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INTRODUCTORY ANATOMY
PAN 201
BY
OKOKO I.E.
Dept. Of Anatomy
FBMS-CMUL
IDI-ARABA-LAGOS.
INTRODUCTION
• This is a 2 credit hour course that is going to
run from now till the end of the semester
• The course is intended to provide an
introduction to human anatomy for the part
one Pharmacy students.
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INTRODUCTION
• The structure and organization of the
course is based on a systemic approach to
the study of the body.
• Thus, basic concepts and essential details
will be presented in a systemic manner.
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INTRODUCTION
• Functional aspects of human anatomy are
integrated with structure. The clinical importance of
anatomical relationships will be introduced
wherever appropriate
•
Students are advised to come to lectures
prepared by having read the “HUMAN ANATOMY
HANDBOOK” and other appropriate learning
resource
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Evaluation and Grading
• Students will be evaluated through the following
media:
• Workbook-20%
• Attendance-5%
• In course Examination-10%
• Final Examination- 65%
• Examinations will be multiple choice question
exam format.
• For each correct response, one mark is
awarded(+1) and for each incorrect response,half
mark (-1/2) is deducted, if no response is
indicated, no mark(0) is awarded or deducted.
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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture, the students should
be able to:
• Explain the various parts of anatomy.
• Describe the different approaches in the
study of anatomy.
• Describe the main terms of positions and
directions.
• Describe the main planes of reference in the
human body.
• List the major organs in the body and state
their functions.
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INTRODUCTION
• Human Anatomy is the study of the structure
and organization of the human body.
• Oldest basic medical sciences.
• First studied in Egypt (500 BC)
• The word anatomy is derived from
• Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut
open.”
• Anatomists examine the relationships
among parts of the body along with the
structure of individual organs.
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VARIOUS PARTS OF ANATOMY
• Topographical or gross anatomy (which
includes surface anatomy, living anatomy,
neuroanatomy, endoscopic and imaging
anatomy)
• Microscopic anatomy (Histology)
• Embryology
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• Gross anatomy: study of the structures of the
human body that are visible to the naked eyes- also
called macroscopic anatomy.
• Embryology: study of the formation of life, i.e. the
various stages of its intrauterine development from
the fertilized ovum up to the period when it
assumes an independent existence.
• Histology: Is a Greek word & it is the microscopic
study of the structure, composition, and function of
tissue in the human body.
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APPROACHES TO STUDYING ANATOMY
 Regional (topographical) anatomy
considers the human body as organized
into major parts or segments
a main body, consisting of the head, neck,
and trunk (subdivided into thorax,
abdomen, back, and pelvis/perineum), and
paired upper limbs and lower limbs.
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Systemic Anatomy
• Sees the body as organized into organ system
• It is the study of the body's organ systems that
work together to carry out complex functions.
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Other approaches
–Surface anatomy -provides information
about structures that may be observed or
palpated beneath the skin
–Radiographic, sectional, and endoscopic
anatomy allows appreciation of structures
in the living, as they are affected by muscle
tone, body fluids and pressures, and gravity
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• Clinical anatomy: emphasizes
application of anatomical
knowledge to the practice of
medicine, dentistry, and the allied
health sciences.
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Anatomical position
The international standard
anatomical position is the position
that provides reference point for
describing the structures of the
human body.
- All anatomical descriptions are
expressed in relation to the
anatomical position to ensure that
descriptions are not ambiguous.
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ANATOMICAL
POSITION
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Anatomical Position
• For descriptive purposes, the anatomical
position refers to the body position as if
the person were standing upright
• with the head, gaze (eyes), and toes
directed anteriorly (forward),
• arms adjacent to the sides with the
palms facing anteriorly and the thumbs
pointing away from the body
• and lower limbs close together with the
feet parallel.
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The Frankfurts plane aurico-orbital plane was
established at the World Congress in
Anthropology in Frankfurt, Germany in 1884, and
decreed as the anatomical position of the human
skull.
A position in which the lower margins of the orbits
,the orbitales, and the upper margins of the
external auditory meatus ,the poria, all lie in the
same horizontal plane.
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Anatomical Terminology
A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the
body into specific sections.
The four major anatomical planes of reference:
• Median
• Sagittal
• Coronal/Frontal
• Transverse
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Anatomical Planes
•
Median
• Sagittal
• Frontal/Coronal
• Transverse
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MEDIAN PLANE
• The median planevertical plane
passing
longitudinally
through the body,
divides the body
into right and left
halves
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SAGITTAL PLANE
A plane that is
parallel to the
median plane but
either to the left
or the right of it
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FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE
A vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back)
parts.
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TRANSVERSE PLANE
 Also called cross-sectional planes
or horizontal planes are horizontal
planes passing thro the body at
right angles to the median &
frontal planes, dividing the body
into superior (upper) & inferior
(lower) parts E.g. horizontal plane
thru the umbilicus
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• Radiologists refer to transverse
planes as transaxial, which is
commonly shortened to axial
planes
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Relative and Directional Terms
• Relative to front (bellyside) or back (backside) of
the body
Anterior and posterior - Towards the front of
the body, or towards the rear of the body
respectively.
Also referred to as ventral and dorsal
respectively.
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Relative to the head or tail of the body
Superior = Toward the head or
above
• Inferior = Toward feet not head
• Caudal = At the rear or tail end
• Cranial = At the head end
•
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Relative and Directional Terms
Deep / Superficial: describing positions
relative to the surface of the body
Deep = On the inside, underneath
another structure. The hypodermis is
deep to the dermis
Superficial = On the outside.
The epidermis is superficial to the dermis
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Diagram showing the main terms of
position and direction and the main
planes of reference in the human body.
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Relative to the midline or center of the
body
• Medial (closer to midline) /
Lateral (further from
midline): For describing two
structures relative to the
midline of the body.
-The radius is lateral to the
ulna.
- The ulna is medial to the
radius.
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Proximal (closer to origin) / Distal
(further from origin):
• For describing positions relative to
attachment points or starting points:
-The stomach is proximal to the colon.
-The metacarpals are distal to the
carpals
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Relative and Directional Terms
• Intermediate (between related
structures):
• For describing relative positions of
counted structures.
• The 3 metacarpal is intermediate to
metacarpals 2 and 4.
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Directional Terms
• Contralateral (opposite side of body)
• Ipsilateral (same side of the body)
• The liver is largely contralateral to the spleen.
• The gall bladder is ipsilateral to the liver.
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Terms of movement
• These terms describe movements of the limbs
and other parts of the body; Most movements
are defined in relationship to the anatomical
position, with movements occurring within, and
around axes aligned with, specific anatomical
planes. Most movements take place at joints,
where two or more bones or cartilages
articulate with one another.
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Terms of movement
• Abduction and adduction movements
generally occur in a frontal plane around an
anteroposterior axis
- In abduction of the digits (fingers or toes), the term
means spreading them apart
-Adduction of the digits is the opposite—bringing the
spread fingers or toes together
• Flexion and extension movements generally occur
in sagittal planes around a transverse axis
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Terms of movement
• Circumduction is a circular movement that
involves sequential flexion, abduction,
extension, and adduction (or in the opposite
order) in such a way that the distal end of
the part moves in a circle
• Circumduction can occur at any joint at
which all the above-mentioned movements
are possible (e.g., the shoulder and hip
joints).
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Terms of movement
• Rotation involves turning or revolving a part of the
body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning
one's head to face sideways
• Medial rotation (internal rotation) brings the
anterior surface of a limb closer to the median
plane,
• Lateral rotation (external rotation) takes the
anterior surface away from the median plane.
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ORGAN SYSTEM AND FUNCTION
Integumentary system (dermatology) consists of
the skin (L. integumentum, a covering) and its
appendages—hair, nails, and sweat glands,
• Provides protection from environmental hazards,
regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous
receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water
loss.
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Skeletal system (osteology)
• Consists of bones and cartilages;
• Provides our basic shape and support
for the body and is what the muscular
system acts on to produce movement.
• Protects vital organs such as the heart,
lungs, and pelvic organs
• Site of blood cell production(Site of
hematopoeisis)
• Stores calcium & phosphorus
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Muscular System
Locomotion, support, heat production
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Nervous System (neurology)
• consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal
cord)
• the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia,
together with their motor and sensory endings).
• The nervous system controls and coordinates the functions
of the organ systems, enabling the body's responses to
activities within its environment.
• Controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli
responsible for consciousness, intelligence & memory.
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Endocrine System (endocrinology)
• Consist of glands & cell clusters that secrete
hormones, some of which regulate body &
cellular growth, chemical levels in the body &
reproductive functions.
• Directs long-term changes in the activities of
the other organ systems
• Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
glands
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Cardiovascular System
• Consists of heart, blood & blood
vessels.
• Heart pumps blood through vessels
to distribute hormones, nutrients &
gases, & to pick up waste products.
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Lymphatic System
Consists of lymph vessels, Tonsils,
cervical lymph nodes
Lymph " is the interstitial fluid
transported through lymph vessels.
Serves as a defence against infections
and diseases
Transports & filters lymph, & initiates
immune response.
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Respiratory System
• Responsible for exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide)
between blood and the air in the
lungs
• Lungs, trachea, nose, pharynx
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Digestive System
• Processing of food and
absorption of nutrients,
minerals, vitamins and water.
• Stomach. liver, small intestines
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Urinary System
• The urinary system (urology) consists of the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra
• Filters blood to remove waste
products,excess water and salts,
concentrates them into urine & expels
them from the body.
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Reproductive System
• Production of sex cells (sperm &
oocytes, ) sex hormones
(testosterone, estrogen &
progesterone)
• Facilitates fertilization &
development of embryo .
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