Download Mythology

Mythology
GL301
2003/1
Classical Studies in the New Zealand curriculum
This booklet provides background information on Greek and Roman
mythology. You need to know this before you attempt the topics.
The activities do not contribute to any achievement standard.
Contents
page
I
The nature of myths
The historical background to Greek mythology
3
II
The nature of Greek gods
The origins of the world
Stories of Zeus, Hera, Demeter, Poseidon,
Hades, Hestia
4
III
The remaining Olympian deities
Minor deities
5
IV
Early heroes: Heracles, Jason, Perseus
6
V
Early tales: Theseus, Daedalus and Icarus,
Bellerophon, Niobe, The Calydonian Boar Hunt,
Castor and Polydeuces, Oedipus, Orpheus
7
The story of Troy – reasons for the war
The main characters
9
The Trojan war and its conclusion
Aftermath
10
VIII
Classical Greek thought
11
IX
Hellenistic Greek thought
12
X
The gods of Rome
13
Answer guide
15
VI
VII
i
As you complete each activity, check it yourself in the answer guide
at the back of the booklet.
✓
means check your own work
✰
means your teacher will check this work.
Copyright © 2003 The Correspondence School (TCS), Private Bag 39992, Wellington, New Zealand. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the written
permission of The Correspondence School.
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Introduction
This first classical studies assignment is designed to give you the
necessary background to the many myths you will meet as you work
through the course.
It contains two books:
• a resource book containing an introduction to
Greek and Roman myths
• this booklet, which contains a series of activities to
test your knowledge of the stories in the resource
book.
Each lesson, you will be asked to read a matching chapter in the
resource book and to work through the activities. As you complete
each activity, check it yourself in the answer guide at the back of the
booklet.
The mythology resource book is intended as a reference,
and you should look back to the appropriate sections during the
course rather than attempt to learn all the myths first time round.
Although it seems large, it is in fact only a brief introduction to the
vast body of Greek mythology and, if you can, you should read
further. A reading list is added at the back of this booklet, and most
libraries have books on Greek mythology.
As you read you may notice alternative spellings for Greek names.
For example:
• Hector and Heracles may be spelt Hektor and
Herakles (Greek K was replaced by Latin C)
• Dionysus and Menelaus may be spelt Dionysos and
Menelaos (the original -os ending in Greek is more
frequently written as Latin -us)
• Hephaestus may be spelt Hephaistos (the second
spelling is closer to the original Greek)
Also, some older mythology books may call Greek characters by their
Roman names. For example, Greek Zeus is called Jupiter (Latin) or
Athene (Greek) is called Minerva (Latin). You will find the
alternative Latin names in chapter 10 of the resource book.
• Note that all dates are BC unless indicated as AD.
GL301
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Course text books
Some of the topics you will cover this year will require a text. These
are:
Attic Old Comedy (GL 303, GL304): Aristophanes The Wasps and
The Frogs, trans. David Barrett (Penguin)
Alexander (GL307, GL308): Study Materials
Virgil's Aeneid (GL312, GL313): Virgil, The Aeneid, trans.
W F Jackson Knight (Penguin)
Roman Satire (GL310, GL311): Juvenal, The Sixteen Satires, trans.
Peter Green (Penguin), third edition, 1998
The study materials are available from the Classics Department,
University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin or Bennetts University
Bookshop, Palmerston North.
The Aristophanes, Virgil and Juvenal texts are available from
Bennetts University Bookshop, Palmerston North.
In addition to the required text, each topic will include a reading
list, and you are strongly recommended to obtain at least one extra
book from your school library, public library or Correspondence
School library. Your second topic, Greek Vase Painting (GL305,
GL7VASE) does not require a text but extra reading is
recommended.
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GL301
Cycladic jug 2000 B.C.
I
Have you ever read myths and legends?
Most people in New Zealand have read and enjoyed myths at some
time in their childhood. But the stories told to or written down for
children are usually simplified and “cleaned-up” versions, and you
may be surprised on reading an adult version to find how much
detail and how much violence and sex the original tales contained.
It becomes clear that myths were not originally designed as
children's tales, but were created by adults for other, more serious
reasons. Today's work looks at why myths were created and, in
particular, explores why and when the myths of ancient Greece
came into being.
Now take your resource book and read the material contained in
chapter one.
Then work through the following activities. When you have
completed them, check your answers in the answer guide at the
back of this booklet.
ACTIVITY 1A
Why were myths created? What purposes do they serve?
List as many reasons and purposes as you can think of. You will
find a number in chapter one in the resource book. Try to add some
of your own.
✓
ACTIVITY 1B
Draw a time line of events between 3000 BC and 0 which were
relevant for the development of Greek myths.
✓
GL301
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Etruscan bowl 340 B.C.
II
Last lesson you looked at some reasons why myths might have come
into being, and at the 3000 years of Mediterranean history BC when
the Greek myths were created, developed and finally written down
in the versions we have today.
Today's work examines something of the nature of the gods and
goddesses which feature so prominently in Greek mythology,
explores one version of the Greek creation myths and looks at some
of the most important gods.
READ
chapter two in your resource book.
ACTIVITY 2A
Either
1
Select the 10 points about Greek divinities which
you think most important.
or
2
How did the religion of the ancient Greeks differ
from Christianity? Select up to 10 differences you
think important.
✓
ACTIVITY 2B
Draw a “family tree” to show the descent of Zeus from Chaos.
Include the following names: Chaos, Gaea, Erebus, Night, Eros,
Oceanus, Uranus, the Titans, the Cyclopes, Rhea, Cronos, the
Giants, the Furies, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Zeus
and Typhon.
✓
ACTIVITY 2C
List the six children of Rhea and Cronos, and by each name write up
to three sentences naming each one's area of influence and the main
points in their story.
✓
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III
Today's work continues the stories of Greek gods, major and minor.
READ
chapter three in your resource book.
ACTIVITY 3A
List the eight Olympian gods you have been reading about, and
alongside each write a few words naming their area of influence.
✓
ACTIVITY 3B
Either
1
Explore some other genuine mythology and write
half to one page describing parallel or contrasting
divinities to those found in Greek myths.
or
2
Look closely at another mythology invented by a
modern writer (such as J R Tolkein, David
Eddings) and write half to one page comparing its
gods to those of Greek mythology.
or
3
We have given you eight minor divinities, and
there are numerous others in Greek mythology.
Select any four, from this period or from your own
reading, which you think are interesting or
important. Describe them and explain why you
chose them. Write up to one page.
✰
GL301
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Attic cup 400 B.C.
IV
Today's work moves from the immortal gods, great and small, to the
tales of the heroes. Many heroes were half-gods, sons of Zeus or
other gods, by a mortal woman or man. In historical times many
Greek states were keen to adopt a hero as founder of their city, and
many wealthy aristocratic families were also keen to have a heroic
ancestor, which meant details were added to or changed in the old
tales. Though we no longer believe in the divine powers which
guided, helped or hindered these heroes, or consider them remote
members of our families, their stories are as popular today as in
ancient times. In addition, many modern writers have created their
own mythologies and written stories of heroic quests and sword and
sorcery, which owe much to ancient myth.
READ
chapter four in your resource book.
ACTIVITY 4A
1
2
List the 12 labours of Heracles.
Explain in your own words why he was so popular a figure
among the Greeks. Try to add some ideas of your own.
✓
ACTIVITY 4B
1
Jason, Perseus and Heracles in many of his labours went to
fetch something. What are some of the essential ingredients of
a quest story? Why are they told? Write two or three
sentences discussing this.
2
Name one or two modern quest stories.
3
Where do we still use names from stories of Jason and Perseus?
✓
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GL301
Attic vase 520 B.C.
V
Today's work covers the deeds of other heroes, and identifies some
lesser-known figures.
The Greeks constantly used tales from their mythology as subject
matter for their literature and visual arts such as painting and
sculpture. They could assume that their readers, listeners or
viewers would know the story, so rarely bothered to explain the
subject matter. However, unless modern students have similar
knowledge they will simply not understand many references.
In your first topic you will read a comedy by Aristophanes in which
the chief character is the god Dionysos. He makes a trip to the
underworld, meeting on the way Heracles and a group of souls who
took part in the Eleusinian Mysteries while alive. In the
underworld he is mistaken for Heracles and threatened with
punishment for kidnapping the watchdog Cerberus on a previous
visit, but is recognised in time by Hades and Persephone. All this
would be hard to understand without knowledge of the characters
involved.
Your second topic, Greek vase painting, makes even greater use of
myth, since 13 of the vases show one or more scenes from myth.
Some are from well-known stories and easily identified, but others
are from quite minor tales, described in this lesson.
Here is a list of the set vases with the picture(s) identified, and the
chapter in which you'll find the tale.
1
The François vase:
2
Krater by Lydos:
GL301
Kalydonian Boar Hunt (chapter 5) dance
of the released Athenians – tale of
Theseus (Chapter 5)
Chariot race – Patroklos' funeral games
– Tale of Troy (Chapter 7)
Gods at wedding of Peleus and Thetis
(Chapter 3)
Achilles chases Troilus – Tale of Troy
(Chapter 7)
Return of Hephaistos (Chapter 3)
Ajax carries the dead Achilles – Tale of Troy
(Chapter 7)
Artemis – queen of animals (Chapter 3)
Return of Hephaistos (Chapter 3)
7
3
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
Amphora by Exekias:
Ajax and Achilles (Chapter 7)
Kastor and Polydeuces (Chapter 5)
Kylix by Exekias:
Voyage of Dionysos (Chapter 3)
Krater of Euphronios:
Heracles kills Antaios (Chapter 4)
Amphora by Euthymides:
Hektor and his parents (Chapter 6)
Skyphos by Makron:
Helen and Paris (Chapter 6)
Helen and Menelaos (Chapter 7)
Amphora by Kleophrades Painter: Dionysos and followers (Chapter 3)
Hydria by Kleophrades Painter: The fall of Troy (Chapter 7)
Krater by Berlin Painter:
Achilles and Hektor (Chapter 7)
Achilles and Memnon (Chapter 7)
Krater by Niobid Painter:
Slaughter of Niobe's children
(Chapter 5)
Athene, Heracles and Argonauts
(Chapters 3, 4) or the rescue of
Theseus by Heracles (Chapter 5)
Pyxis by Penthesileia Painter:
Judgement of Paris (Chapter 6)
Hydria by Meidias Painter:
Abduction of daughters of
Leucippos by Castor and
Polydeuces (Chapter 5)
Works 5, 6 and 15 do not have mythological scenes. As well as
illustrating the importance of myth, you may find this list of value
when you study the vases.
READ
chapter five in your resource book.
ACTIVITY 5A
In what ways is Theseus like Heracles?
How is he different?
Consider such points as his birth, types of adventures, association
with the gods, connection with a “home” city, brawn, brains and
moral sense.
Write about half a page.
✓
ACTIVITY 5B
You have read brief accounts of the following myths: Daedalus and
Icarus; Bellerophon; Niobe; the Calydonian Boar Hunt; Castor and
Polydeuces; Oedipus; Orpheus.
Choose four which have a clear message. Outline the myth or part of
the myth relevant to the message, and then state what the message
is.
✓
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GL301
Pompei Villa of the Mysteries
VI
The most detailed and best-known myth cycle was the tale of the
Greeks’ successful war against the city of Troy and today's work
looks at the causes of the war and the various personalities involved.
READ
chapter six in the mythology resource book.
ACTIVITY 6A
Draw the following family trees:
1
The family of Helen. Include Leda, Tyndareus, Zeus, Helen,
Clytemnestra, Castor, Polydeuces.
2
The family of Menelaos and Agamemnon. Include Tantalus,
Pelops, Hippodameia, Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Menelaos,
Aegisthus, Iphigenia, Orestes, Electra.
3
The family of Achilles. Include Peleus, Thetis, Achilles,
Neoptolemus.
4
The family of Odysseus. Include Odysseus, Penelope,
Telemachus.
5
The family of Paris. Include Priam, Hecabe, Paris, Cassandra,
Creusa, Helenos, Deiphobos, Hector, Astynax, Ilus.
✓
ACTIVITY 6B
What caused the Trojan War?
Write half to one page, outlining the real reasons for the war and the
reasons given in mythology.
✓
GL301
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Attic vase
VII
Today you read some of the stories of the Trojan war, and how the
city was finally destroyed. You also find out what happened to the
surviving Greeks on their return home.
READ
chapter seven in your resource book.
ACTIVITY 7A
Either
1
Tell the story of Achilles in your own words. Write
up to a page.
or
2
What part did Odysseus play at Troy?
Describe how he came to be there, his deeds while
there, and his voyage home.
Write up to a page.
✓
ACTIVITY 7B
What part did the gods play in the destruction of Troy?
Write about half a page.
✓
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GL301
Cycladic jug 650 B.C.
VIII
Religion remained an important factor in Greek
beginning of the Christian era in the years AD.
towards religion and the stories of the gods and
throughout the years, and this lesson examines
the Dark Ages, in the era of the city state.
READ
life long after the
But attitudes
heroes changed
Greek thought after
chapter eight in your resource book.
ACTIVITY 8A
1
2
3
4
Why was Greek religion of value in Greek society?
When did the first real scientific enquiry and philosophical
speculation develop and why?
Why was early Greek philosophy limited?
Why was it of value?
✓
ACTIVITY 8B
Choose three of the following names:
Thales, Protagoras, Isocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Alongside each, write a sentence or two summarising their
contribution to Greek thought, as outlined in the paragraphs in
chapter eight of the resource book.
✓
GL301
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IX
The conquests of Alexander and the replacing of city states by large
kingdoms in the Greek world had a considerable impact on religious
and scientific thought. Today you will examine some of the changes
which followed Alexander's death.
READ
chapter nine in your resource book.
ACTIVITY 9A
Create a chart comparing the doctrines of Epicurus and the Stoics
using the following headings:
greatest good; emotion; public life; the gods.
✓
ACTIVITY 9B
What progress did the Greeks make in medicine, astronomy,
mathematics and technical inventions after the time of Alexander?
Make a general comment on two of these categories.
Under each, list the names of the best-known Greeks with a few
words summarising their achievements.
✓
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GL301
Corinthian lamp 40 B.C.
X
The great empires of Alexander's successors were absorbed by the
even greater empire of Rome within 300 years of his death. The
Romans also absorbed many ideas of the Greeks, and today you will
look at what they did with some of them.
READ
chapter 10 of your resource book.
ACTIVITY 10A
Create a chart listing the first 14 gods ad goddesses (Jupiter to Pluto
and Proserpina). Use the following headings:
Latin name; Greek name; area of influence; comments.
Under “comments”, write down any major difference between the
Roman and Greek figure.
✓
ACTIVITY 10B
Select four of the figures of particular importance to the Romans
(Janus to Castor and Pollux). Write a few words to explain why each
was important.
✓
ACTIVITY 10C
Read through the material on Roman gods once more. From the
deities the Romans chose to honour, and from the aspects of those
deities they chose to emphasise, what conclusions can you draw
about differences between Greek and Roman mythology and
religion? Write up to half a page.
✰
GL301
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Appendix
A list of classical mythology books for additional reading.
Most libraries contain something on Greek and Roman myths in the
section 291-292, and you may also find brief articles in reference
books such as encyclopaedias. The following books are available
from The Correspondence School library.
A book of myths
Roger Lancelot Green
Dent/Dalton
The God beneath the Sea
Leon Garfield &
Edward Blishen
Longman Young Books
The Golden Shadow
Leon Garfield &
Edward Blishen
Longman Young Books
Stories from Ancient Greece ed. John Kent
Peter Lunn
The Heroes
Charles Kingsley
Dent/Dalton
The Faber Book of Greek
Legends
ed. Kathleen Lines
Faber
The Spirit of Spring
Penelope Proddow
Macmillan
The Gods of Mount Olympus Robert Penn Warren
Random House
Children of the Gods
Kenneth McLeish
Longman
Creation Myths
Maureen Stewart
McMillan
Other recommended books are:
The Greek Myths – Volumes Robert Graves
1&2
Penguin
Greek and Roman
D M Field
Hamlyn
Roman Mythology
Peter Croft
Octopus Books
Roman Mythology
Stewart Perowne
Paul Hamlyn
Greek Mythology
Richard Patrick
Octopus Books
Mythology
Larousse – Encyclopaedia of
Mythology
14
Hamlyn
GL301
Answer guide
1A
Reasons myths were created and the purposes they
serve include:
• to explain the origins of the world
• to explain the happenings of nature
• to explain and justify existing customs and rituals
• to reflect human dreams and wishes
• to communicate beliefs and instructions
from one generation to the next.
As you were asked to try to add some of your own, your
teacher will check your work.
1B
B C 3000
2000
Bronze Age begins.
Fertility goddess worshipped.
Invasion of mainland Greece by Achaeans.
Sky god now dominant.
Minoan civilisation in Crete flourishes.
Mother/earth goddess still supreme.
1450
Minoan civilisation destroyed.
Mycenaean civilisation flourishes.
1250
Troy sacked.
1100
All mainland Mycenaean centres destroyed.
1000
Invasion of Dorians. Writing lost.
Myths created and retold orally.
Homer composed Iliad and Odyssey.
700
Writing now in general use.
Myths written down.
Details changed or added by powerful states.
400
Hellenistic and Roman writers write down
stories in the versions we have today.
0
GL301
15
2A
1
You answered either question 1 or question 2.
Important points about Greek divinities might include:
• there were large numbers of them
• some were more important than others
• they were usually of human shape
• they had human appetites, desires and failings
• they were larger, more beautiful, more powerful than
humans
• in a moral sense they were no better than humans
• they were immortal
• they didn't care whether humans were good or not
• they only required worship from their followers
• they weren't evil
• to humans they might be friendly, indifferent or
hostile
• they caused everything that happened
• they could tinker with minor details
• fate decided the general scheme of events.
You may have thought of others, which your teacher
will check.
2
Differences between the religion of the ancient Greeks
and Christianity:
• many gods
one God
• hierarchy of power
all-powerful God
• human appetites and
God is good
desires
• no power of evil
Satan
• friendly, indifferent,
totally loving
or hostile
• virtuous life not
reward for virtue in next life
rewarded
one god covers everything
• various areas of influence large body of doctrine
• no dogmas or creed
comparative intolerance
• religious tolerance
primarily a personal matter
• religion a state affair
You may disagree with some of these differences or have
thought of others. Your teacher will check your work.
16
GL301
2B
Family tree of Zeus.
Chaos
Gaea
Oceanus
Erebus
Night
Eros
Uranus = Gaea
Titans Cyclopes Rhea = Cronos Giants Furies Typhon
Hestia
2C
3A
GL301
Demeter
Hera
Hades
Poseidon
Zeus
Hestia:
Goddess of hearth and home. Sweet,
kindly nonentity. Gave place on Olympos to
Dionysos.
Demeter:
Goddess of corn and fertility. Rape of
daughter, Persephone. Explains seasons of
the year. Eleusinian mysteries celebrated
in their honour.
Hera:
Goddess of marriage, childbirth and
“women's affairs”. Resented husband's
infidelity.
Hades:
God of the underworld, ruler of the dead.
Poseidon:
God of the sea, contender with Athene for
power in Athens.
Zeus:
Supreme god over gods and humans. Noted
for numerous love affairs.
Athene:
Goddess of wisdom, war and crafts.
Aphrodite:
Goddess of love.
Ares:
God of war.
Hephaistos:
God of metal-working crafts.
17
4A
Apollo:
God of civilisation (such as music,
poetry, philosophy, astronomy, medicine,
science, prophecy, the sun).
Artemis:
Virgin huntress (mistress of animals,
eastern fertility goddess, patron of safe,
easy childbirth).
Hermes:
Messenger of Zeus (god of rogues,
commerce, treaties, travellers).
Dionysos:
God of wine, fertility, drama.
1
The
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iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xi
xii
12 labours of Heracles were:
killing the Nemean lion
killing the Hydra of Lerna
capturing the Ceryneian hind
capturing the Erymantheian boar
cleaning out the Augeian stables
killing/driving away the Stymphalian birds
capturing the Cretan bull
taming the mares of Diomedes
fetching the girdle of Hippolyte
stealing the cattle of Geryon
gathering the golden apples of Hera
kidnapping Cerberus.
2
Heracles represented the ideal man in an age
which put physical strength and courage at the top
of the list of ideal qualities. He was always
successful despite great odds, and everyone loves a
winner. He could feature in tales set in almost
every part of Greece, and in fact in almost every
land in the Mediterranean, so every state could
relate a story about “when Heracles visited here”.
As you may have thought of other reasons, your
teacher will check your work.
4B
1
2
18
A quest story involves a hero or heroes, setting
out to do something or to find something of
value far away. There must be many difficulties
along the way and even when the goal is
reached, so that the “questers” must pass many
tests of courage and ingenuity. They are told
because people enjoy adventure stories which
have a purpose.
Tolkein: Lord of the Rings
Terry Brooks: Sword of Shannara and so on.
David Eddings: Belgariad and Malloreon
GL301
3
Argo is a US underwater exploration craft. It
found the Titanic and the Bismark.
Perseus, Andromeda, the sea monster, and
Andromeda's parents Cassiopeia and Cepheus
are constellations in the northern sky.
As you may have different answers for 2 and 3,
your teacher will check your work.
5A
Both Theseus and Heracles were the sons of gods,
Theseus of Poseidon and Heracles of Zeus.
Both killed large numbers of dangerous men, animals and
monsters with their combination of courage, strength and
skill.
Both carried a famous club – Heracles had his lion skin as
well. Heracles suffered from the anger and spite of Hera,
but Theseus had no similar unfriendly deity. Heracles
was associated with the city Tiryns, but was never its
king, whereas Theseus had much stronger associations
with Athens.
Theseus was much wiser than Heracles, and was given
the credit for political changes in Attica. He was thus all
the more blameworthy for his evil deeds like carrying off
Helen and attempting to carry off Persephone.
Heracles was all brawn and little brain, and obviously had
little morality. 'Might is right' meant he could steal and
pillage as he pleased, and you could hardly blame him as
he knew no better.
Theseus' stories were obviously “fiddled” with by later
Athenians. They credited him with historical deeds which
came much later in time, and he was given a divine father
and adventures to rival Heracles. But as fashions
required a bit more intelligence and moral virtue in
classical times, Theseus remains a rather unwieldy
mixture of stories.
5B
GL301
Daedalus and Icarus
Daedalus invented a cow for Pasiphae to satisfy an
unnatural lust, a labyrinth to contain the Minotaur,
and a device to successfully kill the Minotaur. He then
invented wings to escape Minos' wrath, but his son flew
too high, so the wax melted on his wings and he
drowned.
19
Message: a
b
Daedalus brought misery to others by his
inventions and finally to himself.
Icarus flew too high, which a mortal
must not do, and paid the price.
Bellerophon
He also flew too high, and Zeus “cut him down to
size” and killed him.
Message:
If you get too ambitious, the gods will
destroy you.
Niobe
She boasted she was superior to Leto because she had
more children. Leto's children were infinitely more
powerful and killed all Niobe's children.
Message:
Quality is more important than quantity.
Don't presume to be superior or even to
equal a god.
The Calydonian boar hunt
All the hunters were anxious to kill the boar, and
competed rather than co-operated. Thus a number
were killed.
Message:
Sometimes co-operation is preferable to
competition.
Castor and Polydeuces
When mortal Castor died, semi-divine Polydeuces
offered to spend half the year dead so his brother
could live during that time. Zeus set them both in the
sky.
Message:
Sometimes even the gods are touched by
devotion.
Oedipus
His parents and he both tried to escape from the
prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his
mother, but in vain.
Message:
You cannot avoid your fate.
Orpheus
When his wife died, he used the power of his music to
win her back from the underworld, but lost her again
when he broke a promise not to look back.
Message: a
The power of love and beauty is very
great.
b
He was a victim of his own error.
c
We are all victims of our own lack of faith.
20
GL301
6A 1
The family of Helen.
Leda =
(Tyndareus, King of Sparta
(Zeus
Clytemnestra
2
Helen
Castor
Polydeuces
(Pollux)
The family of Menelaos and Agamemnon.
Tantalus
Pelops = Hippodameia
Atreus
Thyestes
Aegisthus
Menelaos
Agamemnon
Iphigenia
3
Orestes
Electra
The family of Achilles.
Thetis = Peleus.
Achilles
Neoptolemus
4
The family of Odysseus.
Odysseus = Penelope
Telemachus
5
The family of Paris.
Hecabe = Priam, King of Troy
Hector
Astynax
GL301
Paris
Cassandra
Creusa
Deiphobos
Helenos
Ilus
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6B
Here are some of the causes of the Trojan War.
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7A 1
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Real
Troy controlled the trade routes to the Black Sea – a trade
war.
A plundering raid – sacking and looting cities was an
integral part of Mycenaean life.
Mythological
The Fates said Troy must fall.
Priam was warned more than once that Paris would be the
ruin of Troy, but failed to kill him.
Paris chose Aphrodite as the fairest goddess, making
enemies of Hera and Athene, but no matter whom he chose
trouble could be expected from the other two.
Aphrodite caused Paris and Helen to fall in love.
Paris was guilty of seducing Helen, Menelaos' wife.
Helen went willingly with Paris to Troy.
The suitors of Helen had agreed to defend the “honour” and
“rights” of her husband, so were bound by oath to make
war on Troy on Menelaos' behalf.
The Trojans could have returned Helen to Menelaos but
they refused to give her back.
Points you could make in your answer:
• Achilles was by far the greatest warrior at Troy
• he killed Trojan Troilus
• he killed Ethiopian Memnon
• he killed (and fell in love with) Amazon Penthesileia
• he raided cities to cut off supplies
• the loot from these cities, Chryseis and Briseis, were
the cause of his dispute with Agamemnon
• as a result of this dispute, he refused to fight
• as a result of his refusal, his friend Patroclus was
killed
• Achilles went berserk and killed Hector
• he buried Patroclus with funeral games and human
sacrifice
• he treated Hector's corpse in a barbaric fashion and
refused ransom
• his generosity in finally returning the body was
limited by demanding a colossal ransom for it
• he was slain by a poisoned arrow in his one weak place
– his heel
• when Troy was taken his spirit complained he wasn't
sharing in the loot, so he demanded the princess
Polyxena, whom he'd fallen in love with, be sacrificed
at his tomb
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2
Points you could include in your answer:
• Odysseus was one of Helen's many suitors
• he devised the promise that the disappointed suitors
must promise to defend her father's choice
• this promise forced the Greeks to accompany
Menelaos and Agamemnon to attack Troy
• Odysseus tried to get out of going by feigning insanity
but was exposed by Palamedes
• he got his revenge by framing Palamedes as a traitor
• he received Achilles' armour after his death, and
insisted Ajax be properly buried
• he stole the Palladium with Diomedes, and tried to
grab all credit
• he devised the horse at Athene's prompting
• he killed Hector's son Astynax
• his voyage home took 10 years after he offended
Poseidon
• on his return he had to clear his home of rivals who
wanted to marry his wife
• he succeeded with the help of his son and, as always,
Athene.
7B
Points you could make in your answer:
• the Fates decreed Troy must fall
• Eris and Zeus were responsible for the judgement of
Paris
• Hera and Athene fought on the Greek side
• Athene told Odysseus to make the horse
• she (or Poseidon) sent the serpents to kill Laocoon,
thus convincing the Trojans that he was wrong to
oppose the horse
• the Trojans were still foolish to believe the Greek
Sinon, and accept the enemy's “gift” of the horse.
Clearly the gods made them foolish.
8A 1
Greek religion was of value because:
• it satisfied its followers on a variety of levels
• it both consoled and inspired them
• it catered for all sorts of religious practices, from
Dionysos to Apollo
• it inspired art and encouraged sport
• it created a sense of unity among the Greeks, even
when at war with each other.
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The first real scientific enquiry and philosophical
speculation developed on the coast of Asia Minor.
• Other cities in the area and in Sicily and Italy were
also involved.
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• These areas had contact with both the mother cities in
Greece and with other cultures in their own regions.
• The ideas and knowledge from other cultures were
shared around the Greek world to stimulate the
Greeks' own ideas.
• The Greeks were accustomed to discussing and
arguing about differing customs and ideas.
• Greek religion had no set doctrines, so people were free
to speculate.
8B
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3
Early philosophy was limited because:
• it was not always logical
• it often contained superstition
• many philosophers were not interested in
experiments
• they lacked technical equipment to conduct
experiments.
4
It was of value because:
• asking the questions was of value, even though the
answers were wrong
• they consciously developed logic
• they believed humans could understand the world
• the world was, they thought, governed by rational
laws
• nothing was too sacred to be questioned.
Thales:
The first Greek philosopher. He used
mathematical knowledge to solve
practical problems and claimed the
world had evolved by natural processes.
Protagoras:
Sophist who claimed "Man is the measure of
all things", meaning all knowledge is
relative.
Isocrates:
Sophist, teacher of rhetoric and the doctrine
that education should show men how to
lead a virtuous life in society.
Socrates:
By questioning, he demonstrated the
inconsistency in a man's beliefs, and by
showing his ignorance set him on the path
to true wisdom.
Plato:
Searched for general principles and eternal
ideas and ideals, as well as founding the
Academy to search for truth and train
politicians through mathematics and
philosophy.
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Aristotle:
Used a scientific approach to draw general
conclusions from many specific examples.
9A
Greatest good
Emotion
Public life
The gods
9B
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Epicurus
Stoics
Pleasure, which was Virtue, such as
an absence of pain.
living in harmony
with nature and
reason.
Avoid emotion as it
Avoid emotion as it
disturbed the mind’s is irrational.
tranquillity.
Avoid public life as
Do one’s duty,
it disturbed the
including public
mind’s tranquillity. service, without
wanting rewards.
The gods exist but
God is good and
take no interest in
rational, and
humanity.
there’s probably
Prayer and sacrifice only one.
are pointless, and
death is not to be
feared.
Points you could include in your answer:
• Medicine made significant progress through careful
and regular observation.
Hippocrates – assigned earthly causes to illness (that
is, not caused by the gods).
Herophilus and Erasistratus – study of anatomy.
• Astronomy progressed as the Greeks moved from belief
in a flat earth to a round, rotating earth.
Aristarchus – declared the earth moves round the sun.
• Mathematics and technical inventions continued to
develop.
Euclid – wrote 13 books of geometry.
Apollonius – wrote on conics.
Archimedes – worked on the behaviour of solids in
liquids, pulleys and levers and invented the
Archimedean screw.
Ctesibos – invented water clocks and force pumps.
Heron – steam and compressed air machines.
Eratosthenes – calculated the circumference of the earth.
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10A
Roman
name
Jupiter
Greek name
Juno
Hera
Mars
Ares
Minerva
Athene
Crafts and
commerce
Vulcan
Hephaestus
Neptune
Poseidon
Fire,
metalwork
Water
Ceres
Demeter
Corn
Diana
Artemis
Apollo
Apollo
Venus
Aphrodite
Mountains
and woods
Civilisation
and culture
Spring and
flowers
Mercury
Liber Pater/
Bacchus
Hermes
Dionysos
Pluto and
Proserpina
Hades and
Underworld
Persephone/Kore
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Zeus
Area of
influence
Sky
Women’s
affairs
War
Commerce
Fertility
Comments
More dignified and
moral than Zeus,
whose love affairs
were inappropriate.
More dignified than
Hera.
More important to the
Romans than the
Greeks.
Less important than
Athene. Warrior
goddess only from
identification with
Athene.
Old Latin god.
First offered drought
protection, later god of
sea when identified
with Poseidon.
Less important than
Demeter.
Less important than
Artemis.
Wholly Greek god.
Minor Italian goddess,
identified with the
Greek goddess of love
and beauty.
A minor god always.
Became god of wine
and “mysteries”
through identification
with Dionysos.
Not popular among
the Romans in their
role as rulers of the
Underworld.
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10B
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Janus:
God of doorways, journeys,
beginnings, departures and
returns. Peculiarly Roman.
Temple doors signified war/peace
when open/shut.
Vesta-Hestia:
Major goddess of hearth and home,
with important state worship.
Lares and Penates:
Spirits guarding individual
households.
Saturn-Cronos:
An old Italian agricultural god
responsible for the peace and
prosperity of the Golden Age.
Hercules-Herakles: The Greek hero who had visited the
site of Rome.
Aeneas:
Founder of the Roman race.
Romulus and Remus: Sons of Mars. Romulus founded
Rome and murdered his brother.
Castor and Pollux:
Helped the Romans against the
Latins 496.
Major Roman figures – much more
important than in Greek mythology.
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