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Behavioral Views of Learning Chapter 6 Educational Psychology, 11th Edition ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Understanding Learning Learning occurs when experience causes a relatively permanent change in behavior May be deliberate or unintentional May be correct, or incorrect Effects of external events on behavior Does not include maturation or temporary conditions like hunger or illness Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 2 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Explanations of Learning: Contiguity and Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Response Learning of involuntary emotional or physiological responses Humans and Animals can be trained to react involuntarily Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 3 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses Learning by strengthening voluntary behaviors Operants Antecedents Consequences Reinforcers Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 4 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement always increases a desired behavior Punishment always decreases an undesired behavior Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 5 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses Learning by strengthening voluntary behaviors Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Increases a behavior by adding a desired consequence Increases a behavior by adding an undesired consequence Punishment Presentation Removal Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 6 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Intermittent Interval Ratio See chart p. 205 Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 7 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses Extinction Cueing Prompting Stimulus Control Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 8 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Applied Behavior Analysis Behavior Modification Using behaviorism to improve behaviors by increasing desired behaviors or reducing undesired ones Clearly specify behavior to be modified Plan specific intervention Keep track of results Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 9 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Premack Principle Reinforcers exist all over High frequency behavior can be a reinforcer for a low frequency behavior “Do what I want, then you can do what you want” Low frequency behavior must happen first Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 10 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Shaping and Positive Practice Shaping Using reinforcers to shape behavior Positive Practice Practicing the correct behavior as soon and as much as possible Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 11 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Handling Undesirable Behavior Negative Reinforcement Reprimands Response Cost Social Isolation Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 12 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Putting It All Together: Behavioral Approaches To Teaching And Management Group Consequences Contingency Contracts Token Reinforcements Important to be sure that teaching methods and practices are accurate Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 13 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Functional Behavioral Assessment and Positive Behavior Supports Functional Behavior Assessments Understand WHY behaviors happen ABC observation Same behaviors do not serve same purpose for all students Provide behavior supports Educational Psychology, 11th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 14 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
