Download Stanly County Schools Honors Human Anatomy and Physiology

Stanly County Schools
Honors Human Anatomy and Physiology
Pacing Guide
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
These essential questions will be overarching questions that can be addressed throughout the semester and focuses on
the concept of systems. Additional topical essential questions are listed by each area on the pacing guide.
What are the structures, functions and locations of major Human Organs?
How does each system contribute to maintaining homeostasis in the complete organism?
How does technology contribute to the understanding and well-being of each system as it relates to the complete organism?
How is the concept of complementarity demonstrated in a system?
What are the functions necessary to maintain life processes?
What are the basic survival needs of humans?
What are the structural levels specific to each system?
What are the effects of aging on each system?
How do lifestyle choices effect the proper functioning of human body systems?
What are some ethical implications of developing technologies?
1
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
TIME
The Human Body:
An Orientation
4
Basic Biochemistry
3
Tissue: The Living
Fabric
5
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
• explain an overview of anatomy and
physiology and relate to the
principle of complementarity
• classify the levels of structural
organization.
• list the characteristics necessary to
maintain life
• define homeostasis and describe
how positive and negative feedback
mechanisms maintain homeostasis
• describe the language of anatomy,
including anatomical positions,
terms, directions, planes, regions,
body cavities, and the major organs
thereof
The student will be able to:
• describe the importance of water and
the relation to homeostasis
• compare and contrast organic
compounds
The student will be able to:
• cell relationships
• compare and contrast the structural
and functional characteristics of
epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
nervous tissue, and muscle tissue
• outline the process of tissue repair
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
What is the essential
terminology needed for
anatomical study?
Body Orientation
Activity
What are the basic chemistry
and biochemistry concepts
needed to understand body
functions?
Indicators
How do multicellular body
cells specialize to perform
specific functions that help
maintain homeostasis and
benefit the body as a whole?
Classification of Tissues
Enzyme Lab
Microscope Slides
2
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
The Integumentary
System
TIME
4
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
• list and describe the tissue types
composing the dermis and epidermis
• be able to describe the factors that
contribute to skin color
• compare and contrast sweat and oil
glands
• compare and contrast structure and
function of the hair follicle and nails
• explain the distribution, growth, and
replacement of hair during the life
span
• describe the functions of skin
• summarize the three types of skin
cancer
• compare and contrast 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
degree burns
• effects of aging on the skin
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How does the skin and its
components make up a
complex set of organs that
protects and interacts with
other body systems?
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
Dermatologist
3
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
Skeletal System
TIME
7
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
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TOPICS/
TIME
compare and contrast the properties of
3 types of cartilage, locate major
cartilage in the adult skeleton, and
explain how cartilage grows
compare and contrast the structure of
four bone classes, provide examples
for each class, and name major
regions of the skeleton and their
functions
list 5 important functions of the bones
compare and contrast the gross
anatomy of the short and long bone
explain the functional importance of
bone markings
compare and contrast the histology of
compact and spongy bones
describe the composition of the bone
describe the process of bone growth at
ephyseal plates
describe the steps of fracture repair
explain the changes that occur in bone
from embryonic to advanced age
name the major parts of the axial and
appendicular skeleton
compare and contrast the male and
female pelvis and relate to functional
differences
classify the joints structurally and
functionally
discuss common joint complications
and the symptoms and problems
associated with each
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
What is the structure and
function of bone tissue and the
dynamics of its formation and
remodeling throughout life?
Overview of the Skeleton
Bone in Vinegar
Axial Skeleton
How do the bones, joints, and
ligaments function to permit
movement and mobility in the
skeleton?
Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations and Body
Movements
Enrichment:
In-depth study of gross
anatomy of bones
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
4
CONCEPTS
The Muscular System
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
CONNECTIONS
6
TIME
The student will be able to:
• compare and contrast basic muscle
types
• describe the function and structure
of myofibrils, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, and T tubules
• explain the sliding filament theory
• explain the motor unit and how
muscle fibers are stimulated to
contract
• differentiate between isotonic and
isometric contractions
• describe 3 ways ATP is regenerated
during muscle contraction
• define oxygen debt and muscle
fatigue
• describe embryonic development of
muscle tissue and changes that occur
with aging
• compare and contrast function of
prime movers, synergists,
antagonists, and fixators
• describe the criterion used to name
muscles and provide an example of
each muscle type
• define lever and relate to muscle
mechanics
• name and identify muscles including
origin, insertion, and action of each
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
What are the distinguishing
functional characteristics of
muscles?
Microscopic Anatomy of
Skeletal Muscle
Gross Anatomy of the
Muscular System
How does the muscle structure
permit movement and integrate
with the nervous system?
Chicken wing dissection
Enrichment:
Nerve stimulus and
action potential
Major events of muscle
contraction and
relaxation
Graded muscle responses
Energy for muscle
contraction
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
5
CONNECTIONS
Nervous System
TOPICS/
11-15
TIME
The student will be able to:
• list the basic functions of the nervous
system
• explain the structural and functional
differences of the nervous system
• describe the histology of the nervous
system, including the types of
neuroglia, structure of the neuron, and
myelin sheath
• explain the importance of the myelin
sheath
• compare and contrast neurons
structurally and functionally
• explain the electrochemical basis of
resting membrane potential
• neurophysiology and neuron
transmission
• describe the development of the brain
• name the major regions of the brain
and locate the ventricles
• list the major lobes, fissures, and
functional areas of the cerebral cortex
• explain lateralization of hemisphere
function
• identify 3 major regions in the
brainstem and the functions of each
area
• describe the function and structure of
the cerebellum
• compare and contrast the meninges
and cerebral spinal fluid and their
functions
• describe the cause and symptoms of
cerebralvascular accidents,
Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s
disease, and Parkinson’s disease
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
What are the three overlapping
functions of the nervous
system?
Histology of the Nervous
System
Gross Anatomy of Brain
and Cranial Nerves
How does the nervous system
act as the master system in
controlling and communicating “Awakenings”
within the body?
Brain and eye dissection
What is the structure of the
central nervous system and the Enrichment:
functions associated with its
Comparison of somatic
various regions?
vs. autonomic nervous
systems.
Locate and know function of
spinal nerve plexuses.
Know the effects of
sympathetic and
arasympathetic divisions of
the autonomic nervous system.
Describe the formation of a
spinal nerve and distinguish
between spinal roots and rami.
Distinguish between
autonomic and somatic
reflexes.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
6
CONCEPTS
PNS, ANS, Special
Senses
CONNECTIONS
The student will be able to:
• define the peripheral nervous system
and its components
• distinguish among the three types of
nerves
• name the 12 cranial nerves
• describe the formation of the spinal
nerve and the distribution of rami
• name the components of the reflex
arc
• describe the changes that occur in
the sensory system through the
aging process
• compare and contrast autonomic and
peripheral nervous systems, relating
effectors, afferent pathways, and
neurotransmitters released
• compare and contrast
parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions
• the importance of drugs that mimic
or inhibit the effects
• describe the effects of the
parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions on the following organs:
heart, blood vessels, GI tract, lungs,
adrenal medulla, and external
genitalia
• describe the effects of aging on the
autonomic nervous system
• describe the location, structure, and
afferent pathways of taste and smell
receptors and explain how these
receptors are activated.
Enrichment:
Discuss relationship
between the arrangement
of peripheral nerves,
skeletal muscles, and
skin dermatomes.
Discuss neural pathways
involved in each of the
senses.
Lorenzo’s Oil viewing
and Response Paper
7
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
PNS, ANS, Special
Senses
(continued)
TIME
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
The student will be able to:
• describe the structure and function
of accessory eye structures, eye
tunics, lense, and humors of the eye
• trace the pathway of light through
the eye to the retina and explain how
light is focused for distant and close
vision
• compare and contrast rods and cones
in vision
• determine the cause and
consequences of a stigmatism,
cataract, glaucoma, hyperopia,
myopia, and color blindness
• compare and contrast light and dark
adaptation
• trace the visual pathway to the visual
cortex
• describe the structure and function
of the outer, middle, and inner ears
• describe the sound conduction
pathway through the ear to the
temporal cortex
• explain how balance organs of the
semicircular canals and vestibule
help maintain dynamic and static
equilibrium
• list the changes that occur in the
special senses with aging
8
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
The Cardiovascular
System:
TIME
8
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
• list the six functions of blood
• discuss the composition and
functions of plasma
• describe the structure and function
of whole blood including:
erythrocytes, hemoglobin,
leukocytes, and platelets
• give examples of disorders caused
by abnormalities of blood
• describe the ABO and Rh blood
groups and the basis of blood
transfusions
• explain the diagnostic importance of
blood testing
• name the blood disorders that come
more common with age
• describe the shape, size, and location
of the heart and the thorax
• name the coverings of the heart
• name the three tissue layers of the
heart wall
• describe the function and structures
of the chambers of the heart
• trace the pathway of the blood
through the heart
• name the major branches and
distribution of arteries
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What is the composition and
function of blood tissue?
How does the blood serve as a
transport vehicle for organs of
the cardiovascular system?
What is the structure and
function of the heart?
How does the heart work
within the cardiovascular
system and the body as a
whole?
How do the structures and
functions of the blood vessels
relate to the circulatory
pathways?
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
Blood
Anatomy of the Heartdissection
Anatomy of the Blood
Vessels
Human Cardiovascular
Physiology
Cholesterol testing
Enrichment:
Give examples of disorders
caused by abnormalities of
each of the formed
elements. Explain
mechanism of each
disorder.
Discuss diagnostic blood
tests.
Discuss the ABO and Rh
blood groups. Explain the
basis of transfusion
reactions.
9
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
The Cardiovascular
System (continued)
TIME
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
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name the heart valves, their location,
function, and mechanism of operation
describe the events of cardiac muscle
contraction
describe an EKG tracing and
implications
compare and contrast normal heart
sounds with heart murmur sounds
describe fetal heart formation and
indicate how the fetal heart differs
from the adult heart
list examples of age related changes in
cardiovascular function
compare and contrast vasoconstriction
and vasodilation
compare and contrast the structure and
function of the three types of arteries
and veins
describe the structure and function of
a capillary bed
explain the relationship between blood
flow, blood pressure, and resistance
explain the factors that influence
blood pressure and define
hypertension
trace the pathway of blood through the
pulmonary circuit and the importance
of the special circulation
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
Name the major branches
of the coronary arteries and
describe their distribution.
Interpret a normal
electrocardiogram, name
individual waves and
intervals, and indicate what
each represents. Name
some abnormalities that can
be detected on an EKG
tracing.
Name and explain the
effects of the various
factors involved in
regulation of stroke volume
and heart rate.
Explain the role of the ANS
in regulating cardiac output.
10
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
Immune System
enrichment
TIME
0
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
• describe structure and distribution of
the lymphatic vessels and their
function
• describe the source of lymph and its
function
• describe the general location,
histology, and functions of the
lymph nodes
• name and describe the lymphoid
organs
• compare and contrast lymphoid
organs with lymph nodes,
structurally and functionally
• trace the lymphatic system
development
• describe the surface membrane,
barriers, and protective function
• explain the importance of
phagocytosis
• explain how fever helps protect the
body
• explain the antigen-antibody
response
• compare and contrast the
development, structure, and function
of B and T lymphocytes
• compare active and passive
immunity
• explain the functions of antibodies
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What are the two semiindependent parts of the
lymphatic system?
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
The Lymphatic System
and Immune Response
Enrichment:
How does the lymphatic
system play an essential role in
the body’s defense mechanism
and resistance to disease?
Antigen determinants, antigenpresenting role in immunity
How does the immune system
operate effectively to protect
the body from most infectious
microorganisms, cancer cells,
and transported organs or
grafts?
Mechanisms of Antibody
Diversity
B-cell stimulated clonal
selection
T-cell selection and
differentiation
Analysis of autoimmune
diseases
Hypersensitivities
11
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
TIME
Immune System
Enrichment
(continued)
The Respiratory
System
4
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
• cite examples of immune deficiency
diseases and factors involved in an
autoimmune disease
• describe the changes that occur in
immunity as a aging occurs
The student will be able to:
• explain the mechanics of breathing
• describe how oxygen and carbon
dioxide is transported in the blood
and factors that affect transport of
respiratory gases
• compare and contrast factors that
affect lung reflexes, respiratory rate,
and depth
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
How are the respiratory and
circulatory systems coupled?
Anatomy of the
Respiratory System
What two processes are the
special responsibilities of the
respiratory system?
Respiratory System
Physiology –balloon lab
for tidal volume
Enrichment:
Relate Boyle’s law to the
events of inspiration and
expiration.
Explain and compare the
various lung volumes and
capacities.
Describe neural controls of
respiration.
The Digestive System
7
The student will be able to:
• describe the structure and function
of the digestive system and
differentiate between the alimentary
canal and accessory digestive organs
• list the major functions of the large
intestines and the process of
defecation
• list the enzymes responsible for
chemical digestion and the food
types they affect
How does the digestive system
take in food, break food down
into nutrient molecules, absorb
the molecules into the
bloodstream, and rid the body
of indigestible remains?
Anatomy of the
Digestive System
Enrichment:
Describe composition and
functions of saliva.
Describe mechanics of
chewing and swallowing.
Describe composition of
gastric juice, name cell
types responsible for
secreting its components.
12
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
TIME
Nutrition
Urinary System
enrichment
0
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
• describe the six nutrient categories,
essential nutrient, and the calorie
• describe the essential minerals for
health, how each is used, and the
consequences of a deficiency
• define metabolism
• differentiate between ADLs and
HDLs relative to their structures and
roles in the body
• explain body energy balance and
relate to basal metabolic rate and
total metabolic rate
• name factors that influence
metabolism
The student will be able to:
• describe the gross anatomy of the
kidney and the coverings
• trace the blood supply through the
kidney
• describe the anatomy and
physiology of a nephron
• explain several kidney functions that
maintain homeostasis
• identify the nephron parts
responsible for filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion and the
underlying mechanism describing
these processes
• explain the role of hormones in
maintaining sodium and
water balance
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How are foods digested and
absorbed?
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
Diet analysis
Cracker lab
What happens to the foods
once they enter the blood?
What are the renal structures
and functions?
Anatomy of the Urinary
System
How do the kidneys perform
excretory functions that
regulate the volume and
chemical makeup of the blood
to maintain proper
homeostasis?
Enrichment:
List several abnormal urine
components and name the
condition when each is
present in detectable
amounts.
13
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
Urinary System
Enrichment
(continued)
TIME
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
The student will be able to:
• explain the formation of dilute
versus concentrated urine
• describe the normal physical and
chemical properties of urine and
compare with several components
found in abnormal urine
• describe the structure and function
of ureters and urinary bladder and
their location
• compare and contrast the course,
length, and function of the male and
female urinary system
• define micturition and the neuron
control
• trace the embryonic development of
the urinary system
• describe the changes that occur
in the urinary anatomy and
physiology that occur with age
14
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
TIME
The Endocrine
System
9
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
• list the major endocrine glands and
describe their function in the body
• compare and contrast circulating
hormones and local hormones
• describe how hormones are
classified chemically
• describe the structural and functional
relationships between the
hypothalamus and the pituitary
gland
• describe the important effects of 2
hormones produced by the thyroid
gland
• describe the general functions of the
parathyroid gland, adrenal
hormones, reproductive and thymic
glands
• describe the effect of aging on the
endocrine system
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How does the endocrine
system interact with the
nervous system to coordinate
and integrate the activity of
body cells?
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
Anatomy of the
Endocrine System
Enrichment:
Effects of stress on
functioning of endocrine
system
Chemical classification
of hormones
Hormones produced by
organs other than the
major endocrine glands
Emphasize endocrine
control of metabolism
15
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
Reproductive System
TIME
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
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describe the structures and functions
of the male and female reproductive
systems including testes, scrotum,
penis, male accessory reproductive
organs, ovaries, uterus, fallopian
tubes, external female genitalia
discuss the sources and functions of
semen
discuss secondary sex characteristics
describe the regulation of the ovarian
and uterine cycles and the
physiological effects of estrogen and
progesterone
list the modes of infectious agents and
transmission of gonorrhea, syphilis,
chlamydia, genital warts, and genital
herpes
describe implantation, placenta
formation, and placental functions
explain the duration of the fetal period
and the major events of fetal
development
explain the changes in the maternal
reproductive organs and in
cardiovascular, respiratory, and
urinary systems during pregnancy
explain how labor is initiated and
describe the three stages
explain how the breasts are prepared
for lactation
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How do the male and female
reproductive organs produce
offspring?
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
Anatomy of the
Reproductive System
Physiology of
Reproduction
How does a single, fertilized
egg grow to become a complex
human being?
Survey of Embryonic
Development
Enrichment:
Anatomical changes
associated with pregnancy
Factors affecting infertility
Potential hazards to the
developing embryo or fetus
Diagnostic tests for unborn
babies and newborns
16
TOPICS/
CONCEPTS
TIME
Mammalian
Dissection
12
Review/Exam
6
CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
ESSENTIAL TASKS,
STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,
CONNECTIONS
The student will be able to:
• explorative investigation of
anatomical structure
17