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Area India, is the seventh largest country in the world extending over 3, 287, 263 square km. and occupies a strategic location on the Asian continent. The land extends from 8o4' to 37o6 north latitudes and from 68o7 to 97o25 degrees east longitude. India measures 3,214 kilometers from north to south and 2,933 kilometers from east to west. The length of the coastline of the peninsula and the two islands-Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep together is 7, 516.6km. Boundaries The Indian peninsula in the south is bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea, on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the south by the Indian Ocean. Sri Lanka lies off the southeast coast, and the Maldives off the southwest coast. In the north, north east and north west of the subcontinent lie the Himalayan ranges. India shares borders to the northwest with Pakistan, to the north with China, Nepal and Bhutan, and to the east with Bangladesh and Myanmar. Rivers in India may be classified as Himalayan, Peninsular or Deccan, Coastal, and rivers of the inland drainage basin. The Himalayan Rivers Ganga- the largest river basin in India The major rivers in the Himalayan group are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These rivers are generally snow fed and have reasonable flow throughout the year. During the monsoon months (June to September), the Himalayas receive very heavy rainfall and the rivers carry the maximum amount of water, causing frequent floods. Himalayan rivers discharge about 70% of their inflow into the sea. This includes about 5% from central Indian rivers. They join the Ganga and drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Deccan Rivers The Peninsular rivers are generally rainfed and, therefore, fluctuate greatly in volume. A very large number of them are non-perennial. Peninsular rivers contribute 30 percent of the total outflow in India. The major Deccan rivers are the Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Pennar, Mahanadi, Damodar, Sharavati, Netravati, Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Pamba, Narmada and Tapti. Rivers in India may be classified as Himalayan, Peninsular or Deccan, Coastal, and rivers of the inland drainage basin. The Himalayan Rivers Ganga- the largest river basin in India The major rivers in the Himalayan group are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These rivers are generally snow fed and have reasonable flow throughout the year. During the monsoon months (June to September), the Himalayas receive very heavy rainfall and the rivers carry the maximum amount of water, causing frequent floods. Himalayan rivers discharge about 70% of their inflow into the sea. This includes about 5% from central Indian rivers. They join the Ganga and drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Deccan Rivers The Peninsular rivers are generally rain-fed and, therefore, fluctuate greatly in volume. A very large number of them are non-perennial. Peninsular rivers contribute 30 percent of the total outflow in India. The major Deccan rivers are the Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Pennar, Mahanadi, Damodar, Sharavati, Netravati, Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Pamba, Narmada and Tapti. The Rivers of the Inland Drainage Basin The rivers on the inland drainage basin consists of those in Western Rajasthan which are very few and short lived, like the Sambhar which is lost in the desert sands, and the Loni that drains into the Rann of Kutch. The Main Rivers in India Name Originates Length from Ends in Passes (km) through anga hagirati) 2,507 Gaumukh Bay of Bengal amuna amuna) 1370 Garhwal in Yamunotri Bay of Bengal ChemayungDung glacier, between lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash Hills of Coorg, Karnataka Bay of Bengal ahmaputra 2,850 averi 765 akshina anga" or anges of the uth) odavari 1,465 Bay of Bengal Trimbakeshwar Bay of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal Delhi, Haryana an Uttar Pradesh North Eastern states of India Karnataka and Tami Nadu South- rKrishna near Nasik Hills Bengal in Maharashtra 900 aNarmada 1,300 apti 724 Gomti 805 haghara Near Bay of Mahabaleshwar Bengal in Maharashtra Amarkantak Arabian hill in Madhya Sea Pradesh easterly direction, through Maharastr and Andhr Pradesh Maharastr Karnataka and Andhr Pradesh Maharastr Madhya Pradesh an Gujarat Pachmari, Arabian Madhya Madhya Sea Pradesh an Pradesh Gujarat Himalaya Bay of Uttar Range of Nepal Bengal Pradesh Shivalik Disappears Haryana, Mahanadi 860 mountain range of Himachal Pradesh Satpura Range into the Thar Desert Bay of Bengal Chattisgar Jharkhand Orissa and Maharasht Himalayas extend 2500 km and covers an area of about 500,000 sq km. It comprises three almost parallel ranges interspersed with large plateaus and Valleys. The Himalayas has some of the world's highest peaks. The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh lie mostly in the Himalayas. Punjab and Rajasthan Patkai and other ranges in the north and the north east. Also called the Eastern Ghats, it runs from West Bengal state in the north, through Orissa and Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south. Average elevation is about 610 metres. The Vindhya Range is a low mountain range of central India. It extends for a distance of 1050 km and separate the Indo-Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau on the south The triangular shaped, Satpura Range is in central India. The range rises in eastern Gujarat state near the Arabian Sea coast, running east through Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to Chhattisgarh. The Aravalli ranges runs along western India and extends approximately 300 miles northeastsouthwest across Rajasthan state. The Sahyadri ranges or the Western ghats range runs along the western border of the Deccan plateau (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu), from the Tapti river near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra to the southern tip of the Indian peninsula (Kanyakumari). The world's It runs highest peak approximately Everest is in the 1600km. and Himalayan elevation ranges (7500m) generally ranges from 915 to 1,220 metres, rising over 2,440 metres in places. The Indian sub continent has several distinct physical divisions. They can be classified under the following The northern mountains( The Himalayan Mountains): Has some of the tallest peaks in the world which are mostly covered with snow throughout the year. Many big rivers originate from the Himalayas. The fertile plains of the Ganga (The Indo- Gangetic Plain): The plains lie to the south of the Himalayas between the Indus and the Ganga river. This region extending from Punjab to Assam is a densely populated area and produces the major part of the country's food grains and is referred to as the 'Food Bowl of India' The desert region (The Thar Desert): The north western part of India is made up of the Thar desert and occupies most of Western Rajasthan. The plateaus (The Malwa, the Chotanagpur and the Deccan Plateau) : The plateaus are separated from the Northern plains by mountains and hill ranges including the Vindhyas, Aravalli, Satpura, Maikala and Ajanta. The Deccan plateau with its rolling hills and numerous rivers, occupies most part of central and southern India. The coastal plains (The Eastern and the Western Coastal Plains): They are narrow strips of plain land that lie on either side along the coast of the peninsula, beyond the ghats. The Eastern Coastal plains includes the Coromandel Coast in the south and the Western Coastal plains includes the Konkan, Kankara, and the Malabar coasts. The Two Ghats (Eastern and the Western Ghats): The Ghats are mountain ranges on the east and west coasts of the subcontinent. To the east and west of the Deccan plateau lie the Eastern Ghat and the Western Ghat, respectively. The Islands ( The Andaman and Nicobar, the Lakshadweep Islands): Lakshadweep lies in the Arabian Sea on the west of the Indian Peninsula and Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal on the east. The Indo gangetic plains, the desert region and the Himalayas together form the North India and the south peninsula with the coastal plains, the two ghats and the Deccan Plateau form the South India. Andaman and Haryana Nagaland Nicobar Himachal Orissa Pradesh Pondicher Jammu and Punjab Kashmir Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Jharkhand Sikkim Assam Karnataka Tamil Nad Bihar Kerala Tripura Chandigarh Lakshadweep Uttar Pra Chhattisgarh Madhya Uttaranch Dadra and Pradesh West Beng Nagar Maharashtra Daman and Manipur Diu Meghalaya Delhi Mizoram Goa Gujarat The Indian subcontinent has varied physical and climatic conditions and types of vegetation, stretching from the northern temperate Zone to the equator and embracing such contrasting regions as the Himalayas in the north and tropical sea-coast in the south. Based on the distinctive types of flora and fauna the Indian subcontinent has been divided in to three sub regions though they do not form rigid boundaries. They are (a) Himalayan sub- region (b) Tropical rain forest (c) Indian Peninsular region. Certain species are widespread in the country and cover more than one region. Thus there is always an intermingling of species between these zones. 47 ,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of India India in the tenth county in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. There are 86 national parks and 480 wildlife sanctuaries in India India has great variety of fauna numbering 89,451 species India offers big regional variations in its climate, from cool mountain pastures beside the glaciers, through windy plateau, to warm river valleys and burning deserts. Seasonal winds determine the climate. India has four major seasons - Winter - Hot weather summer, Rainy south western monsoon and Post monsoon. Winter months (November-February), Summer time (March-June), Hot weather summer (March May). During the Rainy south Western Monsoon, rainfall is heavy along the west coast between June- September and during the Post Monson, it is heavy along the east coast between mid October to December. These are affected by two winds-the North East Monsoon (Winter Monsoon) which appears in the Bay of Bengal, bringing rains to the east coast and South West Monsoon (Summer Monsoon) which blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian ocean , the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal. The first National Park in India was set up in 1935 in the foot hills of Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh and was known as Hailey National Park. It is now known as (after the famed wildlife lover) Corbett National Park. In 1970, there were only five National Parks, namely Kanha, Bandavgarh, Shivpuri, Taroba and Corbett. Now there are about 87 National Parks in India. Tiger Reserves National Parks Project Tiger The first was launched National Park in India was set in India in up in 1935. 1972 as a conservation Now there are programme for about 87 National Parks saving the Indian Tiger in India Population.. Anshi National Park Balakram National Park Bannerghata National Park Bandharvgarh National Park Bandipur National Park Betla National Mukurthi National Park Marine National Park Middle Button National Park Mollem (Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary) National park Mrugavani National Park Mouling National Park Park Bandhavgarh National Park Bhitar Kanika National Park Buxa National Park City Forest National Park Dachigam National Park Corbett National Park Dibru - Saikhowa National Park Dudhwa National Park Eravikulam National Park Fossil National Park Gangotri National Park Mount Harriet National Park Namdapha National Park Nanda Devi National Park Nagarhole National Park Nameri National Park Nawegaon National Park Neora Valley National Park Nokrek National Park North Button Island National Park North Simlipal National Park Orang National Park Gir National Park Gorumara National Park Govind Pashu Vihar National Park Great Himalayan National Park Gugumal National Park Guindy National Park Hemis High Altitude National Park Indira Gandhi Panna National Park Panch National Park Pench National Park Periyar National Park Pin Valley National Park Rajaji National Park Ranthambore National Park Saddle Peak National Park National Park Indravati National Park Kanha National Park Kangerghati National Park Khangchendzonga National Park Kaziranga National Park Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park Keibal Lanjao National Park Keoldeo National Park Kishtawar National Park Kudremukh National Park Sariska National Park Sanjay Gandhi National Park Satpura National Park Silent Valley National Park Singhalila National park Sirohi National Park Sri Venkateshwara National Park South Button Island National Park Sultanpur National Park Sundarbans National Park Madhav National Park Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park Mudumalai National Park Manas National Park Marine National Park Marine National Park Tadoba National Park Valmiki National Park Valley of Flowers National Park Vansda National Park Van Vihar National Park Velavadar Black Buck National Park The Tropic of Cancer 23° 30 ' N divides India almost into two halves. The land frontier of the country is 15, 200 km and the total length of the coastline is 7, 517 kilometers. Indian peninsula tapers southward resulting in the division of the Indian Ocean into two water bodies - the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. In India, there is a great diversity of landforms such as lofty mountains, deep valleys, extensive plains, and a number of islands. Broadly the physical features of India can be divided into five physical units - The Great Mountains of the North, The North Indian Plain, The Peninsular Plateau, The Coastal Plains, and The Islands. Region South Asia (also known as Indian subcontinent), bordering Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan. Area 3,287,590 square kms. Area Classification 90.44% land. Coastline 7,516 km Borders Total - 14,103 km Bangladesh - 4,053 km Bhutan - 605 km Burma (Myanmar) - 1,463 km China - 3,380 km Nepal - 1,690 km Pakistan - 2,912 km Highest Point Kanchenjunga (8,598 m or 28,209 ft) Lowest Point Kuttanad (-2.2 m or -7.2 ft) Longest River Ganges-Brahmaputra Largest Lake Chilka Lake No. of States 28 No. of Union Territories 7 No. of Districts 600 No. of Villages 6.4 lakhs Official Name Capital Population Area Geographical Location Coastline Length Major Religions Literacy President Prime Minister National Anthem National Song National Emblem National Animal National Bird National Flower National Tree National Fruit National Currency National Sport Languages National Flag Bharat (Hindi), Republic of India (English) New Delhi 1, 027, 015, 247 (2001 Census) 3.3 million square kilometers Between latitudes 8 ° 4' and 37 ° 6 ' north and longitudes 68 ° 7 ' and 97° 25' east 7600 km Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism 65.38% Pratibha Patil Dr. Manmohan Singh Jan gana mana written by Rabindranath Tagore Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji Replica of the Lion Capital of Sarnath Tiger (Panthera tigris) Peacock Lotus Banyan Mango Rupee (One Rupee=100 paise) Hockey India has two National languages (Central administrative). They are English (associate official) and Hindi (in the Devanagiri script). The Indian Constitution also officially recognizes 22 regional languages. Horizontal tricolor in equal proportion of deep saffron on the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom. In the center of the white band is a wheel in navy blue color