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A.P. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TRIMESTER A FINAL EXAM REVIEW Chapter 1-3 *also review “A Work In Progress” Environmental Problems and Their Causes, and Sustainability/Critical Thinking: Science, Models, & Systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Exponential growth & Linear growth Sustainability Solar & Earth Capital Doubling Time Rule of 70 Economic growth Gross National Product Gross Domestic Product Developed vs. Developing compare/contrast Resource(s) Nonrenewable resources Renewable resources “Potentially” Renewable resources Biodiversity Sustainable yield Global commons Tragedy of the Commons Point Source Pollutants/Pollution Nonpoint Source Pollutants/Pollution Economic Depletion Pollutant Severity Factors Biodegradable Pollution Cleanup vs. Prevention “Key” Major Environmental Problems/Causes “Root Causes” of Environmental Problems “Connections” between Root Causes & Problems Paul Ehrlich: Views Ehrlich-Holdren Equation Chapter 3 Science Systems 1. Scientific method 2. Experiment 3. Accuracy vs Precision 4. Inductive/deductive reasoning 5. Frontier Science 6. Models 7. Accumulation 8. Through/outputs 9. + and – feedback loops 10. Homeostasis 11. Time Delays 12. Synergistic interactions 13. Synergy 14. Chaos Chemistry Review: 1. Matter, elements, organic cmpds 2. Ions, isotopes, molecules, atoms 3. Atomic Number, Mass Number 4. Chemical Formulas 5. High-Quality vs. Low-Quality Matter 6. Forms of Energy 7. Heat & Temperature 8. Electromagnetic Radiation 9. Ionizing Radiation 10. Major Energy Resources Used Today 11. Energy Quality 12. Physical & Chemical Changes 13. Law of Conservation of matter 14. Circle of Poison 15. Nuclear Changes 16. Solar-Hydrogen Revolution 17. Half-Life 18. Laws of Energy 19. Biota & The 2nd Law of Energy 20. Environmental Problems Linked to the Matter & Energy Laws Chapter 14 Water Resources and Pollution 1. Percent of Earth’s surface covered by water 2. Water’s unique physical properties 3. Freshwater resources: amount of Earth’s water that is freshwater: that is readily available freshwater 4. Amount of Earth’s freshwater that is locked up as ice caps and glaciers: 5. The hydrologic cycle: what major processes occur in this cycle? Significance of this cycle: 6. Infiltration and percolation: what is the difference? 7. Evaporation and transpiration: what is the difference? 8. Soil moisture and surface runoff: 9. Drainage basin, watershed, and floodplain: how do these terms differ? 10. Groundwater, zone of saturation, water table, and aquifers: 11. Confined and Unconfined aquifers: 12. Natural recharge and recharge areas: 13. Cone of depression and fossil aquifers: 14. World water use: Agricultural, Industrial, and Domestic: 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Comparison of water use in MDCs and LDCs: Freshwater shortages: drought, desiccation: Human actions which increase flooding Channelization and levees: Contributing factors regarding flooding in Bangladesh: Methods of managing water resources: Supplying more water: The Aswan Dam case study: explain the significance of this project: costs and benefits Dams: costs and benefits: The water challenges in California: The Aral Sea case study: discuss the major points of this case study: Ramifications of overusing/overtapping groundwater resources: Ways to slow groundwater depletion: The Ogallala aquifer case study/example of groundwater use: Deslination: Most widely used methods of desalinating: Distillation: Reverse osmosis: Cloud seeding: Towing icebergs: Ways to use water more efficiently: price of/cost; full-cost pricing; incentives, regional water authority Ways to reduce irrigation losses: efficient irrigation systems; drip irrigation. centerpivot, gravity-flow: Ways to use water more efficiently in industry: Ways to use water more efficiently in homes and businesses: The Columbia River Basin: Use and Abuse: Restoration in the Florida Everglades: Chap 14 Water Pollution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify the common classes of water pollutants and give two examples of each Name four disease transmitted to humans through contaminated drinking water Distinguish between point and nonpoint sources of pollution Briefly discuss the availability of clean drinking water for the Earth’s human population Draw an oxygen sag curve to illustrate what happens to dissolved oxygen levels and B.O.D. levels in streams where degradable, oxygen-demanding wastes are added 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Describe cultural eutrophication; discuss methods of preventing it Discuss the major sources of nutrientoverload n lakes and ponds How does biomagnification differ from bioaccumulation? Distinguish between thermal pollution and thermal enrichment The Great Lakes case study The Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge case study Lake Baikal case study Discuss the water quality of coastal wetlands; include ways to protect these areas Name and discuss the major pollutants of ground water Explain why cleanup of groundwater is difficult Discuss three ways to prevent groundwater pollution Briefly describe the major laws which protect water quality in the United States The Chesapeake Bay case study The Valdez oil spill The Woburn, Massachusetts case study Describe ways to prevent and reduce surface-water pollution resulting from agriculture Describe primary, secondary and tertiary sewage treatment (wastewater treatment) Discuss some of the problems with drinking bottled water Describe five home-water purification devices; include the pros and cons for each Discuss advantages and disadvantages to: a. Combined sewage/storm runoff pipes b. Separate sewage/storm runoff pipes Describe ‘Black Mayonnaise” Explain “thermal shock” Define dredge spoils What is meant by “effluent”? Which soil test would be most helpful in deciding where to place a septic tank? Water Quality Test: examples of, what is gained from these tests, ramifications of: Minimata, Japan case study Chapter 4 Ecology, Ecosystems & Food Webs 1. 2. 3. 4. Basic Processes Maintaining Biota Major Living & Nonliving Pats of an Ecosystem Fate(s) of Matter & Energy in an Ecosystem Roles of different type of Organisms in an Ecosystem 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, hydrosphere, Lithosphere, ecosphere/biosphere Biogeochemical Cycles: C, N, O, H, P, S, Water Biota Classification Major Biomes Climate Ecotone Habitat, Niche Population, Community Organism, Species Aquatic Life Zones Auto-& Hetero-Trophs Producers & Consumers Detritus Photosynthesis & Aerobic Respiration Matter-Cycling; One-way Energy Flow Range of tolerance Law of Tolerance Acclimation Threshold effect Limiting Factor(s); Limiting Factor Principle Food Chains & Food Webs Trophic Levels Ecological Pyramids GPP & NPP “The Specifics” of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles Specialist & Generalist Species Native Species Alien Species Indicator Species Keystone Species Species Interactions Fundamental & Realized Niche Predator-Prey Interactions Chapter 6 : Climate, Terrestrial, Biodiversity, and Aquatic Biodiversity 1. Climate, Seasons 2. El Nino/a 3. Upwelling and Ocean Currents 4. Hadley Cells 5. Characteristics of Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes 6. Adaptations of Organisms in Corresponding Biome 7. Plankton 8. Nekton 9. Benthos 10. Euphotic zone, Coastal Zone 11. Estuary 12. Intertidal Zone 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Barrier Zone Coral Zone Freshwater life zone Oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic lake Watershed Drainage Basin Source, Transition, and Floodplain Zone Figures and Diagrams to Know: The “Parts of” The “Dynamics and Processes of” The significance/meaning of And be able to explain/discuss each of the following: 1.Nutrient cycles (biogeochemical cycles): C, N, H20, P, S 1. Soil profiles/horizons 2. Food chains, food webs 3. Ecological pyramids: numbers, biomass, energy 4. Wastewater/sewage treatment plant: 1 2, advanced. 5. Demographic transition model 6. Lake zones 7. Ocean zones 8. Eutrophic, mesotrophic, and oligotrophic lakes 9. Population age structure diagrams 10. Biomagnification (bioamplification) in a food chain 11. Oxygen sag curve 12. Species population growth curves 13. Survivorship curves Chapter 5 Evolution & Biodiversity: Origins, Niches, & Adaptation 1. Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic 2. Monera, bacteria, cyanobacteria 3. Protist 4. Fungus 5. Annual/Perennial 6. in/vertebrate 7. Species, Speciation 8. Chem/Bio , Micro/Macro Evolution 9. Mutation 10. Natural Selection Directional, Stabilizing, Diversifying or Distributive 11. Genetic Drift 12. Gene flow 13. Differential Reproduction 14. Adaption 15. Selective Pressures 16. Coevolution 17. Niche vs Habitat 18. Convergence 19. Geographic/Reproductive Isolation Extinctions Chapter 7 Community Processes: Species Interactions and Successions Interactions: Interspecific competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Interference competition Exploitation competition Competitive exclusion Resource partitioning (Realized and fundamental niche) Predator-prey relationship: (in food chain or web, arrows go to ____.) May the FORCE be with you! 5. 6. Chapter 8 Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity and Conservation Biology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Environmental Stress: influence on Biota Populations adapting to Environmental changes Emergence of Life on Earth Communities adapting to small-and largescale environment stress Human impacts on populations, communities 7 ecosystems Ecosystem Restoration Stability in the Face of Change: mertia/persistence, constancy, resilience Population Dynamics: pop. Size, Density, Dispersion, Age structure Biotic Potential Environmental Resistance Carrying Capacity Population Growth Curves: S-, Overshoot R- and K- strategists Survivorship Curves The Oxygen Revolution Evolution, Adaptation, & Natural Selection Differential reproduction Coevolution Speciation, Extinction, & Biodiversity Reproductive Isolation Adaptive Radiation Ecological Succession/Community Development Orderly Sequence? Primary Succession Pioneer Species Secondary succession Inhibition, Tolerance The Role of Disturbance The Hubbard Brook Experimental forest/Borman-Likens Monocultures To mimic the processes of Nature Chapter 11 Human Population: Growth, Demography & Carrying Capacity 1. Calculating population change: equation for: 2. Z.P.G 3. Crude birth rate; crude death rate 4. Migration 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Rate of the world’s annual population change: 1994; 1998 Comparing CBR and CDR in LDC’s vs. MDC’S Replacement-level fertility Total fertility rate World’s most populous nations: top three: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Factors contributing to TFR Factors influencing birth rates Indicators of overall health in a given country Population Age Structure Diagrams: Types of; interpretation of data Connection between age structure diagrams growth momentum Making projections from age structure diagrams Demographic Transition Model phases/stages of; explanation of Methods, approaches, techniques for reducing births/slowing population growth Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, 1994. Malthus on exponential growth Chapter 16 Food Resources 1. World Food Production: major crops, major trends, significant impacts 2. Major Problems/Challenges regarding food/food production 3. Potential Solutions to these (#2 above) challenges 4. Types of Agriculture/Methods: names, discussion of each, pros and cons with each: 5. Traditional Subsistence Agriculture 6. Interplanting: polyvarietal cultivation, intercropping, agroforestry (alley cropping), polyculture 7. Traditional Intensive Agriculture 8. Industrialize agriculture 9. Plantation Agriculture 10. Sustainable Agricultural Systems: requirements/ingredients 11. The Green Revolutions: I, II 12. Relative Impacts of eating a meat-inclusive diet vs. vegetarian diet: discussion of 13. “Swidden”/”Milpa”/”Cultivation with forest”/”Bush fallow”/”Fang” agriculture 14. Nutritional Diseases: undernutrition, malnutrition, marasmus, kwashiorkor 15. Food Additives 16. Increasing Crop Yields/Increasing Food Supplies: (17-23, others to include??..) 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Genetic Engineering and Selective Breeding New Food Sources Cultivating More Land Hydroponics Improved Irrigation Better Food Distribution Mariculture, AquaFarming, Fish Ranching Fishing Techniques: purse-seining, driftingnetting, trawling: pros and cons of each Overfishing and Habitat Degradation (of coastal zones, shipping channels, estuaries/deltas, the open ocean) Governmental Agricultural Practices International Food Relief Land Reform World Food Supply Case Studies: China, Africa, Bluefin Tuna I the West Atlantic 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Chapter 9 Nutrient Cycles & Soils 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Economic Depletion Depletion Time The 1872 U.S. Hardrock Mining Law Superfund legislation Reserve-to-Production Ratio Reforming the 1872 Mining Law Antarctica Case Study Mining Oceans Mineral Substitutes Soil Layers, Components, and Types Soil Profiles Soil Horizons Humus Infiltration, Percolation, & Leaching Soil Texture Soil Porosity & Permeability Loams Soil pH Soil Erosion: Major agent Soil as a Potentially Renewable Resource Desertification: Australia Case Study Soil Conservation Approaches Maintaining & Restoring Soil Fertility Salinization & Waterlogging 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Chapter 19: Nonrenewable Energy Resources 1. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of: (be familiar with energy units for each) a. Oil b. Natural gas c. Coal 27. 28. d. Conventional nuclear fission e. Breeder nuclear fission f. Nuclear fusion Briefly describe how fossil fuels form Describe primary and secondary oil recover; explain tertiary recovery What is the “lifespan” of (a) proven and (b) estimated oil reserves, globally? Identify the percent of the world’s oil reserves that are located in the United States What percent of the world’s oil that is extracted (globally) in a typical year is used in the United States What percent of the oil used in the United States in 1994 was imported? Discuss the economic and environmental forces associated with Alaska’s north Slope and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge How would the price of oil change if full-cost pricing were utilized? Explain the terms oil shale, kerogen, and shale oil Identify the problems associated with shale oil What are “gas hydrates”? Explain what tar sand and bitumen are Discuss the major drawbacks to producing synthetic crude oil from tar sands Discuss the major environmental impacts of synfuels Identify the major gases which comprise natural gas Contrast conventional and unconventional natural gas What is LPG and where (in what situations) is it primarily used? What is LNG? Identify the specific areas of the world which contain the greatest natural gas reserves Compare the three major types of coal in regard to energy-content, moisture-content, and sulfurcontent Describe fluidized-bed combustion Describe coal gasification Describe coal liquefaction Discuss the significant advantages and disadvantages of a. Surface mining (open-pit and strip) b. Subsurface mining Compare the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy for each fossil fuel and for nuclear power Describe the “hidden costs” of fossil fuel utilization Explain “the basics” of generating electrical power 29. Contrast fission and fusion; give one example of each 30. Describe how a nuclear fission reactor works 31. If a nuclear fission reactor lacks a cooling tower, how is the plant’s water cooled? 32. Explain the concept of radioactive decay 33. What are common units to express radioactivity? 34. Compare the “intended” and the “actual” operating-life of nuclear power plants 35. What is the decommissioning options regarding worn-out nuclear power plants? 36. What does “embrittledment” refer to? 37. Is nuclear fusion a feasible option at the present time? 38. Identify and discuss the methods of managing low- and high-level radioactive wastes 39. Describe the significance of the Clean Air Act (Amendment of 1990) on coal-burning: explain “pollution permits” and “allowance trading” 40. Discuss four major components of a sustainable energy policy or strategy for the United States; for all nations Chapter 20: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 1. How should energy “alternatives” be evaluated? 2. What are the benefits and drawbacks of the following energy alternatives? a. Improving energy efficiency b. Using solar energy to heat buildings and water to produce electricity c. Using flowing water to produce electricity d. Using wind to produce electricity e. Using biomass to heat buildings and water, for producing electricity and for transportation f. Generating hydrogen gas and using it to produce electricity, heat buildings and water, and propel vehicles g. Extracting heat from the Earth’s interior 3. Define net energy and net energy ratio 4. Describe the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 5. How is it that such a large percentage (about 84%) of commercial energy is wasted? Explain 6. Define cogeneration 7. Discuss four ways to improve energy efficiency in industry 8. Briefly describe the “negawatt revolution” 9. Discuss four ways to save energy in the transportation sector 10. Briefly explain what is meant by “hard” and “soft” energy paths 11. Describe what is meant by “a sustainable energy policy” 12. Distinguish between active and passive solar heating 13. Discuss the advantage and disadvantages of using water to produce electricity via the following methods: tidal power, wave power, ocean thermal currents, and solar ponds 14. Describe four ways to save energy in homes and buildings 15. Identify the major characteristics of a solar envelope home 16. How do photovoltaic (PV) cells (solar cells) work? 17. Identify three “natural cooling” methods 18. Briefly describe the major characteristics of solar thermal electric generation plants 19. Identify the recommendations that Amory Lovins would most likely make in regard to the desire/need for more electricity 20. Identify and discuss the major trends: Commercial Energy Use in the World, MDCs, LDCs, and the United States Chapter 10: Risk, Toxicology, Human Health 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. “Environmental Estrogens”: PCB’s, PBB’s Toxicology, Toxicity Ld-50, LC-50, LT-50 Dose, Response, Dose-Response Curves Linear Dose-Response Model Threshold Dose-Response Model Acute, chronic, subchronic exposures Ionizing radiation Epidemiological transition Reducing Disease in LDC’s Major disease in MDC’s Carcinogens, Mutagens, Teratogens