth - grasps the food
• Teeth - grind the food
• Ruminants have only one set
Slides 12-14
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of teeth in the front of the
mouth (incisors), and two sets
in the back (molars).
Tongue - covered with finger-like
projections (papillae) that contain
taste buds.
Salivary glands - secrete saliva, that
moistens food and is mixed with the
food material to aid in swallowing.
Pharynx - funnels food into the
esophagus, preventing food material
from entering the lungs.
Esophagus - food tube that leads from
the mouth to the stomach.
At this point, ruminant animals have a multichambered “stomach”
Reticulum
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum
Reticulum - honeycomb-like interior surface, this part
helps to remove foreign matter from the food
material.
Referred to as the trash can
Why do you think they need this?
Ruminant animals grasp mouthfuls of food and
swallow it before it is chewed.
• They wrap their tongue around a
mouthful of grass, clamp down their
teeth, and pull to break the grass at its
weakest point, and swallow.
• Ruminants will “chew their cud”
(regurgitate) their food material and
then grind it with their molars at a
time when the animal is resting.
• This is done until the food particles are
small enough to pass through the
reticulum into the rumen.
• Since ruminant animals do not “chew”
their food when it is taken in, at times
foreign material like rocks, nails, small
pieces of wire, can be swallowed.
• What do you think can happen if too
much foreign material builds up?
•
If enough of this foreign material
Slide 15
Slide 16&17&18
Slide 19-26
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remains in the reticulum, it may cause
damage and infection of the reticulum
(hardware disease).
What are some things you think they
may swallow?
Rumen - the organ that allows for bacterial
and chemical breakdown of fiber.
• The rumen has a very thick, muscular
wall.
• It fills most of the left-side of the
abdomen
Omasum - section that is round and muscular.
• “Grinds” the food material and
prepares the food material for
chemical breakdown.
Abomasum - very similar to the stomach of
non-ruminants.
• this is where the majority of chemical
breakdown of food material occurs.
• mixes in digestive enzymes (pepsin,
rennin, bile, etc.).
Small Intestine - where most of the food
material is absorbed into the bloodstream
• Contains three sections:
• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum
• The food material is continually
squeezed as it is moved through the
small intestine, becoming more solid.
• The majority of the food material
absorption occurs in the duodenum
and the jejunum.
Slides 27-30
Slides 31-32
Slides 33-34
Slides 35-36
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Large Intestine - begins to prepare unused
food material for removal from the body
• a portion of the large intestine in some
animals contain pouches that may
contain enzymes for further speciesspecific digestion (horses and rabbits
(cecum)).
Slide 37
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Colon - collects the unused food material that
is to be removed from the body
Rectum - “poop chute”
Slide 38
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Anus - opening through which the waste is
removed.
• Controlled by sphincter muscles, that
also help protect the opening
3. Conclusion/Review
In conclusion, the rumen allows for bacteria to
breakdown fiber, enabling ruminants to gain the
proteins and energy from plant sources.
Slides 39-40
Non-ruminant animals cannot obtain the nutritional
value from most plant sources unless the food has
been modified (ground, mashed, etc.)
Song Challenge
Create your own song to help you remember the
ruminant digestive system.
Include:
-Parts and something about their functions
-Especially the key pieces that make them ruminants.
Doesn’t necessarily have to be a song, can be a poem
or creative story? As long as it helps you remember
what we’ve learned.
Slide 41