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Transcript
Animal Form & Function (Outline)
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Levels of biological structural hierarchy
Define Anatomy and Physiology
The eleven organ systems of the human body and their functions
The four different types of tissues, their general structural features
and functions.
The 3 types epithelial cells simple and stratified (keratinized and unkeratinized) with examples
The types of connective tissue and collagen
The 3 types of muscle cells - structural and functional features
Structure and function of a neuron.
Tissues present in an organ and their organization- small intestines
(lecture) and skin (lab)
The organs of each of the 11 organ systems and their functions
Atom
- Life is organized into a hierarchy
of structural levels
- Each level builds on the level
below it (Emergence/ emergent
properties)
Anatomy & Physiology
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Bioshpere
Spatulae coming
from a single seta
Rows of setae on
a gecko’s foot
Function:
Walking on walls and ceilings by Salamander &
small lizards (Geckos)
Structure:
Hairs on toes (setae) are split into spatulae.
Molecules on spatulae adhere to solid
surfaces.
Biological Theme: Structure fits function in the
animal body
• Anatomy is the study of structure
• Physiology studies how structures function
Flight function depends on specific structures
of wings, bone, and pectoral muscle
Forearm
Wrist
Finger 1
Palm
Shaft
Finger 2
Finger 3
Shaft
Feather
structure
Barb
Barbule
Hook
Figure 20.1
Internal bone structure
Structure in the living world including that of
animals is organized in a series of hierarchical
levels
Structure
in lab
A Cellular level
Muscle cell
B Tissue level
Muscle tissue
D Organ system level
Circulatory system
Figure 20.2A–E
E Organism level
Many organ systems
functioning together
Function
in lab
C Organ level
Heart
Organ systems work together to perform life functions.
Each organ system has one or more functions
Eleven organ systems:
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Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Immune
Excretory
Endocrine
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Reproductive
Tissues are groups of many similar cells that
perform the same specific function
Tissue types
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Epithelial tissue
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKWTJ3_-1E8
Epithelial Tissue
Structure:
– Closely packed sheets of cells anchored on a basement
membrane
– Cover surfaces and line the cavities and tubes of internal
organs
Functions:
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Protection
Exchange: Secretion, absorption
Excretion-waste products
Sensation
Single layer on a basement
membrane (connective tissue)
Flat
Cubeshaped
Columnshaped
Multiple layers on a basement
membrane (connective tissue)
Free surface of
epithelium
Basement
membrane
(extracellular
matrix)
Underlying Cell
nuclei
tissue
A Simple squamous epithelium
(lining the air sacs of the lung)
D Stratified squamous epithelium
(lining the esophagus)
(forming a tube in the kidney)
Colorized SEM
Layers of
dead cells
B Simple cuboidal epithelium
Rapidly dividing
epithelial cells
C Simple columnar epithelium
(lining the intestine)
Figure 20.4A–E
E Stratified squamous epithelium
(human skin)
Simple Epithelium
• Squamous
– mouth, blood vessels, heart, lungs and outer layers of the
skin
• Cuboidal
– Glands and their ducts, and the lining of the kidney tubules
( secretion and Absorption)
• Columnar
– lining of the stomach and intestines
– Some specialized for sensory reception: nose, ears and
taste buds of the tongue
o Some ciliated for directing flow
o Other glandular producing and secreting: enzymes, hormones, milk,
mucus, sweat, wax and saliva
• Stratified epithelium
– Keratinized top layer (tough)- skin
– Un-keratinized top layer- mouth cavity
• Epithelial tissue on the interior body surfaces
is known as endothelium
Intercellular junctions
Epithelial cells
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Connective Tissue
Structure
• characterized by few cells in and large amount of
extracellular non-living matrix secreted by its cells
– Liquid matrix (Blood)
– Semi-solid matrix (Tendons & others)
– Solid (Bone)
Functions
• binds and supports other tissues
• Movement
• Many others
• Collagen
o sponge-like scaffold of a tensil protein
• Cartilage
o Specialized cells with extracellular matrix and proteins
(collagen and elastin)
• Bone
o living and dead cells in the mineralized organic matrix
o hardened by calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
deposits
• Ligaments
o connect bones to bone
• Tendons
o connect muscle to bone
Fat
droplets
Cartilageforming
cells
C Adipose tissue
Cell
nucleus
Matrix
D Cartilage
(at the end of a bone)
Collagen
fibers
B Fibrous connective
B Fibrous connective
tissue
Celltissue
(forming a tendon)
(forming
a tendon)
White blood
cells
Red blood
cell
Collagen
fiber
Elastic
Plasma
fibers
A Loose connective tissue
Figure 20.5A–F
(under the skin)
E Bone
F Blood
Central
canal
Matrix
Boneforming
cells
Muscle Tissue
Structure
• Fibers made of many fused cells that have contractile
proteins and multiple nuclei
• Three types of muscles
‒ Skeletal: voluntary body movements
‒ Cardiac : pumps blood
‒ Smooth: involuntary moves the walls of internal hollow
organs, such as the GI, arteries, bladder, uterus.
Function
• Movement & mechanical work
Unit of
muscle
contraction
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
Junction between
two cells
Muscle fiber
Nucleus
B Cardiac muscle
A Skeletal muscle
Figure 20.6A–C
C Smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue
Structure
• Neurons that make up the brain, spinal cord and
peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body
• Branching neurons made of a cell body and have
cell extensions: axon, and dendrites
Function
• Communication network
• Transmit nerve signals rapidly to control body
activities
Cell body
Nucleus
Cell extensions
An organ is made of several tissues that
collectively perform specific functions
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
tissue (2 layers)
Figure 20.9
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Small intestine
(cut open)
Lumen
Organ systems work together to perform life functions.
Each organ system has one or more functions
Eleven organ systems:
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Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Immune
Excretory
Endocrine
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Reproductive
The digestive and respiratory systems
• Gather food and oxygen
• Digest & absorb
• Remove undigested food
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Gather oxygen
Send oxygen to heart
Remove carbon dioxide
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Anus
Figure 20.10A, B
A Digestive system
B Respiratory system
The circulatory system and the lymphatic
system
• Transports the food and oxygen
• collect and circulate liquid to and from
tissues
The immune system
• Protects the body from infection and
cancer
Bone
marrow
Heart
D Immune
system
E Lymphatic
system
Blood
vessels
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
Lymph
vessels
C Circulatory system
Figure 20.10C–E
C Lymphatic system
The excretory system
• Filters blood
• Disposes of certain wastes
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
F Excretory system
The endocrine and
nervous systems
Control body functions
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis
(male)
Ovary
(female)
G Endocrine system
The integumentary system
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVIIgHyNRdI
Covers and protects the body
Hair
Skeletal and muscular
systems
Support and move the body
Cartilage
Skin
Nails
I Integumentary system
Skeletal
muscles
Bones
J Skeletal system
K Muscular system
The Reproductive System
• Production of gametes
• Perpetuates the species
Male
Female
Prostate
gland
Vas
deferens
Urethra
Penis
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Testis
Figure 20.10L
L Reproductive systems
The Primordial
Embryo
Figure 3.15
Useful Links
• Tissue Identification
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYAhbhdZyx0
• Differentiating Muscle Tissue
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyqj_9eiC_Q
• Fetal Pig Dissection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cLCv136mj8