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Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 1
Definitions - Terminology
Organization of the Body
Homeostasis
Instructor: Mary Holman
Anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an
organism and the relationships of its parts
Physiology
The study of the function of the living
organism and its parts
Anatomical Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Andreas
Vesalius
1543
De Humani
Corporis Fabrica
Fig 1.1
Andreas
Vesalius
1543
De Humani
Corporis Fabrica
Fig. 1.3
Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
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Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
The Eleven Organ Systems
of the Human Body
A&P I
A&P II
• Integumentary
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive
Covering/Protection System
Integumentary System
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Support/Movement Systems
Skeletal System
Muscular System
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Integration/Co-ordination Systems
Nervous System
Endocrine System
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Transport Systems
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
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Absorption/Excretion Systems
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Reproduction System
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
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A&P I
Fig. 1.19
Integumentary
system
Reproductive
system
Skeletal
system
Urinary
system
Muscular
system
Respiratory
system
Digestive
system
Nervous
system
Lymphatic
system
Endocrine
system
Cardiovascular
system
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Fig. 1.9
Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Right pleural
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Lateral View
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Anterior View
Fig. 1.25a
Cephalic (head)
Otic (ear)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial (point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Mammary (breast)
Frontal (forehead)
Fig. 1.25a
Orbital (eye cavity)
Buccal (cheek)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Pectoral (chest)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital (front of elbow)
Abdominal (abdomen)
Antebrachial (forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Umbilical (navel)
Inguinal (groin)
Coxal (hip)
Palmar (palm)
Body Regions
Ventral Side
Digital (finger)
Genital (reproductive organs)
Patellar (front of knee)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Pedal (foot)
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Body Regions
Dorsal Side
Fig. 1.25b
Occipital
(back of head)
Acromial (point of shoulder)
Vertebral (spinal column)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)
Lumbar (lower back)
Sacral (between hips)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg)
Plantar (sole)
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Abdominal Quadrants
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
1
4
7
1.
4.
7.
Right hyperchondriac
Right lumbar
Right iliac
2
3
5
6
8
9
2. Epigastric
3. Left hyperchondriac
5. Umbilical
6. Left lumbar
8. Hypogastric 9.Left iliac
Midline
Fig. 1.20a
Fig. 1.20a
Right
Proximal
Left
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Characteristics of Life
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Requirements of Life
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
Homeostasis
The state of equilibrium in which
the internal environment of the
body remains in the normal range
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and correct as needed. Variations are
brought to within acceptable limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms
Control center
(set point)
Receptors
Stimulus
(Change that occurs
in internal environment.)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Most common type of feedback loop. Reduces the actions of
the effectors
• Corrects toward the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the
‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose
regulation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Fig. 1.8
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
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Lab Exercises 1&2
Metrics
Body Organization
Terminology
Metric System of Measurement
meter m
gram g
liter L
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
1.000000000000
c
e
n
t
i
c
m
i
l
l
i
m
m
i
c
r
o
n
a
n
o
n
u
Units of Length Comparison
Metric to English
•1 meter (m) is slightly longer
than 1 yard
•1 centimeter (cm) is 0.39 inches
about the width of a small finger
•1 millimeter (mm) 1/10 of a cm
about the thickness of a dime
These Metric Terms are Interchangeable
cc
and
=
mL
1 milliliter
1 cubic centimeter
=
1 gram H20
Relative Anatomical Position
Medial - Lateral
Proximal - Distal
Superior - Inferior
Anterior - Posterior
Ventral - Dorsal
Superficial - Deep
Fig. 1.20b
Fig. 1.20b
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
Midline
Fig. 1.20a
Fig. 1.20a
Right
Proximal
Left
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Types of Body Sections
(a)
Sagittal or Longitudinal
(b) Transverse or Cross Section
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(c) Frontal or Coronal
Other Body Sections
(a) Cross section
(b) Oblique
(c) Longitudinal section
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Fig. 1.11
Serous Membranes - Visceral vs Parietal
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Aorta
Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib
Right atrium
of heart
Left ventricle
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Sternum
Anterior
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Reference Plate Nine
Page 39
Scalp
Plate 1.9
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Lateral ventricle
Sphenoidal sinus
Brainstem
Inferior nasal concha
Cerebellum
Maxilla
Oral cavity
Tongue
Mandible
Cervical vertebra
Esophagus
Larynx
Trachea
Sternum
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Higher Education,
Inc./Karl Rubin
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Reference Plate 14 - pg. 42
Sphenoidal sinus
Lateral rectus m.
Gray matter
Medial rectus m.
White matter
Occipital lobe
Ethmoidal sinus
Lateral ventricle
Nasal septum
Skull
Eye
Subcutaneous
tissue
Scalp
Optic nerve
Temporalis m.
Temporal lobe
Third ventricle
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.