Download SKULL – Part 1

SKULL – Part 1
Cranial Bones
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Frontal – forehead
Parietal – upper sides
Temporal – lower sides
Occipital – back/base
Sphenoid – connects inside, wings
Ethmoid – back of nasal cavity
Sutures
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Coronal – frontal/parietal
Sagittal – parietal/parietal
Lambdoid – occipital/ parietal
Squamous – temporal/parietal
Facial Bones
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Maxilla – upper jaw
Palatine – posterior roof of mouth
Zygomatic – “cheekbones”
Nasal – bridge of nose
 Lacrimal – medial eye socket
 Vomer – floor of nasal cavity
 Mandible – lower jaw
SKULL – Part 2
Processes
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Zygomatic process (temporal bone)
Mastoid process (temporal bone)
Styloid process (temporal bone)
Occipital condyles (occipital bone)
External occipital protuberance (occ.)
Greater wings (lateral sphenoid)
Lesser wings (anterior/superior sphenoid)
Pterygoid Processes (inferior sphenoid)
Nasal conchae (ethmoid bone)
Coronoid process (mandible)
Condylar process (mandible, posterior)
Interior Structures
 Sella turcica (sphenoid bone) “saddle”
 Internal auditory meatus (temporal bone)
 Crista galli (ethmoid bone)
Openings & Depressions (other than foramina on
base of skull)
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Mandibular fossa (temporal bone)
External auditory meatus (temporal bone)
Infraorbital foramen (maxilla)
Supraorbital foramen (frontal bone)
Mental foramen (mandible)
Mandibular notch (mandible)
FORAMINA OF SKULL
Inferior View (from bottom)
Foramen Magnum – for spinal cord
Foramen Lacerum – intersection of
sphenoid, temporal, and occipital
Foramen Ovale – lateral to and slightly
larger than Lacerum
Foramen Spinosum – lateral/posterior to
and smaller than Ovale
Jugular Foramen – closest to Magnum,
between occipital and temporal
Carotid Canal – anterior/lateral to Jugular
FORAMINA OF SKULL
Superior View (from top, calvarium
removed)
Foramen Magnum – for spinal cord
Foramen Lacerum – intersection of
sphenoid, temporal, and occipital
Foramen Ovale – lateral to and slightly
larger than Lacerum
Foramen Spinosum – lateral/posterior to
and smaller than Ovale
Foramen Rotundum – anterior sphenoid,
medial to orbital fissure
Orbital Fissure – slit at back of eye socket
Optic Canal – between upper and lower
portions of lesser wing on sphenoid bone
Jugular Foramen – closest to Magnum,
between occipital and temporal
Carotid Canal – anterior/lateral to Jugular
FETAL SKULL – FONTANELS
 Anterior fontanel – superior, where
sagittal and coronal sutures meet
 Posterior fontanel – posterior, where
sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet
 Posterolateral/Mastoid fontanel –
lateral posterior, where lambdoid and
squamous sutures meet
 Anterolateral/Sphenoidal fontanel –
lateral anterior, where squamous and
coronal sutures meet
VERTEBRAE – general
Vertebra
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Body – largest mass, anterior
Spinous process – posterior projection
Transverse process – lateral projection
Vertebral foramen – hole for spinal
cord to pass through
 Vertebral arch – ring of bone around
vertebral foramen
o Pedicle – between body & T.P.
o Lamina – between T.P. & S.P.
 Articular Facets – smooth surfaces for
articulation with other vertebrae
ATLAS (C1) & AXIS (C2)
Atlas
 Has no spinous process or body
 Anterior & Posterior arches connect
Lateral Masses
 Superior articular facets for
articulation with occipital condyles of
occipital bone (skull) – allows for
nodding of head
 Inferior articular facets for articulation
with Axis (C2)
Axis
 Dens – superior projection articulates
with anterior arch of Atlas (C1) –
allows for rotation of head
 Superior articular facets for
articulation with Atlas (C1)
VERTEBRAE – THREE TYPES
Cervical
 C1-C7
 Bifid (split end) spinous process (on
some)
 Transverse foramina for blood vessels
Thoracic
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T1-T12
Long slender spinous process
Articular facets for ribs
“Giraffe Head”
Lumbar
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L1-L5
Large body
Short, stubby spinous process
“Moose Head”
SACRUM & COCCYX
Sacrum
 Median sacral crest (ridge down
center)
 Lateral sacral crests (ridges down
sides)
 Sacral foramina – holes where nerves
at end of spinal cord exit
Coccyx
 Tailbone
STERNUM & RIBS
Costal Cartilage
 Ribs do not articulate directly with
sternum
 “True” ribs have cartilage that
continues directly to sternum
 “False” ribs have cartilage that
combines with the cartilage of true ribs
to reach the sternum
 “Floating” ribs do not have cartilage
Ribs
Sternum
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Manubrium – superior portion
Jugular notch – top of manubrium
Body – main part
Xiphoid process – inferior point
 Interesting end with bumps is the
“head” end that articulates with
vertebrae
 Plain end attaches to cartilage
SCAPULA – ORIENTATION
 The Glenoid cavity/fossa is LATERAL
o Where the head of the humerus
articulates
 The Spine of the scapula is POSTERIOR
o The lateral end of the spine is the
Acromion
o The anterior lateral projection is
the Coracoid Process
o The flat part above the spine on
the posterior side is Supraspinous
fossa (where the muscle
Supraspinatus is located)
o The flat part below the spine on
the posterior side is Infraspinous
fossa (where the muscle
Infraspinatus is located)
 The anterior surface is the subscapular
fossa
HUMERUS – ORIENTATION
 The medial side of the humerus has
the Head (proximal end) and Medial
Epicondyle (medial bump, distal end)
and Trochlea (rounded end, distal)
 The lateral side of the humerus has the
Greater & Lesser Tubercles (with
Intertubercular Groove between them,
proximal end) and Lateral Epicondyle
(lateral bump, distal end) and
Capitulum (rounded end, distal), as
well as the Deltoid Tuberosity (rough
spot along the shaft/body)
 The posterior side of the humerus has
the Olecranon Fossa (a deeper
indentation, distal end)
 The anterior side of the humerus has
the Coronoid Fossa (a shallower
indentation, distal end)
SHOULDER JOINT
BONE ARTICULATIONS: Proximal humerus,
scapula, clavicle
 The Head (rounded end) of the humerus
articulates with the Glenoid cavity/fossa of
the scapula
 The Acromial End of the clavicle is rounded
and articulates with the acromion of the
scapula
 The Sternal End of the clavicle is blunt and
articulates with the manubrium of the
sternum
LIGAMENTS
 Acromioclavicular
o Acromion of scapula to clavicle
 Coracoacromial
o Coracoid process of scapula to
acromion of scapula
 Coracoclavicular (aka Trapezoid ligament)
o Coracoid process of scapula to clavicle
 Coracohumeral (not on model)
o Coracoid process of scapula to
humerus
 Glenohumeral (aka articular capsule
ligament)
o Ridge around glenoid cavity of scapula
to humerus
ELBOW JOINT
Proximal Ulna
Proximal Radius
BONE ARTICULATIONS: Distal humerus,
proximal radius & ulna
 Coronoid process of ulna articulates
with coronoid fossa of humerus
 Olecranon process of ulna articulates
with olecranon fossa of humerus
 Trochlear notch of ulna articulates
with trochlea of humerus
 Articular surface of head of radius
articulates with capitulum of humerus
o Remember – ‘cap on head’
 Radial notch of ulna articulates with
side of head of radius
 Radial tuberosity on radius – bump just
distal to head for muscle attachment
WRIST & HAND
Distal Radius & Ulna
 Each bone has a Styloid process (pointy
projection – styloid = like a pen) on the
lateral distal end
Carpals
 Wrist bones
 You do NOT need to name them
Metacarpals
 5 bones of palm (I, II, III, IV, V)
 I is thumb side, V is pinky side
Phalanges
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I-V same as metacarpals
Proximal – closest to palm
Middle – intermediate
Distal – ends
PELVIC BONE – ORIENTATION
Each pelvic bone is made up of 3 bones:
 Ilium – large wing-like portion
 Ischium – part you sit on
 Pubis – front projection, forms pubic
symphysis with other pelvic bone
KEY LANDMARKS – use these to orient the
bone into anatomical position
 Obturator Foramen – large hole
surrounded by Ischium & Pubis
 Acetabulum – bowl depression (lateral)
for articulation with head of femur
 Greater Sciatic Notch – large indent on
posterior side
 Rough patch on Ilium is anterior,
articulates with sacrum
Once oriented, you can find…
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Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Ischial spine – bump on ischium,
inferior to greater sciatic notch
 Iliac crest – superior ridge of ilium
 Ramus – bone around obturator
foramen (pubis and ischium)
FEMUR – ORIENTATION
 The medial side of the femur has the
head (rounded projection, on narrower
neck) and lesser trochanter (bump) on
the proximal end and the medial
condyle (rounded end) and epicondyle
(medial bump) on the distal end
 The lateral side of the femur has the
greater trochanter (bump) on the
proximal end and the lateral condyle
(rounded end) and epicondyle (lateral
bump) on the distal end
 The intertrochanteric crest is a ridge
that connects the trochanters
(proximal, posterior)
 The intercondylar groove is the indent
between the condyles (distal)
 Linea aspera is a rough surface along
the shaft of the femur (posterior)
KNEE JOINT
Proximal Tibia
BONE ARTICULATIONS: Distal femur,
Proximal tibia & fibula
 The medial condyles of the femur and tibia
articulate with each other
 The lateral condyles of the femur and tibia
articulate with each other
 The intercondylar eminence on the tibia
slides between the intercondylar groove on
the femur
 The tibia is the medial bone of the lower leg
 The head of the fibula is on the lateral side
of the knee joint
LIGAMENTS, etc.
 Lateral (fibular) collateral
o Lateral epicondyle of femur to head of
fibula
 Medial (tibial) collateral
o Medial epicondyle of femur to medial
tibia
 Anterior Cruciate (ACL)
o Inside of lateral condyle of femur to
intercondylar eminence of tibia
 Posterior Cruciate (PCL)
o Inside of medial condyle of femur to
intercondylar eminence of tibia
 Patellar
o Tendon of Quadriceps (anterior thigh)
muscle group passes over patella to
tibial tuberosity of tibia
 Popliteal ligaments not shown on model
 Medial & Lateral meniscus
o Connective tissue pads between
femur and tibia
ANKLE & FOOT
Distal Tibia & Fibula
 Medial malleolus – ankle bump on
medial tibia
 Lateral malleolus – ankle bump on
lateral fibula
 Distal tibia surface articulates with
Talus (a tarsal/ankle bone)
Tarsals
 Ankle bones
 Talus – articulates with Tibia
 Calcaneus – heel
Metatarsals
 Foot bones (I, II, III, IV, V)
 I is big toe side, V is pinky side
Phalanges
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I-V same as metatarsals
Proximal – closest to foot
Middle – intermediate
Distal – ends