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Angiosperms: One Division, the Anthophyta, characterized by Economy, Efficiency and Elegance Intro to Angiosperms: Amber and Insects The (Sudden) Rise of Angiosperms Vascular specialization Floral Structure 6 evolutionary trends Fruits and Species Dispersal Angiosperm Life Cycle Pollination strategies: a mutualistic coevolution 4 Principal Areas of Adaptation The Evolutionary Rise of Angiosprems The Flower: 4 whirls of modified leaves Vascular tissue ) tracheids to vessel elements ) Fiber cells and lignin Flowers Fruits Life Cycle changes 6 Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure Reduction in the number of floral parts: perfect to imperfect flowers Fusion of parts Radial to bilateral symmetry Retraction of ovary below corolla amd calyx Move toward separate sexes: Monoecious to dioecious plants Generic pollination to high selectivity/specialization for pollinators Cretaceous fossils (120 mya) 2 theories on sudden appearance: Artifact of fossil record Punctuated equilibrium Classification: Anthophyta Descendants of Gnetophytes? Gnetophytes? 2 classes: Monocots and Dicots sepals and calyx petals and corolla stamen: microspore mother cells carpel: stigma, style, ovary (ovule w/ megaspore mother cells) 6 evolutionary trends in the angiosperm lineage Evolutionary Trends in Flowers QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1 The Fruit: the ripened ovary grows into a dispersal agent Pollination Strategies Wind vs vector pollination Generalists vs specialization and selectivity Mutualistic coevolution: coevolution: pollen, nectar and colorful and fragrant ads. Examples: ) maggot bearing stapelia ) Orchids ) Broom flowers ) Bucket orchid ) Yucca ) Carnivorous plants Dry fruits: wings and burrs Fleshy fruits: edible flesh with digestion resistant seeds: Simple fruits - one ovary/flower eg. eg. apple Aggregate fruits - more than one ovary from 1 flower eg. eg. raspberry Multiple fruits - many ovaries from many flowers eg. eg. pineapple Angiosperm Life Cycle QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Angiosperm Alternation of Generations QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Male Gametophyte: mMC to pollen tube nucleus and generative nucleus Female Gametophyte: MMC to 8 celled MgMg-phyte egg and polar nuclei Pollination and Fertilization generative nucleus yields two sperm nuclei Double Fertilization: zygote and triploid endosperm ) Conservation of resources The Seed: the mature ovule found within the ovary consisting of 2n embryo (mono(mono- or dicot), dicot), 3n endosperm and 2n seed coat. Forming male and female gametophytes QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2 Angiosperm’s Double Fertilization Seed Structure in Monocots and Dicots QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Germination in Monocots and Dicots Angiosperms: Global Significance Benefits in agriculture and medicine Historical Global Impact Modern Global Impact QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 3