Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Human Body Major Systems 8 IMPORTANTBODY SYSTEMS • The Circulatory System • The Immune System • The Digestive System • The Respiratory System • The Excretory System • The Endocrine System • The Musculoskeletal System • The Nervous System SYSTEMS OF THE BODY The human body, like the bodies of all animals, is made up of systems. Each system is made up of organs. The organs are made up of tissues, and the tissues are made up of cells. The Human Body • Body Structure – Anatomists- scientists who study the body structure • There are 300 muscles involved with every step you take – Scientists seek to understand the body composition and structure • We use physical and chemical laws to discover how the body works The Human Body • Our Bodies Make-up: – Body- network of systems – Systems- Largest unit of study- groups of organs performing similar tasks – Organs- made up of similar tissues grouped together – Tissues- made up of similar cells grouped together – Cells- smallest unit of living things – Looking at all these parts helps us see how our bodies function as a whole The Human Body • All parts of the body work together. – The body functions as a whole. • Ex.- The heart pumps blood rich in oxygen to all parts of the body, the oxygen comes from the lungs where carbon dioxide from the working of the body is breathed out and oxygen is brought in. The Human Body • Systems: – Highest level of organization. – Defined as: a group of organs which function together as a unit to perform a definite job for the body. • All systems work together and when one is not working it affects others • Each body system performs its own special job The Circulatory System The work of the circulatory system is to circulate blood throughout the body. Some organs in the circulatory system are the heart and the lungs. The Circulatory System • Cardiovascular System: – All cells must have food, water, and oxygen and have wastes removed! • The cardiovascular system is the transport system for your body – Main Parts: • • • • Heart- organ that pumps blood Arteries- carry blood away from the heart Capillaries- tiny connecting tissue (gets blood to cells) Veins- collect blood from capillaries and return to heart The Circulatory System • Cardiovascular System: – Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are all exchanged from blood to cells and cells to blood. • This takes place by diffusion – Diffusion: The mixing of gas or liquid, molecules by movement of molecules. • Muscle system helps blood pump through the veins The Circulatory System • Heart • Atrium- upper heart • Ventricle- lower heart – Pulmonary Circulation • Pulmonary Circulation: the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs • Right side of heart pumps blood full of carbon dioxide to lungs • Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to body The Circulatory System • Heart – Coronary Circulation: • The flow of blood which serves the tissues of the heart itself – Systematic Circulation: • The flow of blood between the heart and rest of the body The Circulatory System • Blood: – Blood Transports: • • • • • • • • Oxygen from Respiratory System Nutrients from Digestive System Wastes from bodies cells Hormones from Endocrine System Micro-organism fighting antibodies from the lymphatic system Blood Proteins Enzymes Water The Lymphatic System • Blood: – Circulatory system links all the systems of the body • Lymphatic System: – Function is to assist in circulating certain body fluids and in protecting your body from disease • Tissue Fluid- liquid that surrounds cells • Lymph Capillaries- dirty fluid is forced into capillaries to leave the body (fluid now is called lymph) The Lymphatic System • Lymphatic System (Immune System): – The lymphatic system moves lymph similar to how blood moves, but lymph does not circulate – Lymphatic system moves lymph with muscle movements. – Lymph is stopped from leaking back by valves – These organs make up the immune system The Immune System • Immune system: – Immune system- a special system of defense that fights invading microorganisms – Integumentary system- also helps immune system • Skin- protects from microrganisms • Mucous- traps invaders in sticky fluid • Hydrochloric Acid- eats invaders in stomach The Respiratory System Breathing air is necessary for keeping humans alive. The work of the respiratory system is to take in fresh air and get rid of stale air. The Lungs The Respiratory System • Respiratory System: – Function- exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide • Nasal Cavity- (nose) where air is warmed, moistened and filtered – Mucous- catches foreign substances • Pharynx- throat • Larynx- voice box • Trachea- windpipe The Respiratory System • Respiratory System: – Bronchi- tubes that leads to the lungs – Lungs- where air sacs are located and where gas exchange takes place – Diaphragm- breathing muscle (part or respiratory and muscle system) • Oxygen moves into lungs by diffusion • Carbon Dioxide moves out by diffusion The Digestive System The human digestive system is a series of organs and glands that processes food. In order to use the food you eat, your body has to break the food down into smaller molecules that it can process; it also has to get rid of waste. The Digestive System • Digestive System (DS): – Function of DS is to break down food so it can be absorbed by your cardiovascular system • Parts of DS – Mouth- food is chewed and mixed with salvia in your mouth – Esophagus- long muscular tube that leads from your mouth to your stomach Systems to Organs • Food Processors – Small Intestine Parts: • Duodenum- first 10 inch section • Jejunum- 4 ft in length • Ileum- 5 ¼ feet long, Peyer’s patches are located here • Villi- nutrients enter through capilaries into your blood stream Small Intestine Close Up The Digestive System • Parts of the DS: – Stomach- storage and mixing chamberdigestive juices break down food – Small Intestines- this is where a majority of the digestion and absorption process takes place – Liver- (largest internal organ of the body)blood rich in food is processed here – Colon or Large Intestine- takes the rest of the water and nutrients out of food Systems to Organs • Garbage Disposal – Colon- 5 ft. long that takes out water, helps fight pathogens – Rectum- where food is eliminated from the body The Excretory System • Excretory System: – Function of ES- remove wastes from the body • Organs of ES- lungs, liver, kidneys, sweat glands – Urinary System- main system of excretion, made of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra • Function of US- remove liquid and soluable waste products from the body The Urinary System The Excretory System • Organs of US: – Kidneys- bean shaped organ that filters wasters from your blood – Ureters- tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder – Bladder- storage area for urine – Urethra- canal that urine passes through to leave the body The Integumentary System The Integumentary Systems • Integumentary System – Function of IS: to cover and protect the body • IS: contains nerves to send messages to brain • IS: helps immune system by keeping invaders out • IS: helps slow water loss in the body – Parts of the IS: • Epidermis- outer layer of skin • Dermis- second layer of skin • Hypodermis- layer of cells below the dermis The Integumentary System • Parts of the IS: – Epidermis • Has several cell layers – Outermost cell layer- flat, dead cells – Innermost layer- living cells • Hard activity stimulate the growth of new cells • Callus- thickened layer of epidermal tissue from constant friction The Integumentary System • Parts of the IS: – Dermis• Tough, fibrous structure • Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicle, and some muscle – Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer)• Insulating layer – Contains fat and blood vessels • Reduces heat loss from body or heat gain in the body The Muscular System The work of the muscular system is to help both the inside and outside parts of your body move smoothly. Did you know there are over 650 muscles in the human body? The Skeletal System Another one of your body systems is the skeletal system. The skeleton is the name given to the collection of bones that holds your body upright. Functions of the Skeleton Bones protect such vital organs as the brain, the heart, and the lungs. The skeleton allows us to move. Bones manufacture blood cells and store important minerals. The Skeletal System • Skeletal System: – Function of SS: support and protect internal organs • Made of 206 bones – Parts of SS: • • • • • Ligaments- join bone to bone Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones The Skeletal System • Bones of the SS: – Long Bones- humerus (upper arm) and femur (thigh bone)- support weight of body and movement – Short Bones- phalanges (fingers)- same as long bones but smaller – Flat Bones- ribs and cranium- protect vital organs – Irregular Bone- vertabrae (backbone)- bones that do not fit in other categories. The Skeletal System • Functions of SS: – 1. Give support and shape to body – 3. Protects vital organs – 2. Provides attachments for muscle • Works with the muscular system – Houses bone marrow which makes the red blood cells. • Marrow- soft, fatty system of vessels found in the porous center of a long bone The Muscoskeletal System • Muscular System: – Function of MS: produce movement for your body • ½ bodies weight is muscle • 650 muscles in the body – Parts of the Muscular System • Skeletal Muscles- (voluntary) you control – Tendons: connect bone to muscle – Involuntary Muscles- heart, digestive system, respiratory system The Endocrine System The Endocrine Systems • Endocrine System: – Function of ES- to create chemicals called hormones • Hormones- chemical substances which control growth, digestion, etc. – Parts of ES: • Gland- a structure that secretes some substance (use ductless glands or endocrine glands) – All substances have to travel through the blood stream The Endocrine System • Endocrine System: – Exerts control on organs • Causes organs to speed up or slow down • Certain hormones only control certain organs – Hormones help nervous system control body The Reproductive System • Reproductive System: – Function of RS: to produce new living organisms – Main Organs: • Ovaries- FEMALE- produce egg – Egg- female reproductive cell • Testes- MALE- produce sperm – Sperm- male reproductive cell – Endocrine system (hormones) create differences in men and woman The Nervous System The work of the nervous system is to be the boss of the rest of the body! Your brain tells each of the other systems what to do. Your thinking and emotions take place in the brain, as well. The Nervous System Some important parts of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord. Five parts of your brain are: ▪ cerebrum (suh-ree-brum) ▪ cerebellum (sair-uh-beh-lum) ▪ brain stem ▪ pituitary gland (puh-too-uh-ter-ee gland) ▪ hypothalamus (hi-po-tha-luh-muss) The Nervous System • Nervous System: – Function of NS: coordinate the activities of your body- control body functions • Central Nervous System- consists of brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System- composed of nerves and nerve tissue called ganglia • Impulses- electrochemical messages – Impulses travel from brain throughout the body The Body Systems Remember, the human body is made up of systems. Each system is made up of organs. The organs are made up of tissues, and the tissues are made up of cells. When all the systems of the body work together, we enjoy good health.