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A.P. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
TRIMESTER A FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Chapter 1-3 *also review “A Work In Progress”
Environmental Problems and Their Causes, and
Sustainability/Critical Thinking: Science, Models, &
Systems
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Exponential growth & Linear growth
Sustainability
Solar & Earth Capital
Doubling Time
Rule of 70
Economic growth
Gross National Product
Gross Domestic Product
Developed vs. Developing compare/contrast
Resource(s)
Nonrenewable resources
Renewable resources
“Potentially” Renewable resources
Biodiversity
Sustainable yield
Global commons
Tragedy of the Commons
Point Source Pollutants/Pollution
Nonpoint Source Pollutants/Pollution
Economic Depletion
Pollutant Severity Factors
Biodegradable
Pollution Cleanup vs. Prevention
“Key” Major Environmental
Problems/Causes
“Root Causes” of Environmental Problems
“Connections” between Root Causes &
Problems
Paul Ehrlich: Views
Ehrlich-Holdren Equation
Chapter 3
Science Systems
1. Scientific method
2. Experiment
3. Accuracy vs Precision
4. Inductive/deductive reasoning
5. Frontier Science
6. Models
7. Accumulation
8. Through/outputs
9. + and – feedback loops
10. Homeostasis
11. Time Delays
12. Synergistic interactions
13. Synergy
14. Chaos
Chemistry Review:
1.
Matter, elements, organic cmpds
2.
Ions, isotopes, molecules, atoms
3.
Atomic Number, Mass Number
4.
Chemical Formulas
5.
High-Quality vs. Low-Quality Matter
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Forms of Energy
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Heat & Temperature
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Electromagnetic Radiation
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Ionizing Radiation
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Major Energy Resources Used Today
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Energy Quality
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Physical & Chemical Changes
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Law of Conservation of matter
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Circle of Poison
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Nuclear Changes
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Solar-Hydrogen Revolution
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Half-Life
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Laws of Energy
19.
Biota & The 2nd Law of Energy
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Environmental Problems Linked to the
Matter & Energy Laws
Chapter 14
Water Resources and Pollution
1.
Percent of Earth’s surface covered by water
2.
Water’s unique physical properties
3.
Freshwater resources: amount of Earth’s
water that is freshwater: that is readily
available freshwater
4.
Amount of Earth’s freshwater that is locked
up as ice caps and glaciers:
5.
The hydrologic cycle: what major processes
occur in this cycle? Significance of this
cycle:
6.
Infiltration and percolation: what is the
difference?
7.
Evaporation and transpiration: what is the
difference?
8.
Soil moisture and surface runoff:
9.
Drainage basin, watershed, and floodplain:
how do these terms differ?
10.
Groundwater, zone of saturation, water
table, and aquifers:
11.
Confined and Unconfined aquifers:
12.
Natural recharge and recharge areas:
13.
Cone of depression and fossil aquifers:
14.
World water use: Agricultural, Industrial,
and Domestic:
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Comparison of water use in MDCs and
LDCs:
Freshwater shortages: drought, desiccation:
Human actions which increase flooding
Channelization and levees:
Contributing factors regarding flooding in
Bangladesh:
Methods of managing water resources:
Supplying more water:
The Aswan Dam case study: explain the
significance of this project: costs and
benefits
Dams: costs and benefits:
The water challenges in California:
The Aral Sea case study: discuss the major
points of this case study:
Ramifications of overusing/overtapping
groundwater resources:
Ways to slow groundwater depletion:
The Ogallala aquifer case study/example of
groundwater use:
Deslination: Most widely used methods of
desalinating:
Distillation:
Reverse osmosis:
Cloud seeding: Towing icebergs:
Ways to use water more efficiently: price
of/cost; full-cost pricing; incentives,
regional water authority
Ways to reduce irrigation losses: efficient
irrigation systems; drip irrigation. centerpivot, gravity-flow:
Ways to use water more efficiently in
industry:
Ways to use water more efficiently in homes
and businesses:
The Columbia River Basin: Use and Abuse:
Restoration in the Florida Everglades:
Chap 14
Water Pollution
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Identify the common classes of water
pollutants and give two examples of each
Name four disease transmitted to humans
through contaminated drinking water
Distinguish between point and nonpoint
sources of pollution
Briefly discuss the availability of clean
drinking water for the Earth’s human
population
Draw an oxygen sag curve to illustrate what
happens to dissolved oxygen levels and
B.O.D. levels in streams where degradable,
oxygen-demanding wastes are added
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Describe cultural eutrophication; discuss
methods of preventing it
Discuss the major sources of nutrientoverload n lakes and ponds
How does biomagnification differ from
bioaccumulation?
Distinguish between thermal pollution and
thermal enrichment
The Great Lakes case study
The Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge
case study
Lake Baikal case study
Discuss the water quality of coastal
wetlands; include ways to protect these areas
Name and discuss the major pollutants of
ground water
Explain why cleanup of groundwater is
difficult
Discuss three ways to prevent groundwater
pollution
Briefly describe the major laws which
protect water quality in the United States
The Chesapeake Bay case study
The Valdez oil spill
The Woburn, Massachusetts case study
Describe ways to prevent and reduce
surface-water pollution resulting from
agriculture
Describe primary, secondary and tertiary
sewage treatment (wastewater treatment)
Discuss some of the problems with drinking
bottled water
Describe five home-water purification
devices; include the pros and cons for each
Discuss advantages and disadvantages to:
a. Combined sewage/storm runoff pipes
b. Separate sewage/storm runoff pipes
Describe ‘Black Mayonnaise”
Explain “thermal shock”
Define dredge spoils
What is meant by “effluent”?
Which soil test would be most helpful in
deciding where to place a septic tank?
Water Quality Test: examples of, what is
gained from these tests, ramifications of:
Minimata, Japan case study
Chapter 4
Ecology, Ecosystems & Food Webs
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Basic Processes Maintaining Biota
Major Living & Nonliving Pats of an
Ecosystem
Fate(s) of Matter & Energy in an Ecosystem
Roles of different type of Organisms in an
Ecosystem
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Atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere,
hydrosphere, Lithosphere,
ecosphere/biosphere
Biogeochemical Cycles: C, N, O, H, P, S,
Water
Biota Classification
Major Biomes
Climate
Ecotone
Habitat, Niche
Population, Community
Organism, Species
Aquatic Life Zones
Auto-& Hetero-Trophs
Producers & Consumers
Detritus
Photosynthesis & Aerobic Respiration
Matter-Cycling; One-way Energy Flow
Range of tolerance
Law of Tolerance
Acclimation
Threshold effect
Limiting Factor(s); Limiting Factor
Principle
Food Chains & Food Webs
Trophic Levels
Ecological Pyramids
GPP & NPP
“The Specifics” of the Major
Biogeochemical Cycles
Specialist & Generalist Species
Native Species
Alien Species
Indicator Species
Keystone Species
Species Interactions
Fundamental & Realized Niche
Predator-Prey Interactions
Chapter 6 :
Climate, Terrestrial, Biodiversity, and Aquatic
Biodiversity
1. Climate, Seasons
2. El Nino/a
3. Upwelling and Ocean Currents
4. Hadley Cells
5. Characteristics of Terrestrial and Aquatic
Biomes
6. Adaptations of Organisms in Corresponding
Biome
7. Plankton
8. Nekton
9. Benthos
10. Euphotic zone, Coastal Zone
11. Estuary
12. Intertidal Zone
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Barrier Zone
Coral Zone
Freshwater life zone
Oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic lake
Watershed
Drainage Basin
Source, Transition, and Floodplain Zone
Figures and Diagrams to Know:
The “Parts of”
The “Dynamics and Processes of”
The significance/meaning of
And be able to explain/discuss each of the following:
1.Nutrient cycles (biogeochemical cycles): C, N,
H20, P, S
1. Soil profiles/horizons
2. Food chains, food webs
3. Ecological pyramids: numbers, biomass, energy
4. Wastewater/sewage treatment plant: 1 2,
advanced.
5. Demographic transition model
6. Lake zones
7. Ocean zones
8. Eutrophic, mesotrophic, and oligotrophic lakes
9. Population age structure diagrams
10. Biomagnification (bioamplification) in a food
chain
11. Oxygen sag curve
12. Species population growth curves
13. Survivorship curves
Chapter 5
Evolution & Biodiversity: Origins, Niches, &
Adaptation
1. Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic
2. Monera, bacteria, cyanobacteria
3. Protist
4. Fungus
5. Annual/Perennial
6. in/vertebrate
7. Species, Speciation
8. Chem/Bio , Micro/Macro Evolution
9. Mutation
10. Natural Selection
Directional, Stabilizing, Diversifying or
Distributive
11. Genetic Drift
12. Gene flow
13. Differential Reproduction
14. Adaption
15. Selective Pressures
16. Coevolution
17. Niche vs Habitat
18. Convergence
19. Geographic/Reproductive Isolation
Extinctions
Chapter 7
Community Processes: Species Interactions and
Successions
Interactions:
 Interspecific competition
 Predation
 Parasitism
 Mutualism
 Commensalism
 Interference competition
 Exploitation competition
 Competitive exclusion
 Resource partitioning
 (Realized and fundamental niche)
 Predator-prey relationship: (in food
chain or web, arrows go to ____.)
May the
FORCE be
with you!
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Chapter 8
Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity and
Conservation Biology
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Environmental Stress: influence on Biota
Populations adapting to Environmental
changes
Emergence of Life on Earth
Communities adapting to small-and largescale environment stress
Human impacts on populations,
communities 7 ecosystems
Ecosystem Restoration
Stability in the Face of Change:
mertia/persistence, constancy, resilience
Population Dynamics: pop. Size, Density,
Dispersion, Age structure
Biotic Potential
Environmental Resistance
Carrying Capacity
Population Growth Curves: S-, Overshoot
R- and K- strategists
Survivorship Curves
The Oxygen Revolution
Evolution, Adaptation, & Natural Selection
Differential reproduction
Coevolution
Speciation, Extinction, & Biodiversity
Reproductive Isolation
Adaptive Radiation
Ecological Succession/Community
Development Orderly Sequence?
Primary Succession
Pioneer Species
Secondary succession
Inhibition, Tolerance
The Role of Disturbance
The Hubbard Brook Experimental
forest/Borman-Likens
Monocultures
To mimic the processes of Nature
Chapter 11
Human Population: Growth, Demography & Carrying
Capacity
1.
Calculating population change: equation
for:
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Z.P.G
3.
Crude birth rate; crude death rate
4.
Migration
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Rate of the world’s annual population
change: 1994; 1998
Comparing CBR and CDR in LDC’s vs.
MDC’S
Replacement-level fertility
Total fertility rate
World’s most populous nations: top three:
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
Factors contributing to TFR
Factors influencing birth rates
Indicators of overall health in a given
country
Population Age Structure Diagrams: Types
of; interpretation of data
Connection between age structure diagrams
growth momentum
Making projections from age structure
diagrams
Demographic Transition Model
phases/stages of; explanation of
Methods, approaches, techniques for
reducing births/slowing population growth
Conference on Population and Development
in Cairo, 1994.
Malthus on exponential growth
Chapter 16
Food Resources
1.
World Food Production: major crops, major
trends, significant impacts
2.
Major Problems/Challenges regarding
food/food production
3.
Potential Solutions to these (#2 above)
challenges
4.
Types of Agriculture/Methods: names,
discussion of each, pros and cons with each:
5.
Traditional Subsistence Agriculture
6.
Interplanting: polyvarietal cultivation,
intercropping, agroforestry (alley cropping),
polyculture
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Traditional Intensive Agriculture
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Industrialize agriculture
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Plantation Agriculture
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Sustainable Agricultural Systems:
requirements/ingredients
11.
The Green Revolutions: I, II
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Relative Impacts of eating a meat-inclusive
diet vs. vegetarian diet: discussion of
13.
“Swidden”/”Milpa”/”Cultivation with
forest”/”Bush fallow”/”Fang” agriculture
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Nutritional Diseases: undernutrition,
malnutrition, marasmus, kwashiorkor
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Food Additives
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Increasing Crop Yields/Increasing Food
Supplies: (17-23, others to include??..)
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Genetic Engineering and Selective Breeding
New Food Sources
Cultivating More Land
Hydroponics
Improved Irrigation
Better Food Distribution
Mariculture, AquaFarming, Fish Ranching
Fishing Techniques: purse-seining, driftingnetting, trawling: pros and cons of each
Overfishing and Habitat Degradation (of
coastal zones, shipping channels,
estuaries/deltas, the open ocean)
Governmental Agricultural Practices
International Food Relief
Land Reform
World Food Supply
Case Studies: China, Africa, Bluefin Tuna I
the West Atlantic
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Chapter 9
Nutrient Cycles & Soils
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Economic Depletion
Depletion Time
The 1872 U.S. Hardrock Mining Law
Superfund legislation
Reserve-to-Production Ratio
Reforming the 1872 Mining Law
Antarctica Case Study
Mining Oceans
Mineral Substitutes
Soil Layers, Components, and Types
Soil Profiles
Soil Horizons
Humus
Infiltration, Percolation, & Leaching
Soil Texture
Soil Porosity & Permeability
Loams
Soil pH
Soil Erosion: Major agent
Soil as a Potentially Renewable Resource
Desertification: Australia Case Study
Soil Conservation Approaches
Maintaining & Restoring Soil Fertility
Salinization & Waterlogging
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Chapter 19: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
1. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of: (be
familiar with energy units for each)
a. Oil
b. Natural gas
c. Coal
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d. Conventional nuclear fission
e. Breeder nuclear fission
f. Nuclear fusion
Briefly describe how fossil fuels form
Describe primary and secondary oil recover;
explain tertiary recovery
What is the “lifespan” of (a) proven and (b)
estimated oil reserves, globally?
Identify the percent of the world’s oil reserves
that are located in the United States
What percent of the world’s oil that is extracted
(globally) in a typical year is used in the United
States
What percent of the oil used in the United States
in 1994 was imported?
Discuss the economic and environmental forces
associated with Alaska’s north Slope and the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
How would the price of oil change if full-cost
pricing were utilized?
Explain the terms oil shale, kerogen, and shale
oil
Identify the problems associated with shale oil
What are “gas hydrates”?
Explain what tar sand and bitumen are
Discuss the major drawbacks to producing
synthetic crude oil from tar sands
Discuss the major environmental impacts of
synfuels
Identify the major gases which comprise natural
gas
Contrast conventional and unconventional
natural gas
What is LPG and where (in what situations) is it
primarily used?
What is LNG?
Identify the specific areas of the world which
contain the greatest natural gas reserves
Compare the three major types of coal in regard
to energy-content, moisture-content, and sulfurcontent
Describe fluidized-bed combustion
Describe coal gasification
Describe coal liquefaction
Discuss the significant advantages and
disadvantages of
a. Surface mining (open-pit and strip)
b. Subsurface mining
Compare the carbon dioxide emissions per unit
of energy for each fossil fuel and for nuclear
power
Describe the “hidden costs” of fossil fuel
utilization
Explain “the basics” of generating electrical
power
29. Contrast fission and fusion; give one example of
each
30. Describe how a nuclear fission reactor works
31. If a nuclear fission reactor lacks a cooling tower,
how is the plant’s water cooled?
32. Explain the concept of radioactive decay
33. What are common units to express radioactivity?
34. Compare the “intended” and the “actual”
operating-life of nuclear power plants
35. What is the decommissioning options regarding
worn-out nuclear power plants?
36. What does “embrittledment” refer to?
37. Is nuclear fusion a feasible option at the present
time?
38. Identify and discuss the methods of managing
low- and high-level radioactive wastes
39. Describe the significance of the Clean Air Act
(Amendment of 1990) on coal-burning: explain
“pollution permits” and “allowance trading”
40. Discuss four major components of a sustainable
energy policy or strategy for the United States;
for all nations
Chapter 20: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
1. How should energy “alternatives” be evaluated?
2. What are the benefits and drawbacks of the
following energy alternatives?
a. Improving energy efficiency
b. Using solar energy to heat buildings and
water to produce electricity
c. Using flowing water to produce
electricity
d. Using wind to produce electricity
e. Using biomass to heat buildings and
water, for producing electricity and for
transportation
f. Generating hydrogen gas and using it to
produce electricity, heat buildings and
water, and propel vehicles
g. Extracting heat from the Earth’s interior
3. Define net energy and net energy ratio
4. Describe the First and Second Laws of
Thermodynamics
5. How is it that such a large percentage (about
84%) of commercial energy is wasted? Explain
6. Define cogeneration
7. Discuss four ways to improve energy efficiency
in industry
8. Briefly describe the “negawatt revolution”
9. Discuss four ways to save energy in the
transportation sector
10. Briefly explain what is meant by “hard” and
“soft” energy paths
11. Describe what is meant by “a sustainable
energy policy”
12. Distinguish between active and passive solar
heating
13. Discuss the advantage and disadvantages of
using water to produce electricity via the
following methods: tidal power, wave power,
ocean thermal currents, and solar ponds
14. Describe four ways to save energy in homes and
buildings
15. Identify the major characteristics of a solar
envelope home
16. How do photovoltaic (PV) cells (solar cells)
work?
17. Identify three “natural cooling” methods
18. Briefly describe the major characteristics of
solar thermal electric generation plants
19. Identify the recommendations that Amory
Lovins would most likely make in regard to the
desire/need for more electricity
20. Identify and discuss the major trends:
Commercial Energy Use in the World, MDCs,
LDCs, and the United States
Chapter 10: Risk, Toxicology, Human Health
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“Environmental Estrogens”: PCB’s, PBB’s
Toxicology, Toxicity
Ld-50, LC-50, LT-50
Dose, Response, Dose-Response Curves
Linear Dose-Response Model
Threshold Dose-Response Model
Acute, chronic, subchronic exposures
Ionizing radiation
Epidemiological transition
Reducing Disease in LDC’s
Major disease in MDC’s
Carcinogens, Mutagens, Teratogens