Download Animal Structure and Function

Animal Structure and Function (Outline)
1. Review levels of structural hierarchy of the living world
2. Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
3. Identify the four types of tissues in animals, their basic structure and function.
4. Learn the 4 types of epithelial cells with examples and their location and function.
5. Learn the importance of connective tissue, the different types and their function.
Compare and contrast cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments .
6. Learn the basic structure of muscle and the three different types and their
function.
7. Learn the structure of nerves and their function.
8. Define an organ and the organization of different tissues within.
9. Learn the 10 organs systems of the animal body, their overall functions, and
organs.
10.Compare and contrast early bodies of early animals with the three -layered large
complex animal bodies.
11.Recognize the importance of homeostasis for animals and review how warm
blooded organisms maintain their body temperature.
Atom
- Life is organized into a hierarchy
of structural levels
- Each level builds on the level
below it (Emergence/ emergent
properties)
Anatomy & Physiology
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Bioshpere
Spatulae coming
from a single seta
Rows of setae on
a gecko’s foot
Function:
Walking on walls and ceilings by Salamander &
small lizards (Geckos)
Structure:
Hairs on toes (setae) are split into spatulae.
Molecules on spatulae adhere to solid
surfaces.
Biological Theme: Structure fits function in the
animal body
• Anatomy is the study of structure
• Physiology studies how structures function
Flight function depends on specific structures
of wings, bone, and pectoral muscle
Forearm
Wrist
Finger 1
Palm
Shaft
Finger 2
Finger 3
Shaft
Feather
structure
Barb
Barbule
Hook
Figure 20.1
Internal bone structure
Structure in the living world including that of
animals is organized in a series of hierarchical
levels
Structure
in lab
A Cellular level
Muscle cell
B Tissue level
Muscle tissue
D Organ system level
Circulatory system
Figure 20.2A–E
E Organism level
Many organ systems
functioning together
Function
in lab
C Organ level
Heart
Tissues are groups of many similar cells that
perform the same specific function
Tissue types
•
•
•
•
Epithelial tissue
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
http://www.bcb.uwc.ac.za/Sci_Ed/grade10/mammal/
Epithelial Tissue
Structure:
• Closely packed sheets of cells
• Cover surfaces and line the cavities and tubes of
internal organs
Functions:
•
•
•
•
Protection
Exchange: Secretion, absorption
Excretion-waste products
Sensation
Single layer on a basement
membrane (connective tissue)
Flat
Cubeshaped
Columnshaped
Multiple layers on a basement
membrane (connective tissue)
Free surface of
epithelium
Basement
membrane
(extracellular
matrix)
Underlying Cell
nuclei
tissue
A Simple squamous epithelium
(lining the air sacs of the lung)
D Stratified squamous epithelium
(lining the esophagus)
(forming a tube in the kidney)
Colorized SEM
Layers of
dead cells
B Simple cuboidal epithelium
Rapidly dividing
epithelial cells
C Simple columnar epithelium
(lining the intestine)
Figure 20.4A–E
E Stratified squamous epithelium
(human skin)
Simple Epithelium
• Squamous
– mouth, blood vessels, heart, lungs and outer layers of the
skin
• Cuboidal
– Glands and their ducts, and the lining of the kidney tubules
• Columnar
– lining of the stomach and intestines
– Some specialized for sensory reception: nose, ears and
taste buds of the tongue
o Some ciliated for directing flow
o Other glandular producing and secreting: enzymes, hormones, milk,
mucus, sweat, wax and saliva
• Stratified epithelium
– Keratinized top layer (tough)- skin
– Un-keratinized top layer- mouth cavity
• Epithelial tissue on the interior body surfaces
is known as endothelium
Connective Tissue
Structure
• characterized by few cells in and large amount of
extracellular non-living matrix secreted by its cells
– Liquid matrix (Blood)
– Semi-solid matrix (Tendons & others)
– Solid (Bone)
Functions
• binds and supports other tissues
• Movement
• Many others
• Collagen
o sponge-like scaffold of a tensil protein
• Cartilage
o Specialized cells with extracellular matrix and proteins
(collagen and elastin)
• Bone
o living and dead cells in the mineralized organic matrix
o hardened by calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
deposits
• Ligaments
o connect bones to bone
• Tendons
o connect muscle to bone
Fat
droplets
Cartilageforming
cells
C Adipose tissue
Cell
nucleus
Matrix
D Cartilage
(at the end of a bone)
Collagen
fibers
B Fibrous connective
B Fibrous connective
tissue
Celltissue
(forming a tendon)
(forming
a tendon)
White blood
cells
Red blood
cell
Collagen
fiber
Elastic
Plasma
fibers
A Loose connective tissue
Figure 20.5A–F
(under the skin)
E Bone
F Blood
Central
canal
Matrix
Boneforming
cells
Muscle Tissue
Structure
• Fibers made of many fused cells that have contractile
proteins and multiple nuclei
• Three types of muscles
• Skeletal: voluntary body movements
• Cardiac : pumps blood
• Smooth: involuntary moves the walls of internal hollow
organs, such as the GI, arteries, bladder, uterus.
Function
• Movement & mechanical work
Unit of
muscle
contraction
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
Muscle
fiber
Nucleus
Junction between
two cells
Muscle fiber
Nucleus
B Cardiac muscle
A Skeletal muscle
Figure 20.6A–C
C Smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue
Structure
• Neurons that make up the brain, spinal cord and
peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body
• Branching neurons made of a cell body and have
cell extensions: axon, and dendrites
Function
• Communication network
• Transmit nerve signals rapidly to control body
activities
Cell body
Nucleus
Cell extensions
An organ is made of several tissues that
collectively perform specific functions
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
tissue (2 layers)
Figure 20.9
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Small intestine
(cut open)
Lumen
Organ systems work together to perform life functions.
Each organ system has one or more functions
Eleven organ systems:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Digestive
Respiratory
Circulatory
Immune
Excretory
Endocrine
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Reproductive
The digestive and respiratory systems
• Gather food and oxygen
• Digest & absorb
• Remove undigested food
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Gather oxygen
Send oxygen to heart
Remove carbon dioxide
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Anus
Figure 20.10A, B
A Digestive system
B Respiratory system
The circulatory system and the lymphatic
system
• Transports the food and oxygen
• collect and circulate liquid to and from
tissues
The immune system
• Protects the body from infection and
cancer
Bone
marrow
Heart
D Immune
system
E Lymphatic
system
Blood
vessels
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
Lymph
vessels
C Circulatory system
Figure 20.10C–E
C Lymphatic system
The excretory system
• Filters blood
• Disposes of certain wastes
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
F Excretory system
The endocrine and
nervous systems
Control body functions
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis
(male)
Ovary
(female)
G Endocrine system
The integumentary system
Skeletal and muscular
systems
Covers and protects the body
Support and move the body
Hair
Cartilage
Skin
Nails
I Integumentary system
Skeletal
muscles
Bones
J Skeletal system
K Muscular system
The Reproductive System
• Production of gametes
• Perpetuates the species
Male
Female
Prostate
gland
Vas
deferens
Urethra
Penis
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Testis
Figure 20.10L
L Reproductive systems
The Primordial
Embryo
Figure 3.15
Animals exchange materials with their
environment
Structural adaptation include shape and size:
• Small with 2 layers for material exchange
• Large with increased surface area and specialized
structures
Small & simple body construction
Diffusion
Mouth
Diffusion
Figure 20.12A
Gastrovascular
cavity
Two
cell
layers
External environment
Food CO2 O2
Mouth
Larger & complex animals
– specialized structures
that increase surface area
– Exchange of materials
between blood and body
cells via the interstitial
fluid
Animal
Respiratory
system
Digestive
system
Nutrients
Interstitial
fluid
Circulatory
system
Body
cells
Excretory
Intestine
system
Anus
Figure 20.12B
Metabolic waste
Unabsorbed
matter (feces) products (urine)
The respiratory system with its enormous internal
surface area
Figure 20.12C
Animals regulate their internal environment to achieve an
internal steady state, homeostasis.
External
environment
Homeostatic
mechanisms
Figure 20.13A
Large
fluctuations
Figure 20.13B
Internal
environment
Small
fluctuations
Homeostasis depends on negative feedback to keep
internal variables fairly constant, with small fluctuations
around set points
Sweat glands secrete sweat
that evaporates, cooling body
Thermostat in brain
activates cooling
mechanisms
Blood vessels in
skin dilate and
heat escapes
Thermostat shuts off
Temperature rises
cooling mechanisms
above normal
Temperature
decreases
Homeostasis:
Internal body temperature
of approximately 36–38οC
Temperature
increases
Thermostat shuts off
warming mechanisms
Temperature falls
below normal
Blood vessels in skin
constrict, minimizing
heat loss
Figure 20.14
Skeletal muscles rapidly
contract, causing shivering,
which generates heat
Thermostat in
brain activates
warming
mechanisms