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Animal Form & Function (Outline) • • • • • • • • • • Levels of biological structural hierarchy Define Anatomy and Physiology The eleven organ systems of the human body and their functions The four different types of tissues, their general structural features and functions. The 3 types epithelial cells simple and stratified (keratinized and unkeratinized) with examples The types of connective tissue and collagen The 3 types of muscle cells - structural and functional features Structure and function of a neuron. Tissues present in an organ and their organization- small intestines (lecture) and skin (lab) The organs of each of the 11 organ systems and their functions Atom - Life is organized into a hierarchy of structural levels - Each level builds on the level below it (Emergence/ emergent properties) Anatomy & Physiology Molecules Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Bioshpere Spatulae coming from a single seta Rows of setae on a gecko’s foot Function: Walking on walls and ceilings by Salamander & small lizards (Geckos) Structure: Hairs on toes (setae) are split into spatulae. Molecules on spatulae adhere to solid surfaces. Biological Theme: Structure fits function in the animal body • Anatomy is the study of structure • Physiology studies how structures function Flight function depends on specific structures of wings, bone, and pectoral muscle Forearm Wrist Finger 1 Palm Shaft Finger 2 Finger 3 Shaft Feather structure Barb Barbule Hook Figure 20.1 Internal bone structure Structure in the living world including that of animals is organized in a series of hierarchical levels Structure in lab A Cellular level Muscle cell B Tissue level Muscle tissue D Organ system level Circulatory system Figure 20.2A–E E Organism level Many organ systems functioning together Function in lab C Organ level Heart Organ systems work together to perform life functions. Each organ system has one or more functions Eleven organ systems: • • • • • • • • • • • Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Immune Excretory Endocrine Nervous Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Reproductive Tissues are groups of many similar cells that perform the same specific function Tissue types • • • • Epithelial tissue Connective Muscle Nervous https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKWTJ3_-1E8 Epithelial Tissue Structure: – Closely packed sheets of cells anchored on a basement membrane – Cover surfaces and line the cavities and tubes of internal organs Functions: ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Protection Exchange: Secretion, absorption Excretion-waste products Sensation Single layer on a basement membrane (connective tissue) Flat Cubeshaped Columnshaped Multiple layers on a basement membrane (connective tissue) Free surface of epithelium Basement membrane (extracellular matrix) Underlying Cell nuclei tissue A Simple squamous epithelium (lining the air sacs of the lung) D Stratified squamous epithelium (lining the esophagus) (forming a tube in the kidney) Colorized SEM Layers of dead cells B Simple cuboidal epithelium Rapidly dividing epithelial cells C Simple columnar epithelium (lining the intestine) Figure 20.4A–E E Stratified squamous epithelium (human skin) Simple Epithelium • Squamous – mouth, blood vessels, heart, lungs and outer layers of the skin • Cuboidal – Glands and their ducts, and the lining of the kidney tubules ( secretion and Absorption) • Columnar – lining of the stomach and intestines – Some specialized for sensory reception: nose, ears and taste buds of the tongue o Some ciliated for directing flow o Other glandular producing and secreting: enzymes, hormones, milk, mucus, sweat, wax and saliva • Stratified epithelium – Keratinized top layer (tough)- skin – Un-keratinized top layer- mouth cavity • Epithelial tissue on the interior body surfaces is known as endothelium Intercellular junctions Epithelial cells Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Connective Tissue Structure • characterized by few cells in and large amount of extracellular non-living matrix secreted by its cells – Liquid matrix (Blood) – Semi-solid matrix (Tendons & others) – Solid (Bone) Functions • binds and supports other tissues • Movement • Many others • Collagen o sponge-like scaffold of a tensil protein • Cartilage o Specialized cells with extracellular matrix and proteins (collagen and elastin) • Bone o living and dead cells in the mineralized organic matrix o hardened by calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate deposits • Ligaments o connect bones to bone • Tendons o connect muscle to bone Fat droplets Cartilageforming cells C Adipose tissue Cell nucleus Matrix D Cartilage (at the end of a bone) Collagen fibers B Fibrous connective B Fibrous connective tissue Celltissue (forming a tendon) (forming a tendon) White blood cells Red blood cell Collagen fiber Elastic Plasma fibers A Loose connective tissue Figure 20.5A–F (under the skin) E Bone F Blood Central canal Matrix Boneforming cells Muscle Tissue Structure • Fibers made of many fused cells that have contractile proteins and multiple nuclei • Three types of muscles ‒ Skeletal: voluntary body movements ‒ Cardiac : pumps blood ‒ Smooth: involuntary moves the walls of internal hollow organs, such as the GI, arteries, bladder, uterus. Function • Movement & mechanical work Unit of muscle contraction Muscle fiber Nucleus Muscle fiber Nucleus Junction between two cells Muscle fiber Nucleus B Cardiac muscle A Skeletal muscle Figure 20.6A–C C Smooth muscle Nervous Tissue Structure • Neurons that make up the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body • Branching neurons made of a cell body and have cell extensions: axon, and dendrites Function • Communication network • Transmit nerve signals rapidly to control body activities Cell body Nucleus Cell extensions An organ is made of several tissues that collectively perform specific functions Lumen Epithelial tissue (columnar epithelium) Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue (2 layers) Figure 20.9 Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Small intestine (cut open) Lumen Organ systems work together to perform life functions. Each organ system has one or more functions Eleven organ systems: • • • • • • • • • • • Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Immune Excretory Endocrine Nervous Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Reproductive The digestive and respiratory systems • Gather food and oxygen • Digest & absorb • Remove undigested food Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Gather oxygen Send oxygen to heart Remove carbon dioxide Nasal cavity Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung Anus Figure 20.10A, B A Digestive system B Respiratory system The circulatory system and the lymphatic system • Transports the food and oxygen • collect and circulate liquid to and from tissues The immune system • Protects the body from infection and cancer Bone marrow Heart D Immune system E Lymphatic system Blood vessels Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Lymph vessels C Circulatory system Figure 20.10C–E C Lymphatic system The excretory system • Filters blood • Disposes of certain wastes Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra F Excretory system The endocrine and nervous systems Control body functions Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) G Endocrine system The integumentary system https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVIIgHyNRdI Covers and protects the body Hair Skeletal and muscular systems Support and move the body Cartilage Skin Nails I Integumentary system Skeletal muscles Bones J Skeletal system K Muscular system The Reproductive System • Production of gametes • Perpetuates the species Male Female Prostate gland Vas deferens Urethra Penis Oviduct Ovary Uterus Vagina Testis Figure 20.10L L Reproductive systems The Primordial Embryo Figure 3.15 Useful Links • Tissue Identification https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYAhbhdZyx0 • Differentiating Muscle Tissue https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyqj_9eiC_Q • Fetal Pig Dissection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cLCv136mj8