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Mythology GL301 2003/1 Classical Studies in the New Zealand curriculum This booklet provides background information on Greek and Roman mythology. You need to know this before you attempt the topics. The activities do not contribute to any achievement standard. Contents page I The nature of myths The historical background to Greek mythology 3 II The nature of Greek gods The origins of the world Stories of Zeus, Hera, Demeter, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia 4 III The remaining Olympian deities Minor deities 5 IV Early heroes: Heracles, Jason, Perseus 6 V Early tales: Theseus, Daedalus and Icarus, Bellerophon, Niobe, The Calydonian Boar Hunt, Castor and Polydeuces, Oedipus, Orpheus 7 The story of Troy – reasons for the war The main characters 9 The Trojan war and its conclusion Aftermath 10 VIII Classical Greek thought 11 IX Hellenistic Greek thought 12 X The gods of Rome 13 Answer guide 15 VI VII i As you complete each activity, check it yourself in the answer guide at the back of the booklet. ✓ means check your own work ✰ means your teacher will check this work. Copyright © 2003 The Correspondence School (TCS), Private Bag 39992, Wellington, New Zealand. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the written permission of The Correspondence School. ii Introduction This first classical studies assignment is designed to give you the necessary background to the many myths you will meet as you work through the course. It contains two books: • a resource book containing an introduction to Greek and Roman myths • this booklet, which contains a series of activities to test your knowledge of the stories in the resource book. Each lesson, you will be asked to read a matching chapter in the resource book and to work through the activities. As you complete each activity, check it yourself in the answer guide at the back of the booklet. The mythology resource book is intended as a reference, and you should look back to the appropriate sections during the course rather than attempt to learn all the myths first time round. Although it seems large, it is in fact only a brief introduction to the vast body of Greek mythology and, if you can, you should read further. A reading list is added at the back of this booklet, and most libraries have books on Greek mythology. As you read you may notice alternative spellings for Greek names. For example: • Hector and Heracles may be spelt Hektor and Herakles (Greek K was replaced by Latin C) • Dionysus and Menelaus may be spelt Dionysos and Menelaos (the original -os ending in Greek is more frequently written as Latin -us) • Hephaestus may be spelt Hephaistos (the second spelling is closer to the original Greek) Also, some older mythology books may call Greek characters by their Roman names. For example, Greek Zeus is called Jupiter (Latin) or Athene (Greek) is called Minerva (Latin). You will find the alternative Latin names in chapter 10 of the resource book. • Note that all dates are BC unless indicated as AD. GL301 1 Course text books Some of the topics you will cover this year will require a text. These are: Attic Old Comedy (GL 303, GL304): Aristophanes The Wasps and The Frogs, trans. David Barrett (Penguin) Alexander (GL307, GL308): Study Materials Virgil's Aeneid (GL312, GL313): Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. W F Jackson Knight (Penguin) Roman Satire (GL310, GL311): Juvenal, The Sixteen Satires, trans. Peter Green (Penguin), third edition, 1998 The study materials are available from the Classics Department, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin or Bennetts University Bookshop, Palmerston North. The Aristophanes, Virgil and Juvenal texts are available from Bennetts University Bookshop, Palmerston North. In addition to the required text, each topic will include a reading list, and you are strongly recommended to obtain at least one extra book from your school library, public library or Correspondence School library. Your second topic, Greek Vase Painting (GL305, GL7VASE) does not require a text but extra reading is recommended. 2 GL301 Cycladic jug 2000 B.C. I Have you ever read myths and legends? Most people in New Zealand have read and enjoyed myths at some time in their childhood. But the stories told to or written down for children are usually simplified and “cleaned-up” versions, and you may be surprised on reading an adult version to find how much detail and how much violence and sex the original tales contained. It becomes clear that myths were not originally designed as children's tales, but were created by adults for other, more serious reasons. Today's work looks at why myths were created and, in particular, explores why and when the myths of ancient Greece came into being. Now take your resource book and read the material contained in chapter one. Then work through the following activities. When you have completed them, check your answers in the answer guide at the back of this booklet. ACTIVITY 1A Why were myths created? What purposes do they serve? List as many reasons and purposes as you can think of. You will find a number in chapter one in the resource book. Try to add some of your own. ✓ ACTIVITY 1B Draw a time line of events between 3000 BC and 0 which were relevant for the development of Greek myths. ✓ GL301 3 Etruscan bowl 340 B.C. II Last lesson you looked at some reasons why myths might have come into being, and at the 3000 years of Mediterranean history BC when the Greek myths were created, developed and finally written down in the versions we have today. Today's work examines something of the nature of the gods and goddesses which feature so prominently in Greek mythology, explores one version of the Greek creation myths and looks at some of the most important gods. READ chapter two in your resource book. ACTIVITY 2A Either 1 Select the 10 points about Greek divinities which you think most important. or 2 How did the religion of the ancient Greeks differ from Christianity? Select up to 10 differences you think important. ✓ ACTIVITY 2B Draw a “family tree” to show the descent of Zeus from Chaos. Include the following names: Chaos, Gaea, Erebus, Night, Eros, Oceanus, Uranus, the Titans, the Cyclopes, Rhea, Cronos, the Giants, the Furies, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Zeus and Typhon. ✓ ACTIVITY 2C List the six children of Rhea and Cronos, and by each name write up to three sentences naming each one's area of influence and the main points in their story. ✓ 4 GL301 III Today's work continues the stories of Greek gods, major and minor. READ chapter three in your resource book. ACTIVITY 3A List the eight Olympian gods you have been reading about, and alongside each write a few words naming their area of influence. ✓ ACTIVITY 3B Either 1 Explore some other genuine mythology and write half to one page describing parallel or contrasting divinities to those found in Greek myths. or 2 Look closely at another mythology invented by a modern writer (such as J R Tolkein, David Eddings) and write half to one page comparing its gods to those of Greek mythology. or 3 We have given you eight minor divinities, and there are numerous others in Greek mythology. Select any four, from this period or from your own reading, which you think are interesting or important. Describe them and explain why you chose them. Write up to one page. ✰ GL301 5 Attic cup 400 B.C. IV Today's work moves from the immortal gods, great and small, to the tales of the heroes. Many heroes were half-gods, sons of Zeus or other gods, by a mortal woman or man. In historical times many Greek states were keen to adopt a hero as founder of their city, and many wealthy aristocratic families were also keen to have a heroic ancestor, which meant details were added to or changed in the old tales. Though we no longer believe in the divine powers which guided, helped or hindered these heroes, or consider them remote members of our families, their stories are as popular today as in ancient times. In addition, many modern writers have created their own mythologies and written stories of heroic quests and sword and sorcery, which owe much to ancient myth. READ chapter four in your resource book. ACTIVITY 4A 1 2 List the 12 labours of Heracles. Explain in your own words why he was so popular a figure among the Greeks. Try to add some ideas of your own. ✓ ACTIVITY 4B 1 Jason, Perseus and Heracles in many of his labours went to fetch something. What are some of the essential ingredients of a quest story? Why are they told? Write two or three sentences discussing this. 2 Name one or two modern quest stories. 3 Where do we still use names from stories of Jason and Perseus? ✓ 6 GL301 Attic vase 520 B.C. V Today's work covers the deeds of other heroes, and identifies some lesser-known figures. The Greeks constantly used tales from their mythology as subject matter for their literature and visual arts such as painting and sculpture. They could assume that their readers, listeners or viewers would know the story, so rarely bothered to explain the subject matter. However, unless modern students have similar knowledge they will simply not understand many references. In your first topic you will read a comedy by Aristophanes in which the chief character is the god Dionysos. He makes a trip to the underworld, meeting on the way Heracles and a group of souls who took part in the Eleusinian Mysteries while alive. In the underworld he is mistaken for Heracles and threatened with punishment for kidnapping the watchdog Cerberus on a previous visit, but is recognised in time by Hades and Persephone. All this would be hard to understand without knowledge of the characters involved. Your second topic, Greek vase painting, makes even greater use of myth, since 13 of the vases show one or more scenes from myth. Some are from well-known stories and easily identified, but others are from quite minor tales, described in this lesson. Here is a list of the set vases with the picture(s) identified, and the chapter in which you'll find the tale. 1 The François vase: 2 Krater by Lydos: GL301 Kalydonian Boar Hunt (chapter 5) dance of the released Athenians – tale of Theseus (Chapter 5) Chariot race – Patroklos' funeral games – Tale of Troy (Chapter 7) Gods at wedding of Peleus and Thetis (Chapter 3) Achilles chases Troilus – Tale of Troy (Chapter 7) Return of Hephaistos (Chapter 3) Ajax carries the dead Achilles – Tale of Troy (Chapter 7) Artemis – queen of animals (Chapter 3) Return of Hephaistos (Chapter 3) 7 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Amphora by Exekias: Ajax and Achilles (Chapter 7) Kastor and Polydeuces (Chapter 5) Kylix by Exekias: Voyage of Dionysos (Chapter 3) Krater of Euphronios: Heracles kills Antaios (Chapter 4) Amphora by Euthymides: Hektor and his parents (Chapter 6) Skyphos by Makron: Helen and Paris (Chapter 6) Helen and Menelaos (Chapter 7) Amphora by Kleophrades Painter: Dionysos and followers (Chapter 3) Hydria by Kleophrades Painter: The fall of Troy (Chapter 7) Krater by Berlin Painter: Achilles and Hektor (Chapter 7) Achilles and Memnon (Chapter 7) Krater by Niobid Painter: Slaughter of Niobe's children (Chapter 5) Athene, Heracles and Argonauts (Chapters 3, 4) or the rescue of Theseus by Heracles (Chapter 5) Pyxis by Penthesileia Painter: Judgement of Paris (Chapter 6) Hydria by Meidias Painter: Abduction of daughters of Leucippos by Castor and Polydeuces (Chapter 5) Works 5, 6 and 15 do not have mythological scenes. As well as illustrating the importance of myth, you may find this list of value when you study the vases. READ chapter five in your resource book. ACTIVITY 5A In what ways is Theseus like Heracles? How is he different? Consider such points as his birth, types of adventures, association with the gods, connection with a “home” city, brawn, brains and moral sense. Write about half a page. ✓ ACTIVITY 5B You have read brief accounts of the following myths: Daedalus and Icarus; Bellerophon; Niobe; the Calydonian Boar Hunt; Castor and Polydeuces; Oedipus; Orpheus. Choose four which have a clear message. Outline the myth or part of the myth relevant to the message, and then state what the message is. ✓ 8 GL301 Pompei Villa of the Mysteries VI The most detailed and best-known myth cycle was the tale of the Greeks’ successful war against the city of Troy and today's work looks at the causes of the war and the various personalities involved. READ chapter six in the mythology resource book. ACTIVITY 6A Draw the following family trees: 1 The family of Helen. Include Leda, Tyndareus, Zeus, Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor, Polydeuces. 2 The family of Menelaos and Agamemnon. Include Tantalus, Pelops, Hippodameia, Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Menelaos, Aegisthus, Iphigenia, Orestes, Electra. 3 The family of Achilles. Include Peleus, Thetis, Achilles, Neoptolemus. 4 The family of Odysseus. Include Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus. 5 The family of Paris. Include Priam, Hecabe, Paris, Cassandra, Creusa, Helenos, Deiphobos, Hector, Astynax, Ilus. ✓ ACTIVITY 6B What caused the Trojan War? Write half to one page, outlining the real reasons for the war and the reasons given in mythology. ✓ GL301 9 Attic vase VII Today you read some of the stories of the Trojan war, and how the city was finally destroyed. You also find out what happened to the surviving Greeks on their return home. READ chapter seven in your resource book. ACTIVITY 7A Either 1 Tell the story of Achilles in your own words. Write up to a page. or 2 What part did Odysseus play at Troy? Describe how he came to be there, his deeds while there, and his voyage home. Write up to a page. ✓ ACTIVITY 7B What part did the gods play in the destruction of Troy? Write about half a page. ✓ 10 GL301 Cycladic jug 650 B.C. VIII Religion remained an important factor in Greek beginning of the Christian era in the years AD. towards religion and the stories of the gods and throughout the years, and this lesson examines the Dark Ages, in the era of the city state. READ life long after the But attitudes heroes changed Greek thought after chapter eight in your resource book. ACTIVITY 8A 1 2 3 4 Why was Greek religion of value in Greek society? When did the first real scientific enquiry and philosophical speculation develop and why? Why was early Greek philosophy limited? Why was it of value? ✓ ACTIVITY 8B Choose three of the following names: Thales, Protagoras, Isocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Alongside each, write a sentence or two summarising their contribution to Greek thought, as outlined in the paragraphs in chapter eight of the resource book. ✓ GL301 11 IX The conquests of Alexander and the replacing of city states by large kingdoms in the Greek world had a considerable impact on religious and scientific thought. Today you will examine some of the changes which followed Alexander's death. READ chapter nine in your resource book. ACTIVITY 9A Create a chart comparing the doctrines of Epicurus and the Stoics using the following headings: greatest good; emotion; public life; the gods. ✓ ACTIVITY 9B What progress did the Greeks make in medicine, astronomy, mathematics and technical inventions after the time of Alexander? Make a general comment on two of these categories. Under each, list the names of the best-known Greeks with a few words summarising their achievements. ✓ 12 GL301 Corinthian lamp 40 B.C. X The great empires of Alexander's successors were absorbed by the even greater empire of Rome within 300 years of his death. The Romans also absorbed many ideas of the Greeks, and today you will look at what they did with some of them. READ chapter 10 of your resource book. ACTIVITY 10A Create a chart listing the first 14 gods ad goddesses (Jupiter to Pluto and Proserpina). Use the following headings: Latin name; Greek name; area of influence; comments. Under “comments”, write down any major difference between the Roman and Greek figure. ✓ ACTIVITY 10B Select four of the figures of particular importance to the Romans (Janus to Castor and Pollux). Write a few words to explain why each was important. ✓ ACTIVITY 10C Read through the material on Roman gods once more. From the deities the Romans chose to honour, and from the aspects of those deities they chose to emphasise, what conclusions can you draw about differences between Greek and Roman mythology and religion? Write up to half a page. ✰ GL301 13 Appendix A list of classical mythology books for additional reading. Most libraries contain something on Greek and Roman myths in the section 291-292, and you may also find brief articles in reference books such as encyclopaedias. The following books are available from The Correspondence School library. A book of myths Roger Lancelot Green Dent/Dalton The God beneath the Sea Leon Garfield & Edward Blishen Longman Young Books The Golden Shadow Leon Garfield & Edward Blishen Longman Young Books Stories from Ancient Greece ed. John Kent Peter Lunn The Heroes Charles Kingsley Dent/Dalton The Faber Book of Greek Legends ed. Kathleen Lines Faber The Spirit of Spring Penelope Proddow Macmillan The Gods of Mount Olympus Robert Penn Warren Random House Children of the Gods Kenneth McLeish Longman Creation Myths Maureen Stewart McMillan Other recommended books are: The Greek Myths – Volumes Robert Graves 1&2 Penguin Greek and Roman D M Field Hamlyn Roman Mythology Peter Croft Octopus Books Roman Mythology Stewart Perowne Paul Hamlyn Greek Mythology Richard Patrick Octopus Books Mythology Larousse – Encyclopaedia of Mythology 14 Hamlyn GL301 Answer guide 1A Reasons myths were created and the purposes they serve include: • to explain the origins of the world • to explain the happenings of nature • to explain and justify existing customs and rituals • to reflect human dreams and wishes • to communicate beliefs and instructions from one generation to the next. As you were asked to try to add some of your own, your teacher will check your work. 1B B C 3000 2000 Bronze Age begins. Fertility goddess worshipped. Invasion of mainland Greece by Achaeans. Sky god now dominant. Minoan civilisation in Crete flourishes. Mother/earth goddess still supreme. 1450 Minoan civilisation destroyed. Mycenaean civilisation flourishes. 1250 Troy sacked. 1100 All mainland Mycenaean centres destroyed. 1000 Invasion of Dorians. Writing lost. Myths created and retold orally. Homer composed Iliad and Odyssey. 700 Writing now in general use. Myths written down. Details changed or added by powerful states. 400 Hellenistic and Roman writers write down stories in the versions we have today. 0 GL301 15 2A 1 You answered either question 1 or question 2. Important points about Greek divinities might include: • there were large numbers of them • some were more important than others • they were usually of human shape • they had human appetites, desires and failings • they were larger, more beautiful, more powerful than humans • in a moral sense they were no better than humans • they were immortal • they didn't care whether humans were good or not • they only required worship from their followers • they weren't evil • to humans they might be friendly, indifferent or hostile • they caused everything that happened • they could tinker with minor details • fate decided the general scheme of events. You may have thought of others, which your teacher will check. 2 Differences between the religion of the ancient Greeks and Christianity: • many gods one God • hierarchy of power all-powerful God • human appetites and God is good desires • no power of evil Satan • friendly, indifferent, totally loving or hostile • virtuous life not reward for virtue in next life rewarded one god covers everything • various areas of influence large body of doctrine • no dogmas or creed comparative intolerance • religious tolerance primarily a personal matter • religion a state affair You may disagree with some of these differences or have thought of others. Your teacher will check your work. 16 GL301 2B Family tree of Zeus. Chaos Gaea Oceanus Erebus Night Eros Uranus = Gaea Titans Cyclopes Rhea = Cronos Giants Furies Typhon Hestia 2C 3A GL301 Demeter Hera Hades Poseidon Zeus Hestia: Goddess of hearth and home. Sweet, kindly nonentity. Gave place on Olympos to Dionysos. Demeter: Goddess of corn and fertility. Rape of daughter, Persephone. Explains seasons of the year. Eleusinian mysteries celebrated in their honour. Hera: Goddess of marriage, childbirth and “women's affairs”. Resented husband's infidelity. Hades: God of the underworld, ruler of the dead. Poseidon: God of the sea, contender with Athene for power in Athens. Zeus: Supreme god over gods and humans. Noted for numerous love affairs. Athene: Goddess of wisdom, war and crafts. Aphrodite: Goddess of love. Ares: God of war. Hephaistos: God of metal-working crafts. 17 4A Apollo: God of civilisation (such as music, poetry, philosophy, astronomy, medicine, science, prophecy, the sun). Artemis: Virgin huntress (mistress of animals, eastern fertility goddess, patron of safe, easy childbirth). Hermes: Messenger of Zeus (god of rogues, commerce, treaties, travellers). Dionysos: God of wine, fertility, drama. 1 The i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii 12 labours of Heracles were: killing the Nemean lion killing the Hydra of Lerna capturing the Ceryneian hind capturing the Erymantheian boar cleaning out the Augeian stables killing/driving away the Stymphalian birds capturing the Cretan bull taming the mares of Diomedes fetching the girdle of Hippolyte stealing the cattle of Geryon gathering the golden apples of Hera kidnapping Cerberus. 2 Heracles represented the ideal man in an age which put physical strength and courage at the top of the list of ideal qualities. He was always successful despite great odds, and everyone loves a winner. He could feature in tales set in almost every part of Greece, and in fact in almost every land in the Mediterranean, so every state could relate a story about “when Heracles visited here”. As you may have thought of other reasons, your teacher will check your work. 4B 1 2 18 A quest story involves a hero or heroes, setting out to do something or to find something of value far away. There must be many difficulties along the way and even when the goal is reached, so that the “questers” must pass many tests of courage and ingenuity. They are told because people enjoy adventure stories which have a purpose. Tolkein: Lord of the Rings Terry Brooks: Sword of Shannara and so on. David Eddings: Belgariad and Malloreon GL301 3 Argo is a US underwater exploration craft. It found the Titanic and the Bismark. Perseus, Andromeda, the sea monster, and Andromeda's parents Cassiopeia and Cepheus are constellations in the northern sky. As you may have different answers for 2 and 3, your teacher will check your work. 5A Both Theseus and Heracles were the sons of gods, Theseus of Poseidon and Heracles of Zeus. Both killed large numbers of dangerous men, animals and monsters with their combination of courage, strength and skill. Both carried a famous club – Heracles had his lion skin as well. Heracles suffered from the anger and spite of Hera, but Theseus had no similar unfriendly deity. Heracles was associated with the city Tiryns, but was never its king, whereas Theseus had much stronger associations with Athens. Theseus was much wiser than Heracles, and was given the credit for political changes in Attica. He was thus all the more blameworthy for his evil deeds like carrying off Helen and attempting to carry off Persephone. Heracles was all brawn and little brain, and obviously had little morality. 'Might is right' meant he could steal and pillage as he pleased, and you could hardly blame him as he knew no better. Theseus' stories were obviously “fiddled” with by later Athenians. They credited him with historical deeds which came much later in time, and he was given a divine father and adventures to rival Heracles. But as fashions required a bit more intelligence and moral virtue in classical times, Theseus remains a rather unwieldy mixture of stories. 5B GL301 Daedalus and Icarus Daedalus invented a cow for Pasiphae to satisfy an unnatural lust, a labyrinth to contain the Minotaur, and a device to successfully kill the Minotaur. He then invented wings to escape Minos' wrath, but his son flew too high, so the wax melted on his wings and he drowned. 19 Message: a b Daedalus brought misery to others by his inventions and finally to himself. Icarus flew too high, which a mortal must not do, and paid the price. Bellerophon He also flew too high, and Zeus “cut him down to size” and killed him. Message: If you get too ambitious, the gods will destroy you. Niobe She boasted she was superior to Leto because she had more children. Leto's children were infinitely more powerful and killed all Niobe's children. Message: Quality is more important than quantity. Don't presume to be superior or even to equal a god. The Calydonian boar hunt All the hunters were anxious to kill the boar, and competed rather than co-operated. Thus a number were killed. Message: Sometimes co-operation is preferable to competition. Castor and Polydeuces When mortal Castor died, semi-divine Polydeuces offered to spend half the year dead so his brother could live during that time. Zeus set them both in the sky. Message: Sometimes even the gods are touched by devotion. Oedipus His parents and he both tried to escape from the prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother, but in vain. Message: You cannot avoid your fate. Orpheus When his wife died, he used the power of his music to win her back from the underworld, but lost her again when he broke a promise not to look back. Message: a The power of love and beauty is very great. b He was a victim of his own error. c We are all victims of our own lack of faith. 20 GL301 6A 1 The family of Helen. Leda = (Tyndareus, King of Sparta (Zeus Clytemnestra 2 Helen Castor Polydeuces (Pollux) The family of Menelaos and Agamemnon. Tantalus Pelops = Hippodameia Atreus Thyestes Aegisthus Menelaos Agamemnon Iphigenia 3 Orestes Electra The family of Achilles. Thetis = Peleus. Achilles Neoptolemus 4 The family of Odysseus. Odysseus = Penelope Telemachus 5 The family of Paris. Hecabe = Priam, King of Troy Hector Astynax GL301 Paris Cassandra Creusa Deiphobos Helenos Ilus 21 6B Here are some of the causes of the Trojan War. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7A 1 22 Real Troy controlled the trade routes to the Black Sea – a trade war. A plundering raid – sacking and looting cities was an integral part of Mycenaean life. Mythological The Fates said Troy must fall. Priam was warned more than once that Paris would be the ruin of Troy, but failed to kill him. Paris chose Aphrodite as the fairest goddess, making enemies of Hera and Athene, but no matter whom he chose trouble could be expected from the other two. Aphrodite caused Paris and Helen to fall in love. Paris was guilty of seducing Helen, Menelaos' wife. Helen went willingly with Paris to Troy. The suitors of Helen had agreed to defend the “honour” and “rights” of her husband, so were bound by oath to make war on Troy on Menelaos' behalf. The Trojans could have returned Helen to Menelaos but they refused to give her back. Points you could make in your answer: • Achilles was by far the greatest warrior at Troy • he killed Trojan Troilus • he killed Ethiopian Memnon • he killed (and fell in love with) Amazon Penthesileia • he raided cities to cut off supplies • the loot from these cities, Chryseis and Briseis, were the cause of his dispute with Agamemnon • as a result of this dispute, he refused to fight • as a result of his refusal, his friend Patroclus was killed • Achilles went berserk and killed Hector • he buried Patroclus with funeral games and human sacrifice • he treated Hector's corpse in a barbaric fashion and refused ransom • his generosity in finally returning the body was limited by demanding a colossal ransom for it • he was slain by a poisoned arrow in his one weak place – his heel • when Troy was taken his spirit complained he wasn't sharing in the loot, so he demanded the princess Polyxena, whom he'd fallen in love with, be sacrificed at his tomb GL301 2 Points you could include in your answer: • Odysseus was one of Helen's many suitors • he devised the promise that the disappointed suitors must promise to defend her father's choice • this promise forced the Greeks to accompany Menelaos and Agamemnon to attack Troy • Odysseus tried to get out of going by feigning insanity but was exposed by Palamedes • he got his revenge by framing Palamedes as a traitor • he received Achilles' armour after his death, and insisted Ajax be properly buried • he stole the Palladium with Diomedes, and tried to grab all credit • he devised the horse at Athene's prompting • he killed Hector's son Astynax • his voyage home took 10 years after he offended Poseidon • on his return he had to clear his home of rivals who wanted to marry his wife • he succeeded with the help of his son and, as always, Athene. 7B Points you could make in your answer: • the Fates decreed Troy must fall • Eris and Zeus were responsible for the judgement of Paris • Hera and Athene fought on the Greek side • Athene told Odysseus to make the horse • she (or Poseidon) sent the serpents to kill Laocoon, thus convincing the Trojans that he was wrong to oppose the horse • the Trojans were still foolish to believe the Greek Sinon, and accept the enemy's “gift” of the horse. Clearly the gods made them foolish. 8A 1 Greek religion was of value because: • it satisfied its followers on a variety of levels • it both consoled and inspired them • it catered for all sorts of religious practices, from Dionysos to Apollo • it inspired art and encouraged sport • it created a sense of unity among the Greeks, even when at war with each other. 2 GL301 The first real scientific enquiry and philosophical speculation developed on the coast of Asia Minor. • Other cities in the area and in Sicily and Italy were also involved. 23 • These areas had contact with both the mother cities in Greece and with other cultures in their own regions. • The ideas and knowledge from other cultures were shared around the Greek world to stimulate the Greeks' own ideas. • The Greeks were accustomed to discussing and arguing about differing customs and ideas. • Greek religion had no set doctrines, so people were free to speculate. 8B 24 3 Early philosophy was limited because: • it was not always logical • it often contained superstition • many philosophers were not interested in experiments • they lacked technical equipment to conduct experiments. 4 It was of value because: • asking the questions was of value, even though the answers were wrong • they consciously developed logic • they believed humans could understand the world • the world was, they thought, governed by rational laws • nothing was too sacred to be questioned. Thales: The first Greek philosopher. He used mathematical knowledge to solve practical problems and claimed the world had evolved by natural processes. Protagoras: Sophist who claimed "Man is the measure of all things", meaning all knowledge is relative. Isocrates: Sophist, teacher of rhetoric and the doctrine that education should show men how to lead a virtuous life in society. Socrates: By questioning, he demonstrated the inconsistency in a man's beliefs, and by showing his ignorance set him on the path to true wisdom. Plato: Searched for general principles and eternal ideas and ideals, as well as founding the Academy to search for truth and train politicians through mathematics and philosophy. GL301 Aristotle: Used a scientific approach to draw general conclusions from many specific examples. 9A Greatest good Emotion Public life The gods 9B GL301 Epicurus Stoics Pleasure, which was Virtue, such as an absence of pain. living in harmony with nature and reason. Avoid emotion as it Avoid emotion as it disturbed the mind’s is irrational. tranquillity. Avoid public life as Do one’s duty, it disturbed the including public mind’s tranquillity. service, without wanting rewards. The gods exist but God is good and take no interest in rational, and humanity. there’s probably Prayer and sacrifice only one. are pointless, and death is not to be feared. Points you could include in your answer: • Medicine made significant progress through careful and regular observation. Hippocrates – assigned earthly causes to illness (that is, not caused by the gods). Herophilus and Erasistratus – study of anatomy. • Astronomy progressed as the Greeks moved from belief in a flat earth to a round, rotating earth. Aristarchus – declared the earth moves round the sun. • Mathematics and technical inventions continued to develop. Euclid – wrote 13 books of geometry. Apollonius – wrote on conics. Archimedes – worked on the behaviour of solids in liquids, pulleys and levers and invented the Archimedean screw. Ctesibos – invented water clocks and force pumps. Heron – steam and compressed air machines. Eratosthenes – calculated the circumference of the earth. 25 10A Roman name Jupiter Greek name Juno Hera Mars Ares Minerva Athene Crafts and commerce Vulcan Hephaestus Neptune Poseidon Fire, metalwork Water Ceres Demeter Corn Diana Artemis Apollo Apollo Venus Aphrodite Mountains and woods Civilisation and culture Spring and flowers Mercury Liber Pater/ Bacchus Hermes Dionysos Pluto and Proserpina Hades and Underworld Persephone/Kore 26 Zeus Area of influence Sky Women’s affairs War Commerce Fertility Comments More dignified and moral than Zeus, whose love affairs were inappropriate. More dignified than Hera. More important to the Romans than the Greeks. Less important than Athene. Warrior goddess only from identification with Athene. Old Latin god. First offered drought protection, later god of sea when identified with Poseidon. Less important than Demeter. Less important than Artemis. Wholly Greek god. Minor Italian goddess, identified with the Greek goddess of love and beauty. A minor god always. Became god of wine and “mysteries” through identification with Dionysos. Not popular among the Romans in their role as rulers of the Underworld. GL301 10B GL301 Janus: God of doorways, journeys, beginnings, departures and returns. Peculiarly Roman. Temple doors signified war/peace when open/shut. Vesta-Hestia: Major goddess of hearth and home, with important state worship. Lares and Penates: Spirits guarding individual households. Saturn-Cronos: An old Italian agricultural god responsible for the peace and prosperity of the Golden Age. Hercules-Herakles: The Greek hero who had visited the site of Rome. Aeneas: Founder of the Roman race. Romulus and Remus: Sons of Mars. Romulus founded Rome and murdered his brother. Castor and Pollux: Helped the Romans against the Latins 496. Major Roman figures – much more important than in Greek mythology. 27 COVER SHEET STUDENTS IF YOU HAVE BEEN SUPPLIED WITH LABELS, PLACE ONE HERE, OTHERWISE COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING FULL NAME ID NO. ADDRESS IF CHANGED PHONE N0. IF CHANGED FAX Authentication statement I certify that the assessment work is the original work of the student named above. Signed (Student) FOR CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL USE ONLY CS Internal Mail NAME IN FULL MAIL POINT New work for Student INITIALS DATE GL301 CS/B OUT OF STOCK WILL DESPATCH WHEN AVAILABLE 99/1 Assessment