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World War II, Cold War & The Postwar World Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High Two Alliances: Allied Powers Great Britain Empire (India, African colonies, and others) Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, and New Zealand) The Soviet Union France The United States Latin American allies China Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Unhappy with terms of the Paris Peace, Japan begins campaign of territorial expansion in Asia & Pacific Civilians lose control of Japanese government and military 1931: Japan invades Manchuria, Japan withdraws from League of Nations after the League condemns Japan’s war Japanese begin to expand into northern China China weak and divided due to civil war 1936: Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forces join with Mao’s Communists in “United Front” against Japanese, Japan takes capital of Nanjing Raping of Nanjing demonstrates horrors of modern war Cheng moves the government upriver Italy felt disrespected after the Great War Gained little territory, economy continued to suffer Benito Mussolini promises glory and power Italy conquers Libya and Ethiopia by 1936 Italy annexes Albania with plans to expand in the Balkans Italy supports Gen. Franco in Spanish Civil War Few Italians wish to fight, Italy’s true diplomatic intentions remain obscure through 1930s Italy never considered a true threat to world order 1938: Germany annexes Austria Hitler demands part of Czechoslovakia Munich Conf. grants Hitler the Sudetenland 1939: Hitler takes the rest of western Czech Hitler also controls “independent” Slovakia Hitler threatens Poland, Britain offers help Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Secret protocol to divide E. Europe into spheres of influence September 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland September 3, 1939: The United Kingdom and France declare war on Germany Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” 300 tanks supported by air and ground support April 9, 1940: Hitler attacks Denmark, Norway May 10: attack Netherlands, Belgium, France June 22: France surrenders, Germans control 3/5 of France, set up puppet government in Vichy August 1940: German Luftwaffe launches air attack of Great Britain—military only Radar provides British early warning British bomb Berlin, Hitler unleashes brutal air attack of British cities—London Allows Britain to quickly rebuild air force with American help Luftwaffe having trouble with new Royal Air Force Hitler postpones invasion of Britain, thinks UK hopes for Soviet help Hitler wants British surrender, attacks Soviet Union Soviets did not have weapons like Germany, Hitler expects quick win Hitler originally wanted to invade USSR in March 1941 Mussolini’s failed invasion of Greece delays plans Hitler invades USSR June 22, 1941 Germany advances quickly, but Soviets stop them in early winter Germans unprepared for Russian winter, fail, Soviets advance Battle of Stalingrad 1940: Japan occupies French Indochina The United States offers support to Britain and USSR Also places a trade embargo on Japan to protest aggression December 7, 1941: Japanese launch surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawai’i Japan quickly advances on many targets across the Pacific “Asia for Asians” slogan to unite Asians against western powers United States declare war on Japan the following day Germany & Italy declare war on the United States days later East Asia Co-Prosperity Zone Created for easy exploitation of Asian resources by Japan Soviets push Germans back across Eastern Europe Eastern Front disintegrates in midst of heavy casualties American entrance is turning point of war Germany cannot out produce American industry for supplies U.S. and British forces attack German army in N. Africa North Africa the “soft underbelly” of Axis power, launch pad to Italy—Americans, British, and Soviets for “Grand Alliance” 1943: Allies defeat Axis Powers in North Africa 1944: American and British forces occupy Italy June 6, 1944: Allied “D-Day” invasion of Normandy Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe Dwight D. Eisenhower leads final push toward Germany Soviets enter Berlin first, U.S. and Britain close behind May 8, 1945: Germany surrenders to Allies Pearl Harbor attack spares American aircraft carrier fleet June 1942: US ambush sinks 4 Japanese carriers at Midway Gen MacArthur begins offensive in Philippines Combined Army, Marine, and Navy “island hopping” force chip away at Japanese Pacific territory Early 1945: US hold Iwo Jima & Okinawa, in range for invasion of Japanese homeland Japanese employ kamikaze attacks Allies begin constant fire bombing of Japan April 1945: US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt dies from stroke, replaced by Vice President Harry Truman Allied forces approach Japanese homeland Japanese refuse to surrender Truman must decide to use new atomic bomb August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Japanese city Hiroshima Emperor refuses to surrender Aug 9, 1945: Soviets declare war on Japan, US drops second atom bomb on port city of Nagasaki Japan Surrenders on August 14, 1945 Origins of the Cold War ► U.S. & Soviets have different views of how postwar world should look The Atlantic Charter (1941) Nations should solve problems through diplomacy—through an international organization—and nations of the world should be free w/ self determination ► Signed by United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) ► Soviets secretly want to take control of Eastern Europe after war ► British nervous about what A.C. means for their worldwide empire Churchill and Stalin want the great powers to control different “spheres of influence” ► Casablanca Conf: Agree for total surrender of Axis ► Teheran Conf: Soviets agree to help with Japan after European war ends, disagreement over Poland’s future The Yalta Conference The Big Three meet in February 1945 ► Roosevelt seeks Soviet help with Japan ► Promises Japanese land to Stalin in exchange ► Creation of a new United Nations Security Council: US, UK, France, USSR, China First meeting set for April 1945 in San Francisco ► After war Germany to be split into four sectors controlled by US, UK, USSR & France, based on troop placement at the end of the war Berlin too would be divided into four sectors ► Future of Poland left uncertain Soviets already held Poland, installed pro-communist gov’t Potsdam and New Struggles ► Truman, now president, not as familiar with international politics as FDR, uses “Get Tough Policy” FDR believed Stalin would ultimately listen to reason, Truman did not trust Russians in general, and was suspicious of Stalin ► July 1945: Potsdam Conference, Germany Truman demands elections for all of Europe, fails Stalin wins battle to move Polish border into German territory Truman convinces Stalin to accept no reparations from Allied controlled parts of Germany, assuring Germany would stay split Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany(1945-1946) ► Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on the continent” splitting Europe east/west Two Super Powers ► After WWII, USA and USSR emerge as superpowers (military & political power) ► Disagreements over how to rebuild Europe ► 1947:Truman Doctrine U.S. will help any country fight Communism Fear of the spread of Soviet influence The Marshall Plan ► U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall offers plan to help Europe recover from World War II ► Soviet satellite states refuse the help Soviet plans to help failed, not enough money ► Policy of Containment: United States vow to keep Communism from spreading past its current boundaries, fight against Soviet aggression. Division of Germany ► After war, Germany divided into four parts U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K. & France split control ► Berlin, German capital, also split in four Berlin was located deep in Soviet East Germany ► West Germany united, Soviets blockade Soviets block supplies from reaching W. Berlin ► Berlin Air Lift: supplies are flown into West Berlin by U.S. Air Force Cold War Heats Up ► 1949: Communists take control of China Americans worried about Communism’s spread Soviets detonate an atomic bomb ► Arms Race: Soviets and Americans build up militaries and weapons, improve bombs ► Both superpowers had the power to destroy each other with nuclear weapons, so neither risked using them; alliances build The Bi-Polar World ► The world splits into Communist and AntiCommunist alliances: ► NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): U.S., U.K., Belgium, Lux, France, The Neth., Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Canada, W. Germany, Turkey, Greece ► Warsaw Pact: U.S.S.R. & Eastern Block ► By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations against Communism Berlin Wall ► Arms race builds steam with hydrogen bomb, ICBMs and stronger nukes ► 1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space USA believes it’s losing space race/arms race ► Nikita Khrushchev, new Soviet leader, sees problem with East Germans escaping to the much richer, freer West Berlin ► Soviets build a wall around West Berlin Cuban Missile Crisis ► 1959: Fidel Castro gains power in Cuba Kennedy’s Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba fails ► 1962: Soviets send nuclear missiles to Cuba To answer for US missiles in Turkey ► Oct. 1962: Russian ships, carrying missiles, headed for Cuba; Kennedy orders blockade ► Soviets agree to leave Cuba, US promises not to invade Cuba ► To avoid nuclear war, a “hotline” was created between Washington D.C. and Moscow Domino Theory ► Domino Theory: If Vietnam falls to Communism, the rest of Asia will fall “like dominos” one after the other ► Vietnam fighting civil war North vs. South North Vietnam: Communist (w/ Soviets & China) South Vietnam: Democratic (helped by USA) ► 1973: President Nixon withdraws from conflict ► North wins, domino theory unfounded, limits to American power made clear