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1 KENDRIYAVIDYALAYASANGATHAN RAIPUR REGION MODULES for CLASS-XII MATHEMATICS Session -2016-17 2 XII Class Chapter wise weightage S.No Chapter 1 Relations and Functions (i) Equivalence Relation (ii) Invertible functions (iii) Binary Operations Weightage 6M 2 Inverse Trigonometric functions 2M 3 Matrices 2M 4 (i) Practical Problems (ii) Equality of Matrices Determinants 6M (Matrix equation & Practical Problems) 5 Continuity and Differentiation 8M 6 Applications of Derivatives 4M (i) Increasing & Decreasing functions (ii) Tangents and Normal 7 Integration 4M 8 Application of Integrals 6M 9 Differential Equations 4M (i) Variable separable differential equation (ii) Homogeneous Differential equation (iii) Linear Differential equation 10 Vectors 4M 11 Three Dimensional Geometry 6M (i) Shortest distance (ii) Plane passing through intersection of two planes 12 Linear Programming problems 6M 13 Probability 6M (i) Bayes Theorem (ii) Probability distribution (iii) Multiplication rule 3 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERS CAN BE DOWNLODED FROM www.cbseacademic.nic.in 4 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, RAIPUR REGION BLUE PRINT AS PER SAMPLE PAPER PROVIDED BY CBSE SUB:- MATHEMATICS SL. NO NAME OF THE CHAPTER 1 RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS MATRICES DETERMINANTS CONTINUTY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY APPLCATION OF DERIVATVES INTEGRALS APPICATION OF INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS VECTORS THREE DIMENSONAL GEOMETRY LINEAR PROGRAMMNG PROBABILITY TOTAL 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 Remembering – 20% 4. HOTS – 10% Very Short Answer (1 marks) 2(2) CLASS-XII Short Answer (2 marks) 6(1) 2(1) 2(1) 11(3) 10(3) 2(1) 4(1) 8(2) 2(1) 8(2) 2(1) 4(1) 2(1) 4(1) 2(1) 4(1) 4(1) 2(1) 16(8) 2. Understanding – 35% 5. Evaluation – 10% 8(3) 2(1) 6(1) 10(3) 6(1) 6(1) 12(3) 6(1) 6(2) 6(1) 6(1) 4(4) Total Marks 2(1) 1(1) 1(1) L A – I ( L A - II 4marks) (6 marks) 8(2) 44(11) 36(6) 7(3) 10(2) 6(1) 10(3) 100(29) 3. Application – 25% 5 MODULES FOR CLASS XII (M.L.L.) Relations and Functions Concept: - Types of relations A relation R in a set A is called (i) Reflexive, if a, a R for every a A (ii) Symmetric, if a1 , a2 R a2 , a1 R, for all a1 , a2 A (iii) Transitive, if a1 , a2 R and a2 , a3 R implies that a2 , a3 R for all a1 , a 2 , a3 A A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive. PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL –I Let T be the set of all triangles in plane with R a relation in T given by R = {(T1,T2):T1 is congruent to T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation in L defined as R = {(L1,L2) : L1 is a perpendicular to L2}. Show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R {( a, b) : a b 2 } is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. LEVEL-II Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by R={(a, b) : 2 divides a - b} is an equivalence relation Show that the relation R in the set A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b) : a b is even }, is an equivalence relation. Show that all the element of {1,3,5} are related to each other and all the element of {2,4} are related to each other. But no element of {1,3,5} is related to any element of {2,4}. Show that each of the relation R in the set A {x Z : 0 x 12} , given by (i) R {( a, b) : a b is a multiple of 4} (ii) R {( a, b : a b} , is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case LEVEL-III Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by R = {(P, Q): distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance of the point Q from the origin}, is an equivalence relation. Further, show that the set of all points P ≠ (0, 0) is the circle passing through P with origin as centre. Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(T1, T2) : T1 is similar to T2}, is equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangles T1 with sides 3, 4, 5, T2 with sides 5, 12, 13 and T3 with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangle among T1, T2 and T3 are related? 6 Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all polygon as R = {(P1, P2) : P1 and P2 have same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the set of all elements in A related to the right angle triangle T with sides 3,4,and 5? Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4…..,9} and R is the relation on A×A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b + c for (a, b), (c, d) in A×A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also obtain the equivalence class 2,5 . Concept: One-one (injective), Onto (surjective) and bijective Injective: - A function f : X Y is define to be injective, if the image of distinct element of X under f are distinct. For every x1 , x2 X , f x1 f x2 x1 x2 Surjective:- A function f : X Y is said to onto (surjective) if every element of Y is the image of some element of X under f, i.e. for every y Y there exists an element x in X such that f ( x ) y Bijective: A function f : X Y is said to be bijective if 𝑓 is one –one and onto PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL – I Prove that the function f : R R , given by f x 2 x is one - one and onto Show that the function f : N N given by f 1 f 2 1and f x x 1 for every x > 2 is onto but not one-one Find the number of all one –one function from set A = {1, 2, 3} to itself. LEVEL – II Let A R {3} and B R {1} .consider the function f : A B defined x2 by f ( x) . Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer. x3 Let A = {-1, 0, 1, 2}, B = { 4, 2, 0, 2} and f , g : A B be a function defined by f ( x) x 2 x, x A and g ( x) 2 x 1 1, x A . Are f and g equal? Justify your 2 answer LEVEL-III Show that the function f : R R given by f x x 3 is not bijectve. x 1 , x odd Show that f : N N given by f x is both one - one and onto. x 1 , x even Concept :- Composition of function and Inverse of Function Composition of functions:- Let f : A B and g : B C be two function, then the composition of f and g , denoted by gof , is defined as the function gof : A C given by gof x =g f x , x A 7 Inverse function:- A function f : X Y is defined to be invertible. If there exists a function g : Y X Such that gof I X and fog I Y .The function g is called the inverse of f . If f is invertible, then f must be one one and onto. PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL – I 1 3 3 If f : R R be given by f ( x) (3 x ) , then fof (x) is…………. Consider f : N N , g : N N and h : N R defined as f ( x) 2 x, g ( x) 3 y 4 and h(z ) sin z, x, y and z in N. Show that ho( gof ) (hog )of . 4 4x Let f : R R be a function defined as f ( x) , Then show that 3x 4 3 4 4x inverse of f is the map g : Range f R is g ( x) . 4 3x 3 LEVEL – II Consider f : R 4, given by f ( x) x 2 4 . Show that f is invertible with the inverse f 1 of given by f 1 ( y) y 4 , where R is the set of all non-negative real number. Let f : R R be defined as f ( x) 10 x 7 .Find the function g : R R such that gof fog 1R . Show that the function f : R R defined by f x x , x R is neither one-one x 1 2 nor onto. LEVEL – III Consider f : R 5, given by f ( x) 9 x 2 6 x 5 . Show that if f is 1 invertible with f ( x) y 6 1 . 3 Let f : N R be a function defined as f ( x) 4 x 2 12 x 15 . Show that f : N S , where, S is the range of f , is invertible. Find the inverse of f . Concept :- Binary Operations A binary operation * on the set X is called commutative, if a * b b * a , for every a, b X . A binary operation *: A A A is said to be associative if a * b * c a * b * c, a, b, c, A . Given a Binary operation *: A A A , an element e A , if it exist, is called identity for the operation *, if a * e a e * a, a A . 8 Given a binary operation *: A A A with the identity element e in A, an element a A is said to be invertible with respect to the operation *,If there exist an element b in A such that a * b e b * a and b is called the inverse of a and is donated by a-1. PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL-I Consider the binary operation on the set{1,2,3,4,5} defined by a b min{ a, b} . Write the operation table of the operation . Let * be the binary operation on N given by a*b = L.C.M of a and b. Find (i) 5*7 (ii) 20*16 Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as follows:(i) a*b = a - b (ii) a*b = a2 + b2 (iii) a * b = a + ab ab (iv) a * b = (a - b)2 (v) a * b = (vi) a * b = ab2 4 Find which of binary operation are commutative and which are associative? LEVEL – II Determine which of the following binary operation on the set R are associative and which are commutative. ( a b) (a) a * b 1a, b R (b) a * b a, b R 2 Let A N N and * be the binary operation on A defined by a, b c, d a c, b d .Show that * is commutative and associative. Find the identity element for *on A ,if any Consider a binary operation *on N defined as a * b a 3 b 3 .Choose the correct answer. (A)Is * both associative and commutative? (B)Is * commutative but not associative? (C)Is * associative but not commutative? (D)Is * neither commutative nor associative LEVEL – III Consider the binary operation * : R R R and o: R R R defined as a * b a b and a o b a, a, b R .Show that * is commutative but not associative, o is associative but not commutative. Further, show that a, b, c R, a * (boc) (a * b). [If it is so, we say that the operation * distributives over the operation o].Does o distributive over *? Justify your answer. Given a non-empty set X, let *: P ( X ) P( X ) P( X ) be defined as A * B ( A B) ( B A), A, B P( X ) .Show that the empty set is the identify for the operation * and all the element A of P(X) are invertible with A 1 A . 9 Define a binary operation * on the set {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} as if a b 7 a b a *b a b 7 if a b 7 Write the operation table of the operation * and prove that zero is the identity for this operation and each element a 0 of the set is invertible with 7 - a being the inverse of a. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Introduction Principal Value Branch Table Principal Value Functions Domain Branches y = sin-1 x [-1, 1] 2 , 2 y = cos-1 x [-1, 1] 0, y = cosec-1 x R – (-1, 1) 2 , 2 0 y = sec-1 x R – (-1, 1) 0, y = tan-1 x R , 2 2 y = cot-1 x R 0, 2 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions: For suitable Values of domain, we have: 1. (a) y = sin-1 x x = sin y (b) x = sin y y = sin-1 x 2. (a) sin (sin-1 x) = x (b) sin-1 (sin x) = x 1 1 1 3. (a) sin-1 = cosec-1 x (b) cos-1 = sec-1 x (c) tan-1 = cot-1 x x x x 4. 5. 6. (a) cos-1 (-x) = - cos-1 x (a) sin-1 (-x) = - sin-1 x (a) sin-1x + cos-1x = 2 (b) cot-1 (-x) = - cot-1 x (c) sec-1 (-x) = - sec-1 x (b) tan-1 (-x) = - tan-1 x (c) cosec-1 (-x) = - cosec-1 x (b) tan-1x + cot-1x = (c) cosec-1x + sec-1x = 2 2 x y 1 xy 7. 1 1 1 (a) tan x tan y tan 1 1 1 (b) tan x tan y tan 8. 2 tan 1 x sin 1 9. (a) sin-1x + sin-1y = sin-1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 2 2x 2x 1 1 x cos tan 1 2 2 1 x 1 x 1 x2 x y 1 xy 10 (b) sin-1x - sin-1y = sin-1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 10. xy (a) cos-1x + cos -1y = cos -1 xy (b) cos -1x - cos -1y = cos -1 1 x 1 y 1 x 1 y 2 2 2 2 Important Solved Problems 1. Write the principal value of tan 1 3 sec 1 2 . Solution: tan 1 3 sec 1 2 tan 1 tan sec 1 sec 3 3 sec 1 sec 3 3 3 3 3 2. Using principal value, evaluate the following: 3 sin 1 sin 5 Solution: 3 3 3 sin 1 sin as , 5 5 5 2 2 2 3 1 sin 1 sin sin sin 5 5 3. If tan 1 3 cot 1 x , find x 2 Solution: tan 1 3 cot 1 x 2 cot 1 x tan 1 3 2 2 2 1 sin sin 5 5 tan-1x + cot-1x = 2 = cot 1 3 x 3 1 12 1 3 1 56 Prove that: cos sin sin 13 5 65 Solution: 4. 12 12 cos 1 x cos x 13 13 2 5 3 12 3 sin x 1 cos 2 x 1 and sin 1 y sin y 13 5 13 5 2 4 3 cos y 1 sin y 1 5 5 sin (x + y) = sin xcosy + cosx sin y 2 11 5 4 12 3 56 13 5 13 5 65 = 56 12 3 56 x y sin 1 cos 1 sin 1 sin 1 65 13 5 65 1 sin x 1 sin 1 Prove that cot 1 sin x 1 sin Solution: 5. x x , x 0, x 2 4 1 sin x 1 sin x cot 1 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin x 1 sin cot 1 1 sin x 1 sin 1 sin x 1 sin x x 1 1 sin x 1 sin x 2 1 sin x 1 sin x cot 1 sin x 1 sin x x x 2 cos 2 2 2 2 1 sin x 1 cos x 1 1 2 cot 1 cot x x cot 1 cot cot 2 sin x 2 2 sin x 2 sin x cos x 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prove the following: tan tan tan tan . 3 5 7 8 4 Solution: 6. 1 1 1 1 LHS tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 3 5 7 8 1 1 1 1 tan 1 3 5 tan 1 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 8 3 5 8 15 4 3 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 14 55 7 11 4 3 65 tan 1 7 11 tan 1 tan 1 1 RHS 4 1 4 3 65 7 11 7. 1 x 1 1 x 1 If tan tan , then find the value of x. x2 x2 4 Solution: 12 x 1 1 x 1 tan 1 tan x 2 x 2 4 x 1 1 x 1 1 tan 1 tan tan 1 x 2 x 2 x 1 1 1 x 1 1 1 x 1 1 x 2 tan 1 1 tan tan 1 tan tan x 1 x 2 x 2 2x 3 1 x2 x 1 1 1 1 2x 2 1 0 x 2 x x 2 2x 3 2 2 1. PRACTICE PROBLEMES: Level-1 Write the Principal value of the following: (i) tan-1 3 (ii) sin-1 1 (iii) cos-1 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 Evaluate: cottan a cot a. Prove: 3sin-1x = sin-1(3x - 4x3) Find x if sec-1(2) + cosec-1x = /2 Solve tan-12x + tan-13x = /4 1 1 Level-2 Write the principal value of the following: 2 2 1 cos 1 cos sin sin 3 3 1 x 2 1 , Write in the simplest form: tan x Prove that sin-1(8/17) + sin-1(3/5) = tan-1(77/36). Prove that 2 tan-1(1/2)+ tan-1(1/7) = tan-1(31/17) 1 2 2x 2 1 1 x tan cot 2x 3 1 x2 1 5. Solve for x 6. Find the value of x if sin[cot-1(x+1)]=cos(tan-1x). 3 17 2 sin 1 tan 1 5 31 4 Level-3 7. 2. 3. 1 x 1 x 1 1 1 Prove that : tan cos x 1 x 1 x 4 2 Prove that: sin-1(12/13) + cos-1(4/5) + tan-1(63/16) = . Prove that: tan-11 + tan-12 + tan-13 = . 4. Prove that: tan 1 1. 1 2 x y x tan 1 y x y 4 x 0 13 1 x . 1 x 5. 1 Write in the simplest form: cos 2 tan 6. If t an 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 z 7. cos cos 2. tan 1 tan . tan . Prove that cos 1 2 2 1 cos . cos 8. 1 cos x 1 cos x x 3 Prove that tan 1 . ; If x 2 1 cos x 1 cos x 4 2 9. If cos 1 x cos 1 y cos 1 z . Then show that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1. 2 , x, y, z > 0 then find the value of xy + yz + zx. 14 MATRICES & DETERMINANTS SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM INTRODUCTION: MATRIX: If mn elements can be arranged in the form of m row and n column in a rectangular array then this arrangement is called a matrix. Order of a matrix: A matrix having m row and n column is called a matrix of 𝑚 × 𝑛 order. Addition and subtraction of matrices: Two matrices A and B can be added or subtracted if they are of the same order i.e. if A and B are two matrices of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 then A ± B is also a matrix of order m×n. Multiplication of matrices: The product of two matrices A and B can be defined if the number of rows of B is equal to the number of columns of A i.e. if A be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and B be an 𝑛 × 𝑝 matrix then the product of matrices A and B is another matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑝. Transpose of a Matrix: If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging. the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by 𝐴′ 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑇 . Properties of transpose of the Matrices: For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have (i) A T T A (𝑖𝑖) (𝐾𝐴)𝑇 = 𝐾𝐴𝑇 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 (𝑖𝑣) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix M is said to be symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑎 𝑏 e.g.[ ] , [𝑦 𝑢 𝑣 ] 𝑏 𝑐 𝑧 𝑣 𝑤 Note: there will be symmetry about the principal diagonal in Symmetric Matrix. Skew symmetric Matrix: A square matrix M is said to be skew symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 0 𝑒 𝑓 e.g.[ −𝑒 0 𝑔] −𝑓 −𝑔 0 Note: All the principal diagonal element of a skew symmetric Matrix are zero. Determinant: For every Square Matrix we can associate a number which is called the Determinant of the square Matrix. Determinant of a matrix of order one Let A = [a ] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined to be equal to a. Determinant of a matrix of order two 𝑎 𝑏 Let A= [ ] be a Square Matrix of order2× 2 then the determinant of A is denoted by |𝐴| 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑏 and defined by |𝐴| = | |= ay - bx 𝑥 𝑦 Determinant of a matrix of order 3× 𝟑: Let us consider the determinant of a square matrix of order 3× 3, 15 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 |𝐴|= |𝑝 𝑞 𝑟| 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 Expansion along first row |𝐴| = 𝑎(𝑞𝑧 − 𝑦𝑟) − 𝑏(𝑝𝑧 − 𝑥𝑟) + 𝑐(𝑝𝑦 − 𝑞𝑥) We can expand the determinant with respect to any row or any column. Minors and cofactors: Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith row and jth column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 . Cofactors: cofactors of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 and is defined by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 where 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝛼 𝛽 Adjoint of a Matrix: Let A = [ ] be a Matrix of order 2 × 2 𝛾 𝛿 𝜹 −𝜷 Then adj(A) = [ ] −𝜸 𝜶 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 Again letA = [𝑝 𝑞 𝑟] be a Matrix of order 3 × 3 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝 𝑞 𝑇 𝑝 𝑟 | | −| | | | 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑧 Then adj (A) = − |𝑏 𝑐 | |𝑎 𝑐 | − |𝑎 𝑏 | = 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 | | − | | | [ 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝 𝑟 𝑝 𝑞| ] 𝑞𝑐 − 𝑏𝑟 [−(𝑦𝑐 − 𝑏𝑧) 𝑦𝑟 − 𝑞𝑧 𝑇 −(𝑝𝑐 − 𝑎𝑟) 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑎𝑞 𝑞𝑐 − 𝑏𝑟 𝑥𝑐 − 𝑎𝑧 −(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦)] = [ 𝑎𝑟 − 𝑝𝑐 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑎𝑞 −(𝑥𝑟 − 𝑝𝑧) 𝑥𝑞 − 𝑝𝑦 𝑏𝑧 − 𝑎𝑦 𝑥𝑐 − 𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 𝑦𝑟 − 𝑞𝑧 𝑝𝑧 − 𝑥𝑟 ] 𝑥𝑞 − 𝑝𝑦 Inverse of a Matrix: Inverse of a Square Matrix A is defined as 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) |𝑨| Note: If A be a given Square Matrix of order n then (i) A(adj(A) = adj(A)A=|𝑨|𝑰where I is the Identity Matrix of order n. (ii) A square Matrix A is said to be singular and non-singular according as |𝑨| = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 (iii) |𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)|= |𝑨|𝒏−𝟏 (𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟑 × 𝟑 |𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)| = |𝑨|𝟐 ) IMPORTANT SOLVED PROBLEMS −2 Q1. If A=[ 4 ] , 𝐵 = [1 3 −6] , Verify that (AB)′ = B′A′ 5 Solution: - We have −2 If A=[ 4 ] , 𝐵 = [1 3 −6] 5 −2 −2 −6 12 Then AB =[ 4 ] [1 3 −6] = [ 4 12 −24] 5 5 15 −30 16 Now 1 5] , B′= [ 3 ] −6 A′ = [−2 4 1 −2 4 5 B′A′ = [ 3 ] [−2 4 5] = [−6 12 15 ] = (AB)′ −6 12 −24 −30 Clearly (AB)′ = B′A′ 2 10 −1 Q2. If 𝑥 [ ] + 𝑦 [ ] = [ ] then find the value of x and y. 3 5 1 2 10 −1 Sol. Given 𝑥 [ ] + 𝑦 [ ] = [ ] 3 5 1 −𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2𝑥 10 10 [ ] + [ 𝑦 ] = [ ] or [ ]=[ ] 3𝑥 + 𝑦 3𝑥 5 5 So 2x – y = 10 and 3x + y = 5 ; On solving we get x = 3 and y = -4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 Q3. If F(x) = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0] prove that F(x) F(y) = F(x+y) 0 0 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 Sol. Given F(x) = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0] so F(y) = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 0] 0 0 1 0 0 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 0 Hence F(x) .F(y) = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0] [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 0] = 0 0 1 0 0 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 0 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 0] 0 0 1 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) −sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = [ sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) 0 0 Hence F(x) F(y) = F(x+y) 0 0] 1 Q4. Express the given Matrix as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix 6 −2 2 A= [−2 3 −1] 2 −1 3 6 −2 2 Sol. Here 𝐴𝑇 = [−2 3 −1] 2 −1 3 12 −4 4 6 −2 2 1 1 P = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) = 2 [−4 6 −2] = [−2 3 −1] 4 −2 6 2 −1 3 1 𝑇 𝑇 Now 𝑃 = 𝑃 so P = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴 ) is a symmetric Matrix. 0 0 0 0 0 Also let Q = = 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴 = 2 [0 0 0] = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝑇 𝑄 = −𝑄 Hence Q is an Skew Symmetric Matrix. 6 −2 2 0 0 0 6 Now P + Q = [−2 3 −1] + [0 0 0] = [−2 2 −1 3 0 0 0 2 1 𝑇) 1 0 0] 0 −2 2 3 −1] = 𝐴 −1 3 17 Thus A is represented as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix. Q5. Using the property of determinant prove that: 𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎 | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏 Sol.Applying𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 L.H.S = | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | 2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏 Taking common a + b + c from first Row we get 1 1 1 L.H.S =(a + b+ c) |2𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑎 2𝑏 | 2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏 Now applying 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 1 0 0 0 L.H.S =(a + b+ c) |2𝑏 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) | 2𝑐 0 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) Expanding along first Row L.H.S = (a+b+c)[(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 − 0] = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 = R.H.S Hence proved Q6. Solve the system of equations x + 2y – 3z = - 4, 2x + 3y + 2z = 2, 3x – 3y – 4z = 11 Sol. The given system of equation can be written as A X = B where 𝑥 1 2 −3 −4 𝑦 A = [2 3 ] 𝑋 = [ ] 𝐵 = [ 2 2] 𝑧 3 −3 −4 11 1 2 −3 Now |𝐴| = |2 3 2 | = −6 + 28 + 45 = 67 3 −3 −4 −6 17 13 −6 14 −15 𝑇 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) adj(A) = [ 17 5 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| = 5 −8] 𝑵𝒐𝒘 9 ] = [ 14 −15 9 −1 13 −8 −1 −6 17 13 𝟏 [ 14 5 −8] 𝟔𝟕 −15 9 −1 24 + 34 + 143 −6 17 13 −4 𝟏 𝟏 Hence 𝑋 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 = 𝟔𝟕 [ 14 ] [ ] = [ −56 + 10 − 88] 5 −8 2 𝟔𝟕 60 + 18 − 11 −15 9 −1 11 𝑥 201 3 𝟏 So[𝑦] = 𝟔𝟕 [−134] = [−2] 𝑧 67 1 Hence x = 3 , y = -2 , z = 1 Flow chart: Step 1.Write the given system of equation in the form of A X = B Step2. Find |𝑨| Step3. Find adj(A) Step4. Find 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) |𝑨| −𝟏 Step5. Find 𝑿 = 𝑨 𝑩 18 Step6 Find the value of x , y and z ASSIGNMENTS (i). Order, Addition, Multiplication and transpose of matrices: LEVEL I 1. If a matrix has 6 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? 2. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = |i – 3j | 3. If A = 4. If A = , B= , then find A – 2 B. and B = , write the order of AB and BA. 3 6 5 2 5. Find the matrices X and Y if 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ] 0 −1 0 9 0 𝑥 [𝑥 1] [ 1 6. Solve: ] [ ] = 0. −2 −3 3 LEVEL II 1. For the following matrices A and B, verify (AB)T = BTAT, where A = , B= . 2. Give example of matrices A & B such that AB = O, but BA ≠ O, where O is a zero matrix and A, B are both non zero matrices. 3. If B is skew symmetric matrix, write whether the matrix (ABAT) is symmetric or skew symmetric. 4. If A = and I = , find a and b so that A2 + aI = bA LEVEL III 1. If A = , then find the value of A2 –3A + 2I 2. Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix, where: A= 3. If A = [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝐴𝑛 = [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 (ii) Cofactors &Adjoint of a matrix LEVEL I 1. Find the co-factor of 𝑎12 in A = 2. Find the adjoint of the matrix A = LEVEL II Verify A(adjA) = (adjA) A = 1. A = I if 2. (iii) Inverse of a Matrix & Applications A= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 ] , 𝑛𝜖𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 19 LEVEL I 1. 2. If A = , write A-1 in terms of A If A is square matrix satisfying A2 = I, then what is the inverse of A ? 3. For what value of k , the matrix A = LEVEL II is not invertible ? 1. If A = , show that A2 –5A – 14I = 0. Hence find A-1 2. If A, B, C are three non-zero square matrices of same order, find the condition on A such that AB = AC B = C. 3. Find the number of all possible matrices A of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1. LEVEL III 1. 2. 3. 4. If A = , find A-1 and hence solve the following system of equations: 2x – 3y + 5z = 11, 3x + 2y – 4z = - 5, x + y – 2z = - 3. Using matrices solve the following system of equations: (i) x + 2y - 3z = - 4 , 2x + 3y + 2z = 2 , 3x - 3y – 4z = 11 (ii) 4x + 3y + 2z = 60 , x + 2y + 3z = 45 , 6x + 2y + 3z = 70 Find the product AB, where A = ,B= the equations x – y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17, y + 2z = 7 1 x 2 Using matrices solve the following system of equations: x 1 x and use it to solve 1 1 4 y z 1 3 0 y z 1 1 2 y z 5. A trust caring for indicate children gets rupees 30,000/- every month from its donors. The trust spends half of the funds received for medical and educational care of the children and for that it charges 2% of the spent amount from them and deposits the balance note in a private bank to get the money multiplied so that in future the trust goes on functioning regularly. What % of interest should the trust get from the bank to get a total of rupees 1800/- every month? Use matrix method to find the rate of interest? Do u think people should donate to such trusts? 6. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix (iv) LEVEL I 20 1. Evaluate Cos15 Sin15 Sin 75 Cos75 2. What is the value of , where I is identity matrix of order 3? 3. If A is non singular matrix of order 3 and = 3, then find 4. For what valve of a, is a singular matrix? LEVEL II If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that = 64, find If A is a nonsingular matrix of order 3 and = 7, then find LEVEL III 1. 2. 3 If A = and = 125, then find a. A square matrix A, of order 3, has = 5, find 1. 2. (v) Properties of Determinants LEVEL I 1. Find positive value of x if 2. 1. 2. = Evaluate LEVEL II Using properties of determinants prove the following: bc a a b ca b 4abc c c ab 1 a 2 b2 2ab 2b 2 2 2ab 1 a b 2a 1 a 2 b2 2b 2a 1 a 2 b2 3. 3 = (1 + pxyz)(x - y)(y - z) (z - x) LEVEL III 1. Using properties of determinants, solve the following for x : a. b. = 0 = 0 c. = 0 2. If a, b, c, are positive and unequal, show that the following determinant is negative: 21 = 3. a2 1 ab ac ab b2 1 bc 1 a 2 b 2 c 2 ca cb c2 1 4. a b c a b b c c a a 3 b 3 c3 3abc bc ca ab 5. b 2c 2 c 2a 2 a 2b2 bc 6. bc b c ca c a 0 ab a b b 2 bc c 2 bc a 2 ac ac c 2 ac (ab bc ca ) 3 a 2 ab b 2 ab ab = 2abc( a + b + c)3 7. 8. If a, b, c are real numbers, and bc ca a b ca a b bc 0 a b bc ca Show that either a + b +c = 0 or a = b = c. ANSWERS 1. Order, Addition, Multiplication and transpose of matrices: LEVEL I 1. 1 6, 6 1 , 2 3 , 3 2 3. skew symmetric 2. 3. LEVEL II 4. a = 8, b = 8 LEVEL III. 4. 2 2, 3 3 22 1. 2. + (ii). Cofactors & Adjoint of a matrix LEVEL I 1. 46 2. (iii)Inverse of a Matrix & Applications LEVEL I -1 = - 1. A -1 = A 2. A A 3. k = 17 LEVEL II 1. 3. 512 LEVEL III 1. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3. 2. (i) x = 3, y = -2, z = 1. (ii) x = 7, y = 4, z = 10 3. AB = 6I, x = , y = - 1, z = 4. x = ½, y = -1, z = 1. 6. (iv). To Find The Difference Between LEVEL I 1. 0 2. 27 1. 8 2. 49 3.24 LEVEL II LEVEL III 1. a = 3 2. 125 (v). Properties of Determinants LEVEL I 1. x = 4 2. + + + LEVEL II 2. [Hint: Apply C1 C1–bC3 and C2 C2+aC3] 4. 23 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY Concept :- Continuity Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c be a point in the domain of f, then f is continuous at c if lim f x f c or x c lim f c h f c lim f c h h 0 h 0 PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL – I Examine whether the function f given by f x x 2 is continuous at x = 0 Discuss the continuity of the function f given by f x x at x = 0 Show that every polynomial function is continuous LEVEL- II Show that the function f defined by f x 1 x x , where x is any real number, is a continuous function . Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by ax 1, if x 3 f x is continuous at x 3 . bx 3 if x 3 ( x 2 2 x ), if For what value of is the function defined by f x if 4 x 1 x0 x0 continuous at x 0 ? What about continuity at x 1 ? LEVEL-III 1 sin x if 3 cos 2 x Let f x a if b1 sin x if 2 2 x a and b. 3 x x x 2 2 If f x be a continuous function at x the value 2𝑥+2 −16 { of k, so that 𝑘 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2. Evaluate: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 lim , find x 1 x 1 is continuous at x = 1,find the value of a x 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2 4𝑥 −16 2 2 3ax b if If the function f x 11 if 5ax 2b if and b. Find √1+2𝑥 − √1−2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 lim a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 24 Concept :- Differentiation of Implicit function, logarithmic functions, functions in parametric forms, second order derivatives, Rolle’s theorem and lagrange’s Mean value theorem log m n log m log n m log log m log n n log m n n log m log a b log c b log c a log a a 1 PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL – I 𝑑𝑦 Find 𝑑𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Find 𝑑𝑥 : 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 81 Find 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 : 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 = 1 Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑎 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 2 If 𝑓: [−5, 5] → 𝑅 is differentiable function and if 𝑓′(𝑥) does not vanish anywhere, then prove that 𝑓(−5) ≠ 𝑓(5) LEVEL - II Differentiate Find d2y Find 2 , if y x 3 tan x . dx If x a sin t , y a cos x 1 sin x 1 2 Differentiate the following w.r.t x (i) tan 1 (ii) sin x 1 cos x 1 4 d2y dy 5 6y 0 . If y 3e 2e , prove that 2 dx dx 1 1 Differentiate the function :- x x x . x Differentiate the function :- x cos x x x sin x x . 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 : 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 : 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (3𝑥 + 1)3 : 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) x 3x 2 4 w.r.t 3x 2 4 x 5 x. dy of the function:- x y y x 1 . dx 1 2x 1 t , show that dy y . dx x 3x x 1 1 25 Differentiate the function :- x sin x sin x Differentiate the function :- x x cos x Find cos x . x2 1 . x2 1 dy of the function:- x y y x 1 . dx dy y x Find of the function:- cos x cos y . dx x a sin , y a1 cos . t x a cos t log tan , y a sin t . 2 Verify Mean Value Theorem if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 in the interval [a, b], where a= 1 and b = 4. LEVEL –III dy Find , if y x x y x x a b . dx x 2 If y tan 1 x ,show that 2 1 y2 2 x x 2 1y1 2 2 dy 1 dx 2 2 If x a y b c 2 , for some 𝑐 > 0 prove that d2y dx 2 independent of a and b 2 3 2 dy cos 2 a y dx sin a dy 1 If x 1 y y 1 x 0 ,for, -1< x <1 , Prove that dx 1 x 2 If cos y x cosa y with cos a 1 ,prove that If x cos(log y ), 1 x 1 , Show that 1 x 2 d 2 y d 2 dx y 2 x dy y0 dx dy 0. dx If y sin 1 x , show that 1 x 2 Find If x Differentiate t dy 1 For a positive constant a find ,where y a t , x t dx t dx 2 x dy of the function:- y x x y . dx sin 3 t cos 2t ,y cos 3 t cos 2t . Find x 3x 2 4 3x 2 4 x 5 dy dx w.r.t x. 1 a is a constant 26 If x acos t t sin t and y asin t t cos t , find If y 500e 7 x 600e 7 x ,show that d2y dx 2 d2y 49 y dx 2 Examine the validity and conclusion of the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 4 in the interval [2, 4] Applications of Derivatives Concept :Increasing or Decreasing function:- Let I be an open interval contained in the domain of a real valued function f . Then f is said to be Increasing on I if x1 x2 in I f x1 f x2 , x1 , x2 I (i) Strictly increasing on I if x1 x2 in I f x1 f x2 , x1 , x2 I (ii) (iii) Decreasing on I if x1 x2 in I f x1 f x2 , x1 , x2 I Strictly decreasing on I if x1 x2 in I f x1 f x2 , x1 , x2 I (iv) Theorem ;- Let f be continuous on a, b and differentiable on the open interval a, b then (i) (ii) f is increasing in a, b if f ' x 0 for each x a, b f is decreasing in a, b if f ' x 0 for each x a, b (iii) f is a constant function in a, b if f ' x 0 for each x a, b (i) f is strictly increasing in a, b if f ' x 0 for each x a, b Theorem ;- Let f be continuous on a, b and differentiable on the open interval a, b then (ii) (iii) f is decreasing in a, b if f ' x 0 for each x a, b f is a constant function in a, b if f ' x 0 for each x a, b PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL-I Show that f(x) = 2x + 3 is strictly increasing. Prove that f(x) = cosx is (i) Strictly decreasing in (0, ) (ii) Strictly increasing in ( ,2 ) (iii) Neither increasing nor decreasing in (0,2 ). Find the least value of a such that the function given by f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly increasing on (1,2) LEVEL-II 27 Find the intervals in which the function f is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 72𝑥 + 30 is (a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing. Find the intervals in which the function given by f x sin 3x, x 0, is 2 (a) increasing (b) decreasing Find the intervasl in which the function f given by f x sin x cos x,0 x 2 is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing. Find the interval in which𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 is increasing. The length of rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5cm/min and the width y is increasing at the rate of 4cm/min .When x = 8cm and y = 6cm Find the rate of change of (a) the perimeter and (b) the area of rectangle. 3 A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter 2 x 1 find the 2 rate of change of its volume with respect to x. A particle moves along the curve 6 y x 3 2 .Find the point on the curve at which the y-coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate. LEVEL – III 4 sin x 2 x x cos x is 2 cos x Find the intervals in which the function f given by f x (i) increasing (ii) decreasing A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical and vertex lower most. Its semi vertical angle is tan 1 0.5 .Water is poured into it at a constant rate of 5 cubic meters per hour. Find the rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant when the depth of water in the tank is 4 m. 1 Find the intervals in which the function f given by f x x 3 3 , x 0 is x (i) increasing (ii) decreasing Concept :Tangents and Normal , Approximation Tangents and Normal:- The slope of the tangent to the curve y f x at the point x0 , y 0 is given by dy dx x0 , y0 The slope of the normal to the curve y f x at the point x0 , y 0 is given by −1 dy dx x0 , y0 The equation of a tangent at x0 , y 0 to the curve y f x is given by y y0 f ' x0 x x0 28 The equation of a normal at x0 , y 0 to the curve y f x is given by y y 0 1 x x0 f ' x0 Tangent line parallel to x-axis then equation of the tangent y y0 Tangent line parallel to y-axis then equation of the tangent x x0 Approximations: (i) The differential of x, denoted by dx , is defined by dx x . (ii) The differential of y, denoted by dy , is defined by dy f ' x0 dx or dy dy x . dx PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL –I Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y 3x 4 x at x = 4 2 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 at the point whose xcoordinate is 3 Find the slope of the normal to the curve x a cos 3 , y a sin 3 , at , 4 LEVEL –II 2 Find the point at which the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = √4𝑥 − 3 − 1 has its slope . 3 Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y x 2 2 x 7 which is (i) parallel to the line 2 x y 9 0 (ii) Perpendicular to the line 5 y 15x 13 Find the point on the curve x 2 y 2 2 x 3 0 at which the tangents are the parallel to the x-axis. LEVEL-III Find the equation of the normal to the curve y x 2 x 6 which are parallel to the line 3 x + 14y + 4 = 0. 3 Prove that the curves x y and xy k cut at right angle if 8k 1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y 2 3 x 2 which is parallel to the line 4x 2 y 5 0 INTEGRATION INTRODUCTION IF f(x) is derivative of function g(x), then g(x) is known as antiderivative or integral of f(x) 29 𝒅 i.e., ⇔ (g(x)) = f(x) 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒙) + C STANDARD SET OF FORMULAS * Where c is an arbitrary constant. 1. ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. = 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟏 ∫ 𝒙dx (n -1) +𝒄 x+ c = log |x| + c = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 | + 𝒄 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙| + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 | + 𝒄 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 | + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 | + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 | + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 15. ∫√ 16. ∫ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 17. ∫ 𝟏− 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 = sin -1 x + c dx 𝟏 𝒙√ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙 18. ∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 19. ∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝟐√ 𝒙 + 𝒄 INTEGRALS OF LINEAR FUNCTIONS 1. ∫(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫ 𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝒅𝒙 3. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 )𝒅𝒙 𝟏 = (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏+𝟏 = + 𝒄 (𝒏+𝟏)𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒂𝒙+𝒃) + 𝒄 𝒂 −𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒂𝒙+𝒃) = 𝒂 + 𝒄 In the same way if ax +b comes in the place of x, in the standard set of formulas, then divide the integral by a SPECIAL INTEGRALS 1. 𝟏 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 2. ∫ 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 3. x 4. ∫√ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 5. ∫√ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 2 𝟏 = = 𝟐𝒂 𝟏 𝟐𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒙+𝒂| + c 𝒂+𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒂−𝒙| + 𝒄 1 1 x dx tan 1 c 2 a a a 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈| 𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 |+ c 30 𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙 6. ∫√ 7. ∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 8. ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 dx = 𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 − 9. ∫ √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 dx = 𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 | 𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄 𝟐 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 | 𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝒄 INTEGRATION BY PARTS 𝒅𝒖 ∫ 𝒖. 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 1. = 𝒖. ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 − ∫( 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 OR The integral of product of two functions = (first function) x integral of the second function – integral of [(differential coefficient of the first function ) × (integral of the second function)] We can choose first and second function according to I L A T E where I → inverse trigonometric function 𝑳 → 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝐀 → 𝒂𝒍𝒈𝒆𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝐓 → 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐄 → 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 e f ( x) f x 2. 1 ( x) dx e x f ( x) c . Working Rule for different types of integrals 1. Integration of trigonometric function Working Rule (a) Express the given integrand as the algebraic sum of the functions of the following forms (i) Sin k𝜶, (ii) cos k𝜶, (iii) tan k𝜶, (iv) cot k𝜶, (v) sec k𝜶, (vi) cosec k𝜶 (vii) sec2 k𝜶, (viii) cosec2 k𝜶, (ix) sec k𝜶 tan k𝜶 (x) cosec k𝜶 cot k𝜶 For this use the following formulae whichever applicable (i) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟑 (iii) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 (ii) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝟑 (iv) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟒 (v) x = x–1 (vi) cot2 x (vii) 2sin x sin y = cos (x – y ) – cos ( x + y) (viii) 2 cos x cosy = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y ) (ix) 2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y ) + sin (x – y ) (x) 2cos x sin y = sin (x + y ) – sin ( x – y ) tan2 sec2 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 𝟒 = cosec2x – 1 2. Integration by substitution (a) Consider I = f ( x)dx Put x = g(t) so that dx g 1 (t ). dt We write dx = g1(t). Thus I = f ( x)dx f ( g (t )) g 1 (t )dt (b) When the integrand is the product of two functions and one of them is a function g (x) and the other is kg’(x), where k is a constant then Put g (x) = t 𝒅𝒙 3. Integration of the types ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝒃𝒙+𝒄 , ∫ 𝒅𝒙 √𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 , and ∫(𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)𝒅𝒙 31 In this three forms change 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 in the form A2 + X2 , X2 – A2, or A2 – X2 Where X is of the form x + k and A is a constant ( by completing square method) Then integral can be finding by using any of the special integral formulae 𝒑𝒙+𝒒 Integration of the types ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙, 4. ∫√ 𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙 and ∫(𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)√𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 dx In this three forms split the linear px + q = 𝝀 𝒅 𝒅𝒙 (𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 ) + 𝝁 Then divide the integral into two integrals The first integral can be obtain by method of substitution and the second integral by completing square method as explained in 3 i,e., to evaluate ∫ 𝒑𝒙+𝒒 √𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝝀 (𝟐𝒂𝒙+𝒃 )+ 𝝁 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝟐𝒂𝒙+𝒃 dx 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝀 ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝁 ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙+𝒄 ↓ ↓ Find by substitution method + by completing square method 5. Integration of rational functions In the case of rational function, if the degree of the numerator is equal or greater than degree of the denominator, then first divide the numerator by denominator and write it as 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 + 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒓 , then integrate 6. Integration by partial fractions Integration by partial fraction is applicable for rational functions. There first we must check that degree of the numerator is less than degree of the denominator, if not, divide the numerator by denominator and write as 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 + 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒓 and proceed for 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 partial fraction of 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒓 Sl. No. 1 Form of the rational functions 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 (𝒙 − 𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒃 ) Form of the partial fractions 𝑨 𝑩 + 𝒙−𝒂 𝒙−𝒃 32 2 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 + 𝒙 − 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 3. 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 (𝒙 − 𝒂 )(𝒙 − 𝒃 )𝒙 − 𝒄 ) 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 + + 𝒙−𝒂 𝒙−𝒃 𝒙−𝒄 4 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 (𝒙 − 𝒂 )𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒃 ) 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 + + 𝒙 − 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒂 )𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒃 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 + 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 (𝒙 − 𝒂 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 ) Where x2 + bx + c cannot be factorized further 5 DEFINITE INTEGRATION Working Rule for different types of definite integrals 1. Problems in which integral can be found by direct use of standard formula or by transformation method Working Rule (i) Find the indefinite integral without constant c (ii) Then put the upper limit b in the place of x and lower limit a in the place of x and subtract the second value from the first. This will be the required definite integral. 2. Problems in which definite integral can be found by substitution method Working Rule When definite integral is to be found by substitution then change the lower and upper limits of integration. If substitution is z = φ(x) and lower limit integration is a and upper limit is b Then new lower and upper limits will be φ(a) and φ(b) respectively. Properties of Definite integrals 𝒃 𝒃 1. ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 𝟐. ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − ∫𝒃 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙. 3. ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, 4. ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒃 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 5. ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 6. ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 7. if 𝒇(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) and ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , = 0, if 𝒇(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂 𝒂 (i) ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, if 𝒇 is an even function, i.e., if 𝒇(-x) = 𝒇(𝒙) 8. 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 In particular, ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 0 𝒃 𝒂 a<c<b 𝒂 𝒂 33 (ii) 𝒂 ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎, if 𝒇 is an odd function, i.e., if 𝒇(−x) = −𝒇(𝒙) Problem based on property 𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, a<c<b Working Rule This property should be used if the integrand is different in different parts of the interval [a,b] in which function is to be integrand. This property should also be used when the integrand (function which is to be integrated) is under modulus sign or is discontinuous at some points in interval [a,b]. In case integrand contains modulus then equate the functions whose modulus occur to zero and from this find those values of x which lie between lower and upper limits of definite integration and then use the property. Problem based on property 𝒂 𝒂 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 Working Rule Let 𝒂 I = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒂 I = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 Then 𝒂 𝒂 2I = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 (1) + (2) => 𝟏 𝒂 I = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 {𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)}𝒅𝒙 This property should be used when 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙) becomes an integral function of x. Problem based on property 𝒂 ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 =0, if 𝒇(𝒙) is an odd function and 𝒂 𝒂 ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 2∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, if 𝒇(𝒙) is an even function. Working Rule This property should be used only when limits are equal and opposite and the function which is to be integrated is either odd or even. PROBLEM BAESD ON LIMIT OF SUM Working rule 𝒃 ∫𝒂 𝒇 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉 { 𝒇 (𝒂) + 𝒇 (𝒂 + 𝒉 ) + … . +𝒇 ( 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏 )𝒉 )} 𝒉→𝟎 Where nh = b – a The following results are used for evaluating questions based on limit of sum. n 1 n(n 1) (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ….. + (n-1) = k 2 k 1 (ii) 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + …. + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 = ∑ (iii) 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ….. + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟑 = [ (𝒏−𝟏)𝒏(𝟐𝒏−𝟏) 𝟔 (𝒏−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐 𝟐 ] 34 (iv) 𝒂[𝒓𝒏 − 𝟏] a + ar + …… + 𝒂𝒓𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒓−𝟏 (r≠1) IMPORTANT SOLVED PROBLEMS Evaluate the following integrals 1. ∫ ( 𝟏+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑿 )𝟐 𝑿 𝒅𝒙 Solution 𝟏 put 1+log x = t ( 𝟏+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑿 )𝟐 ∫ 𝑿 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝟑 = ∫√ 𝒆𝒙 𝟓−𝟒𝒆𝒙 −𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄 𝟑 (𝟏+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 )𝟑 = 2. 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒕 𝒙 𝟑 +𝒄 𝒅𝒙 Solution Put 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒕 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒕 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝟓 − 𝟒𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝟐𝒙 √𝟓 − 𝟒𝒕 − 𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =∫ √− 𝟐 =∫ (𝒕 + 𝟒𝒕−𝟓 ) 𝒅𝒕 √− ( 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕+𝟒−𝟒−𝟓 ) 𝒅𝒕 =∫ =∫ √− { ( 𝒕+𝟐 )𝟐 −𝟗 } 𝒅𝒕 √𝟑𝟐 −( 𝒕+𝟐 )𝟐 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 3. 𝒕+𝟐 𝟑 𝒆𝒙 +𝟐 + C = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝟑 )+ 𝑪 ∫ √𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 dx Solution Put tan x = t 2then ∫ √𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 dx =∫ 𝒕 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 sec2x dx = 2t dt => dx = 𝟏+ 𝒕𝟒 𝟐𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟏+ 𝒕𝟒 𝒅𝒕 𝟏+ 𝒕𝟒 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 (by dividing nr and dr by t2 ) = ∫𝟏 𝟐 𝟐+ 𝒕 𝒕 𝟏 = ∫ 𝟏 (𝟏+ 𝟐 ) + (𝟏− 𝟐 ) 𝒕 𝒕 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 = ∫ 𝟏 𝟏+ 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒕 +∫ 𝟏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ (𝒕− ) + 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝟏+ 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏− 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏− 𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (𝒕+ ) − 𝟐 𝒅𝒗 𝟏 = ∫ 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 + ∫ 𝒗𝟐 − 𝟐( 1st integral put 𝒕 − 𝒕 = u then(𝟏 + 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒅𝒖 35 𝟏 2nd integral put𝒕 + 𝒕 = 𝒗 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 ( 𝟏 − 𝟏 = √𝟐 𝟏 = = = ∫√ 4. √𝟐 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝒗− √𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝟐√𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 | 𝒗+√𝟐 | + 𝑪 √𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 √𝟐 𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒕− ( 𝟏 𝒕 √𝟐 𝟏 ) + 𝟐√𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 | 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 𝒕+ +√𝟐 𝒕 𝒕+ − √𝟐 | +𝑪 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏− √𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 ) + 𝟐√𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏+ 𝒕 √𝟐 𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙− 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟓𝒙+𝟑 | +𝑪 √𝟐 𝒕 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙+ 𝟏− √𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙+ 𝟏− | +𝑪 √𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙+ 𝟏𝟎 Solution 𝟓 = > A = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = −𝟕 5x + 3 = A (2x + 4 ) + B ∫ 𝟓 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟓 (𝟐𝒙+𝟒) ∫ √ 𝟐𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟎 (𝟐𝒙+𝟒) 𝟓 = 𝟐 𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ √ ∫√ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝒅𝒕 𝟓 = 𝟐 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟕 ∫ √ +𝟕 ∫ ∫ 𝟐 √𝒕 √ = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒) − 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙+𝟒−𝟒+𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝒙+𝟐 )𝟐 +𝟔 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟎 𝟏 × 𝟐√ 𝒕 + 𝟕 ∫ √( 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 dx = 5 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟕 𝒍𝒐𝒈 | 𝒙 + 𝟐 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎| + 𝑪 𝝅 ∫𝟎 5. 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Solution I 𝝅 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 =∫𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 -------------------(1) 𝝅 (𝝅−𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝝅−𝒙) 𝒂 Again I = ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 (𝝅−𝒙)+𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝝅−𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 Using the property ∫𝟎 𝒇 𝝅 (𝝅−𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 I = ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 -------------------- (2) Adding (1) and (2) we get 𝝅 2 I = ∫𝟎 = = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝝅 (𝝅−𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝝅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝝅 ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 ∫𝟎 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝝅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙−𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 ) = 𝝅 ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝒙) dx = 𝝅 ∫𝟎 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 − 𝝅 𝟎 = 𝝅⌈𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙⌉ I 6. 𝝅 = 𝝅 ( 𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝟒 Evaluate ∫𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 using limit of sum Solution 𝒃 Comparing the given integral with ∫𝒂 𝒇 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 a = 1, b = 4 f (x ) = x2 – x ∴ 𝒏𝒉 = 𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟑and 𝒂 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 36 f ( a+ (n-1)h )= f ( 1 + (n – 1 ) h ) = ( 1 + (n – 1 ) h ) 2 - [1 + (n – 1 ) h] = 1 + 2 (n-1 )h + (n – 1 ) 2 h2 -1 – (n – 1 ) h = (n – 1 ) h + (n – 1 ) 2 h2 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉 ∑𝒏−𝟏 𝒇 ( 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏 )𝒉 ) 𝟎 ∫𝒂 𝒇 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒉 →𝟎 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 ∫𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒉{ ∑𝒏−𝟏 𝟎 (𝒏 − 𝟏 ) 𝒉 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒉 } 𝒉→𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒉{∑(𝒏 − 𝟏 )𝒉 + ∑(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒉𝟐 } 𝒉→𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒉{ 𝒉 ∑(𝒏 − 𝟏 ) + 𝒉𝟐 ∑(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 } 𝒉→𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉𝟐 𝒏 ( 𝒏−𝟏 ) 𝟐 𝒉→𝟎 𝒏𝒉 ( 𝒏𝒉−𝒉 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 + 𝒉 →𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟗 𝒉→𝟎 𝟓𝟒 =𝟐 + = 𝟐 𝟑 ( 𝟑−𝒉 ) 𝟐 + + 𝒉𝟑 𝒏 ( 𝒏−𝟏 )( 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 ) 𝟔 𝒏𝒉 ( 𝒏𝒉−𝒉 )(𝟐𝒏𝒉−𝒉 ) 𝟔 𝟑 ( 𝟑−𝒉 )( 𝟔−𝒉 ) 𝟔 𝟔 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL I Evaluate the following integrals 1. ∫(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 2. 3. 4. 5. ∫ 𝒙𝟒 +𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 √𝒙 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 6. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙+𝟏 7. ∫√ 8. ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 9. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 10. ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙+𝟖 𝝅 𝟏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 37 LEVEL II Evaluate the following integrals 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 1. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙−𝒂 ) 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫ ( 𝟏−𝒙 )( 𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 3. ∫ √( 𝒙−𝟓 )(𝒙−𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒙 4. ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 5. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 6. ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 7. ∫ ( 𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐 )( 𝟑+ 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 9. ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √𝟏+𝒙 𝒅𝒙 10. 11. 12. 13. 𝟐 𝒙+𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟏−𝒙 𝝅 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝝅 𝒙 ∫𝟎 𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 ∫−𝟏 | 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 | 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 √𝒙 ∫𝟏 √𝒙+ √𝟓−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 14. ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 15. ∫𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 as a limit of sum 𝟐 5Sinx 3Cosx dx Sinx Cosx 0 2 16. LEVEL III Evaluate the following integrals 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 1. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫(√𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + √𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 3. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙+ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 4. ∫ √ 𝟏+√𝒙 𝒅𝒙 5. 6. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 7 ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 8. ∫𝟏 (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟕 ) 𝒅𝒙 as a limit of sum 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟏− √𝒙 𝝅 𝟐 37 38 xdx 9. 1 x tan x 10 x4 ( x 1)( x 2 1) dx 1 11. log log x dx log x 2 38 39 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION INTRODUCTION Area under Simple Curves (i) Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and between the ordinates at x = a and x = b is given by 𝒃 𝒃 Area =∫𝒂 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 (ii) Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the y axis and between abscissas at y = c and y = d is given by 𝒅 𝒅 Area = ∫𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒄 𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 Where y = 𝒇(𝒙) => 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) Note: If area lies below x-axis or to left side of y-axis, then it is negative and in such a case we like its absolute value. (Numerical value) 39 40 4. Area bounded by two curves 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒙), such that 𝟎 ≤ 𝒈(𝒙) ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) for all 𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃] and between the ordinates at 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒙 = 𝒃 is given by 𝒃 Area = ∫𝒂 {𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)} 𝒅𝒙 Finding the area enclosed between a curve, X- axis and two ordinates or a curve , Y- axis and two abscissa WORKING RULE 1. Draw the rough sketch of the given curve 2. Find whether the required area is included between two ordinate or two abscissa 3. (a) If the required area is included between two ordinates x = a and x= b then use the 𝒃 formula ∫𝒂 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 (b) If the required area is included between two abscissas y = c and y = d then use the 𝒅 formula ∫𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 Finding the area included between two curves WORKING RULE 1. Draw the graph of the given curves. 2. Obtain the point of intersections of the curves. 3. Mark the region whose area is to be determined. 4. Find whether the area is bounded between two given curves and two ordinates or between the two given curves and two abscissas. (a) If the required area is bounded between 2 ordinates x = a and x = b, then use the 𝒃 Formula: ∫𝒂 [𝒇 (𝒙) − 𝒈 (𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 (b) If the required area is included between two abscissas y = c and y = d, then use the 𝒅 Formula: ∫𝒄 [𝒇(𝒚) − 𝒈(𝒚)] 𝒅𝒚 40 41 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND FOR SKETCHING THE GRAPH 1. 𝒚𝟐 = 4ax is a parabola with vertex at origin, symmetric to X axis and right of origin 2. 𝒚𝟐 = - 4ax is a parabola with vertex at origin, symmetric to X axis and left of origin 3. 𝒙𝟐 = 4ay is a parabola with vertex at origin, symmetric to y axis and above origin 4. 𝒙𝟐 = - 4ay is a parabola with vertex at origin, symmetric to y axis and below origin 5. 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = - 4ax y2 = 4ax 𝒙𝟐 = 4ay 𝒙𝟐 = - 4ay 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 1 is an ellipse symmetric to both axis, Cut x axis at ( ± a, 0) and y axis at (0, ± 𝒃) 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 6. 7. 8. 9. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 is a circle symmetric to both the axes with centre at origin and radius r 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 1 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 is a circle with centre at (h, k) and radius r. ax +by + c = 0 representing a straight line Graph of 𝒚 = |𝒙| 41 42 10. Graph of 𝒚 = |𝒙 − 𝟑| y-axis (0 , 3) O ( 3, 0) x-axis IMPORTANT SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. Calculate the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and x = y2 Solution Parabola y 2 = x (𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = √𝒙) is symmetrical to x- axis and x2 = y is symmetrical to y - axis Solving both the equations we get the point of intersections of the two curves as (0, 0) and (1, 1) 𝟏 Required area = ∫𝟎 (√𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 = [ 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 − =𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝟑 ] 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 = 𝟑 sq. units 2. Find the area of the region ; { (x, y ) : 𝒚𝟐 ≤ 𝟒𝒙 , 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 ≤ 𝟗} Solution: 42 43 𝟑 𝟐 Curves y2 = 4x, parabola symmetric to x axis and the curve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = (𝟐) is a circle with centre at ( 0, 0 ) and radius 𝟑 𝟐 Sketch both the curves and shaded the area The point of intersection of y2 = 4x and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 𝟏 𝟏 are the points (𝟐 , √𝟐) and (𝟐 , −√𝟐) 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 Thus the co-ordinates of the points are O(0, 0), A(𝟐 , 𝟎) and B(𝟐 , √𝟐) Required area = 2 × Area of (OBALO) = 2×[ area of (OBLO) + area of (BLAB)] 𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 = 2 (∫𝟎𝟐 𝟐√𝒙 + ∫𝟏𝟐 √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 ) dx 𝟐 𝟑 = 2{(𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝟗 + [ 𝟐 √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + )𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 ] 𝟐𝟏} 𝟖 𝟗 𝟐 = 𝟗𝝅 𝟖 − 𝟗 −𝟏 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑) 𝟒 + √𝟐 𝟔 sq. units 3. Find the area bounded between the lines y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1, x = 4 using integration Solution: Draw the rough sketch and shade the region bounded by the given lnes 43 44 𝟒 Area enclosed = ∫𝟎 (𝒇 (𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙))𝒅𝒙 𝟒 = ∫𝟎 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) dx 𝟒 4. = ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟒 = [ 𝟐 ] = 8 sq.units 𝟎 Find the area of the region { (x, y): 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐} Solution Sketch the region whose area is to be found out. The point of intersection of y = x2 +1 and y = x+1 are he points (0, 1) and (1, 2) The required area = area of the region (OPQRSTO) = area of the region OTQPO + area of the region TSRQT 𝟏 𝟐 = ∫𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 )𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 = [ 𝟑 + 𝒙] + [ 𝟐 + 𝒙] 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟔 sq.units 5. Find the area cut off from the parabola 4y = 3x2 by the line 2y = 3x + 12 Solution Given 4y = 3x2 and 3x – 2y +12 = 0 Solve both the equation we get the point of intersecction of both the curves (-2, 3) and (4, 12) Required area = area of AOBA 𝟒 𝟑𝒙+𝟏𝟐 = ∫−𝟐[ 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟒 ] dx = 27 sq.unts 44 45 PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL I 1. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax, its axis and two ordinates x = 4 and x = 9 2. Find the area bounded by the parabola x2 = y, y axis and the line y =1 3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 4x – x2, x axis and the ordinates x = 1 and x = 3 4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x and the line x = 3 LEVEL II 1. Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x + y ≤ 4, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2} 2. Find the of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 3. Find the area of the region {(x , y) : 𝑦 2 ≤ 6 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 16} 4. Sketch the region common to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the parabola y2 = 4x. Also find the area of the region by integration. 2 𝑥2 5. Find the area of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑦2 𝑏2 2 =1 6. Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse 𝑦 2 𝑥2 9 + 𝑦2 4 𝑥 = 1 and the straight line 3 + =1 7. Find the area enclosed by the curve x = 3cost, y = 2 sint. 8. Find the area bounded by the lines x +2y = 2, y – x = 1 and 2x + y = 7 3 9. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 and the line 3x – 2y +12 =0 10. Using integration, find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices A (-1, 0 ), B (1 ,3 ) and C (3,2) LEVEL III 1. Using integration find the area of the following region {(𝑥, 𝑦 ): |𝑥 + 2 | ≤ 𝑦 ≤ √20 − 𝑥 2 } 2. Sketch the region enclosed between the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + (y-1)2 = 1. Also find the area of the region using integration 3. Find the area of the region lying above the x axis and included between the circle x2 + y2 = 8x and the parabola y2 = 4x 4. Using the method of integration, find the area bounded by the curve |x| + |y| = 1 45 46 1. 2. 3. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS INTRODUCTION Problems based on the order and degree of the differential equations Working rule (a) In order to find the order of a differential equation, see the highest derivative in the given differential equation. Write down the order of this highest order derivatives. (b) In order to find the degree of a differential equation write down the power of the highest order derivative after making the derivatives occurring in the given differential equation free from radicals and fractions. Problems based on formation of differential equation. Working rule (a) Write the given equation. (b) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. independent variable of x as many times as the number of arbitrary constants. (c) Eliminate the arbitrary constants from given equation and the equations obtained by differentiation. Problems based on solution of differential equation in which variables are separable. Working rule This differential equation can be solved by the variable separable method which can be put in the form 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑦). 𝑑𝑦 i.e., in which 𝑑𝑥 can be expressed as the product of two functions, one of which is a function of x only and the other a function of y only. 𝑑𝑦 In order to solve the equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑦). Write down this equation in the 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 form 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥, then the solution will be ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐, where C is an 4. 5. arbitrary constant. Problems based on solution of differential equations which are homogeneous. Working rule 𝑑𝑦 (a) Write down the given differential equation in the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) (b) If 𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). then differential equation is homogeneous. (c) In order to solve, put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, so that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 (d) variables 𝑥 and 𝑣. Now solve the obtained differential equation by the variable separable 𝑦 method. At the end put 𝑥 in place of 𝑣. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 and then separate the Working Rule for Linear Differential Equation of first degree: (a) Type 1. 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 , where P and Q are constants or function of x only General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫(𝑄. 𝐼𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 , where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 . 46 47 𝑑𝑥 Type 2.𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄 , where P and Q are constants or function of y only (b) General solution is𝑥. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫(𝑄. 𝐼𝐹)𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶 , where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 . Note: Particular solution can be obtained after getting the value of parameter C by substituting the given initial values of the variables. 1. IMPORTANT SOLVED PROBLEMS Solve the differential equation (x + y )dy + ( x – y ) dx = 0 Solution (x + y )dy + ( x – y ) dx = 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦−𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 Put y = vx 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =𝑣+𝑥 𝑑𝑣 ∴ 𝑣+𝑥 𝑣+𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑣−1 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣+1 𝑣−1 − 𝑣 𝑣+1 −( 1+ 𝑣 2 ) 1+𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = − 1+ 𝑣 2 𝑥 Integrating both sides we get 1+𝑣 ∫ 1+ 𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = - ∫ 𝑑𝑣 ∫ 1+ 𝑣2 + 2 ∫ 1+𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = − log 𝑥 + 𝑐 1 tan−1 𝑣 + log|1 + 𝑣 2 | = − log 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 1 𝑦 2 1 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 2𝑣 𝑦 tan−1 𝑥 + 2. 1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑥2 2) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑐 Solve 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Solution 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √1− 𝑥 2 = - 𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦 √1− 𝑦 2 Integrating both sides 𝑥 𝑦 ∫ √1− 2 𝑑𝑥 = - ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 √1− 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 47 48 −1 2 𝑑𝑡 1 ∫ √𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 ( put t = 1 – x2 and put u = 1 – y2 ) ∫ 2 √𝑢 − √𝑡 = √𝑢 + C √1 − 𝑥 2 + √ 1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 3. Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 1 𝑥 . 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 Solution 𝑑𝑦 The diff.eqn is in the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 −1 Where P = 𝑥 and Q = 2x2 −1 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 1 𝑥 Multiplying both sides of diff.eqn by I.F we get 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑥2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 1 (𝑦. 𝑥) = 2𝑥 Integrating both sides w.r.t.x we get 1 𝑦. = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥 y = x3 + Cx 4. 𝑑𝑦 Solve the diff. equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan 𝑥 Solution 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Put y = vx => 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = v – tan v ∴ 𝑣+𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 cot v dv = - 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 Integrating both sides ,we get ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log sin v = - log x + log C 𝑦 log[x. sin (𝑥 ) ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐 𝑦 x sin (𝑥 ) = C 5. 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2 )(𝑦 + 2 ), find the equation of the curve passing through the points (1, -1) Solution 48 49 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑦+2 𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 2 𝑥+2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2 )(𝑦 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑦+2 Integrating both sides weget y – 2 log (y + 2) = x + 2 log x + C The curve is passing through the the point (1, - 1) - 1 –2 log 1 = 1 + 2 log 1 + C => C = -2 The equation of the line is 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔[x(y+2)] – 2 6. 𝑑𝑦 Solve the differential equation (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 −1 Solution (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + (𝑥 2 −1) . 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 I.F. = 𝑒 ∫𝑥2−1 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1 2 (𝑥 2 −1)2 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 (𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 1)) = 2 −1) = (𝑥 2 − 1) 2 𝑥 2 −1 Integrating both sides w.r.t x we get 2 𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 1) = ∫ 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥+1) + 𝐶 PRACTICE PROBLEMS LEVEL I 1. Find the order and degree of the following differential equation. 𝑑3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 3 (𝑑𝑥 3 ) − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 0 𝐵 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 is a solution of the differential equation: 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 2. Show that 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 3. 4. 5. Form the differential equation corresponding to 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 by eliminating a. Form the differential equation representing the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑏), where 𝑎, 𝑏 are arbitrary constants. Solve the differential equation: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 6. Solve the differential equation : 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 49 1+ 𝑦 2 1+ 𝑥 2 50 LEVEL II Solve the following differential equations. 𝑑𝑦 1. 𝑑𝑥 + 1 . 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 2. 𝑑𝑦 3. 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦+ 1 (𝑥 2 +1)2 =0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 5. 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 2 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 6. (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 8. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 4 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1. + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 9. 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 LEVEL III Solve the following differential equations 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1. y – x 𝑑𝑥 = a (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ) 2. (1 + sin2x) dy + (1 + y2 ) cos x dx = 0, given that x = 2 , y = 0 3. (x3 + x2 + x +1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 = 2x2 + x VECTORS ALGEBRA SUMMARY ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑟) = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂, and its magnitude 1. Position vector of a point P(x, y, z) is given as 𝑂𝑃 by√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 . 2. The scalar components of a vector are its direction ratios, and represent its projections along the respective axes. 3. The magnitude(r), direction ratios (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) and direction cosines (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 )of any vector 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 are related as: 𝑙 = 𝑟 , 𝑚 = 𝑟 , 𝑛 = 𝑟 4. The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0 . 5. The vector sum of two co initial vectors is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are the given vectors. 6. The multiplication of a given vector by a scalar α, changes the magnitude of the given vector by the multiple │α│, and keeps the direction same (or makes it opposite) according as the value of α is positive (or negative). 𝑎⃗ 7. For a given vector 𝑎, the vector 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗| gives the unit vector in the direction of 𝑎. 8. The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the points P and Q whose position vectors are 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ respectively, in the ratio m : n 50 51 ⃗ +𝑛𝑎⃗ 𝑚𝑏 (i) internally, is given by 𝑅⃗ = (ii) externally, is given by⃗⃗⃗𝑅 = (iii) if R is the mid point of PQ, then 𝑅⃗ = 𝑚+𝑛 ⃗ −𝑛𝑎⃗ 𝑚𝑏 𝑚−𝑛 . . ⃗ +𝑎⃗ 𝑏 2 . 9. The scalar product of two given vectors 𝑎 and𝑏⃗ having angle 𝜃 between them is defined as ⃗⃗⃗ = ǀ 𝑎ǀǀ𝑏⃗ǀcos 𝜃. 𝑎. 𝑏 Also, when 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ is given, the angle ‘𝜃′ between the vectors⃗⃗⃗𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 may be determined by ⃗ 𝑎⃗.𝑏 cos 𝜃 = ǀ 𝑎⃗ǀ ǀ𝑏⃗ǀ . 10. The vector product is given as⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗| sin 𝜃 𝑛̂, where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑏⃗ such that 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑛̂ form right handed system of co-ordinate axes. 11. If we have two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗, given in component form as 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂ and λ any scalar, then 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )𝑖̂ + (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )𝑗̂ + (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 )𝑘̂ λ𝑎 = λ𝑎1 𝑖̂ + λ𝑏1 𝑗̂ + λ𝑐1 𝑘̂ ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑏⃗= 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑎 and 𝑖̂ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑗̂ 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑘̂ 𝑐1 | 𝑐2 Practice problems LEVEL-1 1) Find the projection of 𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂ on 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ . 2) If |𝑎| =2, |𝑏⃗| = √3 and 𝑎.𝑏⃗ = √3. Find the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ . 3) Find the value of λ when the projection of 𝑎 = λ𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ on 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 6̂𝑗 + 3𝑘̂ is 4 units. 4) Find 𝑎 . ( 𝑏⃗ x 𝑐 ), if 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ 5) Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, −𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 3𝑖̂ + 9𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 4 ( −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) respectively are coplanar. LEVEL-2 ̂ 1. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑖̂ -2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘 and 3𝑖̂ - 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ . 51 52 2. Find |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| if |𝑎| =2,|𝑏⃗| =3 and 𝑎 .𝑏⃗ = 4. 3. If 𝑎 is a unit vector and (𝑥 - 𝑎 ) . (𝑥 + 𝑎) =15. Find |𝑥| . 4. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two vectors such that |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| =|𝑎| then prove that the vector 2𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗ . 5. If vectors 𝑎 =2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂,⃗⃗𝑏 = 𝑖̂ + ̂𝑗 + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 3 ̂𝑖 + 𝑗̂ are such that 𝑎 + λ⃗⃗𝑏 is perpendicular to⃗⃗𝑐. Find the value of λ. 6. If A and B be two points with position vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ respectively. Find the position vector of the point which divides AB in 1 : 2 internally. LEVEL-3 1. Find the value of p so that 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + p𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ -2𝑗̂+ 3𝑘̂ are perpendicular to each other. 2. Find |𝑎| if |𝑎|=2|𝑏⃗| and (𝑎 +𝑏⃗ ) . (𝑎 - 𝑏⃗ ) = 12. 3. If |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| = 60, |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| = 40 and |𝑏⃗| = 46. Find |𝑎| . ⃗⃗⃗ in the direction 4. If 𝑎 = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) and⃗⃗𝑏 = (4𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂). Find vector projection of 𝒂 of⃗⃗𝑏. 5. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are (2iˆ 4 ˆj 5kˆ) & (iˆ 2 j 3kˆ) .Find the unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Also find its area. 6. If (iˆ ˆj kˆ), (2iˆ 5 ˆj 3kˆ), (3iˆ 2 ˆj 2kˆ) & (iˆ 6 j kˆ) are the position vectors of points A, B, C & D respectively, then find the angle between AB & CD. Deduce that AB & CD are parallel. 7. Find the value of 𝜆 such that the vectors (3iˆ ˆj 5kˆ), (iˆ 2 ˆj 3kˆ) & (2iˆ j kˆ) are coplanar. 8. The scalar product of the vector 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ with a unit vector along the sum of the vectors 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 𝜇𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to one .Find the value of 𝜇 and hence find the unit vector along 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 9. Find the value of 𝜆 if the points A( -1,4,-3 ), B(3,𝛌,-5), C(-3,8,-5) and D(-3,2,1) are coplanar. 3D GEOMETRY INTRODUCTION Summary 1. Distance formula: Distance between two points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is AB =√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 52 53 2. Section formula: Coordinates of a point P, which divides the line segment joining two given points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) in the ratio m : n 𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 +𝑛𝑧1 (i) internally, are P ( 𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑚+𝑛 ), (ii) the coordinates of a point Q divides the line segment joining two given points in the 𝑚𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 −𝑛𝑧1 , , ) 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 𝑧 +𝑧 mid-point are R( 2 2 1 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 1 ) ratio m : n; externally are Q ( (iii) the coordinates of 3. Direction cosines of a line : (i) (ii) (iii) The direction of a line OP is determined by the angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 which makes with OX, OY,OZ respectively. These angles are called the direction angles and their cosines are called the direction cosines. Direction cosines of a line are denoted by l, m, n; l = cos 𝛼, m = cos 𝛽, 𝑛 = cos 𝛾 Sum of the squares of direction cosines of a line is always 1. l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 i.e cos2𝛼 + cos2𝛽 + cos2𝛾 =1 4. Direction ratio of a line : (i) Numbers proportional to the direction cosines of a line 𝑙 𝑎 are called direction ratios of a line. If a, b, and c are, direction ratios of a line, then = 𝑚 𝑏 𝑛 𝑐 = . (ii) If a, b, c are, direction ratios of a line, then the direction cosines are ± √𝑎2 𝑎 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 , ± √𝑎2 𝑏 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 , ± √𝑎2 𝑐 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Direction ratio of a line AB passing through the points A(x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) are 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 5. STRAIGHT LINE: (i) Vector equation of a Line passing through a point 𝑎 and along the ⃗ , : ⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜇𝑏⃗, direction 𝒃 (ii) Cartesian equation of a Line: 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑎 = 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑏 = 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑐 . Where (x1, y1, z1) is the given point and its direction ratios are a, b, c. 6. (i) Vector equation of a Line passing through two points, with position vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ ⃗ -𝑎) 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝝁(𝒃 𝑥−𝑥1 (ii) Cartesian equation of a Line: 𝑥 2 −𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 =𝑦 2 −𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 =𝑧 2 −𝑧1 , two points are (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). ⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗2, 7. ANGLE between two lines (i) Vector equations: 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 + 𝝀𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝝁𝑏 (ii) Cartesian equations: If lines are cos 𝜃 = 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑎1 = 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑏1 = 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑐1 , 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑎2 = 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ | |𝑏1 (iii) If two lines are perpendicular, then 𝑏⃗1. . 𝑏⃗2 = 0, i.e. 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 53 = 𝑧−𝑧2 𝑐2 54 (iv) If two lines are parallel, then 𝑏⃗1 = 𝑡 𝑏⃗2 , where t is a scalar. OR 𝑏⃗1 × 𝑏⃗2 = 0, OR 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 2 2 (v) If 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 angle between two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 then 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 (b) if the lines are parallel, then 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = 𝑛1 (a) cos 𝜃 = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 2 2 2 (c) If the lines are perpendicular, then l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 8 Shortest distance between two skew- lines: ⃗⃗⃗1 , and : 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗2, (i) Vector equations: 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 + 𝝀𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝝁𝑏 SD = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑎1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ).(𝑏1 (𝑎2 |. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | |𝑏1 If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are coplanar. Hence if above lines are coplanar ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ If (𝑎2 𝑎1). (𝑏1 𝑏2) = 0 (ii) Cartesian equations: SD = | 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑎1 = 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑏1 𝑥2 −𝑥1 | 𝑎1 𝑎2 = 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑐1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑏1 𝑏2 , 𝑎2 = 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑏2 = 𝑧2 −𝑧1 𝑐1 | 𝑐2 √(𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 )2 + (𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1 )2 +(𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 )2 𝑧−𝑧2 𝑐2 | If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are coplanar. Hence if above lines are coplanar 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑏1 𝑐1 | = 0 | 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 9.Shortest distance between two parallel lines: If two lines are parallel, then they are coplanar. Let the lines be: 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 + 𝝀𝑏⃗, and: ⃗𝑏 ×(𝑎2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑎1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 + 𝝁𝑏⃗, SD = | | ⃗| |𝑏 10.General equation of a plane in vector form :- It is given by 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝑑 = 0 , 𝑛⃗ is a vector normal to plane. 11.General equation of a plane in Cartesian form :- 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 + 𝒅 = 𝟎 , Where a, b, c are direction ratios of normal to the plane. 12.General equation of a plane passing through a point :- if position vector of given point is 𝑎 then equation is given by (𝑟 − 𝑎). 𝑛⃗ = 0, 𝑛⃗ is a vector perpendicular to the plane. 13.General equation of a plane passing through a point :- if coordinates of point are (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) then equation is 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0, a, b, c are direction ratios of a line perpendicular to the plane. 14. Intercept form of equation of a plane:- General equation of a plane which cuts off intercepts 54 55 𝑥 a, b and c on x-axis, y-axis, z-axis respectively is 𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1. 𝑎 15. Equation of a plane in normal form:- 𝑟. 𝑛̂ = p,where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector along perpendicular from origin and ‛p’ is distance of plane from origin.p is always positive. 16. Equation of a plane in normal form:- It is given by 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑝, where 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are direction cosines of perpendicular from origin and ‛p’ is distance of plane from origin and p is always positive. 17. Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points:- If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are the position vectors of three non-collinear points, then equation of a plane through three points is given by (𝑟 − 𝑎). {(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) × (𝑐 − 𝑎)} = 0. 18. Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points (Cartesian system):If plane passing through points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ), (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 ) and (𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 , 𝒛𝟑 ) then equation is:(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦1) (𝑧 − 𝑧1) |(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )| = 0 (𝑥3 − 𝑥1 ) (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) (𝑧3 − 𝑧1 ) ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ .𝒏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟎 then 19. If 𝜽 is the angle between two planes 𝒓 𝒏𝟏 + 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝒓 cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑛1 .𝑛 |𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ||𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 | (i) If planes are perpendicular, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛2 = 0 (ii) If planes are parallel, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛2 = 0 or ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛1 = 𝝀𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 , 𝝀is a scalar. 20 If 𝜽 is angle between two planes 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒛 + 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒛 + 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟎 then 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 √(𝒂𝟏 𝟐 +𝒃𝟏 𝟐 +𝒄𝟏 𝟐 )( 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 𝟐 ) (i) If planes are perpendicular ,then 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 (ii) If planes are parallel , then 𝑎1 𝑎2 ⃗ =𝒂 ⃗ + 𝝀𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗ 21 If 𝜽 is angle between line 𝒓 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 2 2 ⃗⃗ + 𝒅 = 𝟎, then 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = and the plane⃗⃗𝒓. 𝒏 ⃗𝒎 ⃗⃗ .𝒏 ⃗ |𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗ |.|𝒏 ⃗| (i) If line is parallel to plane, then 𝑚 ⃗⃗ . 𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗ = 0 and (ii) If line is perpendicular to plane, then 𝑚 ⃗⃗ × 𝑛⃗ = 0 or 𝑚 ⃗⃗ = 𝑡𝑛⃗, t is a scalar. 𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏 22 If 𝜽 is angle between line 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 and the plane 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 + 𝒅 = 𝟎, then 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝒃𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄𝟏 √(𝒂𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒄𝟏 𝟐 )( 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) (i) If line is parallel to the plane, then 𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0 (ii) If line is perpendicular to the plane, then 𝑎 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐 1 1 =𝑏 =𝑐 23. General equation of a plane parallel to the plane 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝑑 = 0 𝑖𝑠⃗⃗𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝜆 = 0, where 𝜆 is a 55 56 constant and can be calculated from given condition. 24 General equation of a plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + 𝜆 = 0, where 𝜆 is a constant and can be calculated from given condition. 25 General equation of a plane (vector form) passing through the line of the intersection of planes 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛1 + 𝑑1 = 0 and 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛2 + 𝜆𝑑2 = 0 is 𝑟. (𝑛⃗1 + 𝜆𝑛⃗2 ) + (𝑑1 + 𝜆𝑑2 ) = 0 , where 𝜆 is a constant and can be calculated from given condition. 26 General equation of a plane (Cartesian form) passing through the line of the intersection of planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is (a1x + b1y + c1z + d1) + 𝜆(a2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0, where 𝜆 is a constant and can be calculated from given condition. 27 Distance of a plane (vector form) 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝑑 = 0, from a point with position vector 𝑎, is ⃗ +𝑑 𝑎⃗.𝑛 |. |𝑛 ⃗| d=| 28 Distance of a plane (Cartesian form)ax + by + cz + d = 0, from a point (x1, y1, z1) is 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐𝑧1 +𝑑 𝑑= | √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 |. FLOW CHART (a) To find shortest distance between two skew lines 1 Find 𝑎1, 𝑎2 , 𝑏⃗1 & 𝑏⃗2 2 Find 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 3 Find⃗⃗𝑏1 × 𝑏⃗2 5 Find |𝑏⃗1 × 𝑏⃗2 | ⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑏 𝑏2 ). (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 ) 6 Distance = | 4 ⃗ 1 ×𝑏 ⃗ 2 ).(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ) (𝑏 | ⃗ 1 ×𝑏 ⃗ 2| |𝑏 56 57 (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To find Coordinates of foot of perpendicular from origin to the plane: Direction ratio of any line perpendicular to the given plane. Equation of the line through origin and perpendicular to the given plane. Coordinates of any point (P) on the line. Find the value of λ, by putting the coordinates of P in the plane. Find required coordinates of foot of perpendicular 57 58 (c) To find coordinates of image of a point in the plane 1. 2. Direction ratios of any line (PP’) perpendicular to the given plane. 3. 4. 5. 6. Coordinates of any point on the plane (say P’) Equation of the line PP’ through a given point (P) and perpendicular to the given plane. Coordinates of mid-point (M) of PP’ Find the value of r, as M will satisfy the plane Then find coordinates of P’ Images of point P 58 59 QUESTIONS ON 3-D. LEVEL-1 4−𝑥 𝑦+3 𝑧+2 1. The equation of a line is given by 2 = 3 = 6 . Write the direction cosines of a line parallel to given line. 2. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (-1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0. 3. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line through (3, 4, 1) and (5, 1, 6) crosses the xy-plane . 4. Find the shortest distance between the following pair of lines : 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧−5 = = ; = = 2 3 4 3 4 5 LEVEL-2 1. Find the Coordinates of foot of the perpendicular from origin to the plane 3x + 4y - 5z = 7 2. Prove that if a plane has the intercepts a, b, c and is at a distance of p units from the origin is 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 a b c p 3. Find the distance of the point (−1, −5, −10) from the point of intersection of the line 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) + 𝜆(3 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) and the plane 𝑟. (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 5. 4. Find the distance between the point P(6, 5, 9) and the plane determined by the points A(3, −1, 2), B(5, 2, 4) and C(−1, −1,6). 5. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (3, 4, 1), (0, 1, 0) and is parallel to line 𝑥+3 𝑦−3 𝑧−2 = = 2 7 5 6. Find the values of p so that the lines: 1−𝑥 3 = 7𝑦−14 2𝑝 = 𝑧−3 2 and 7−7𝑥 3𝑝 = 𝑦−5 1 = 6−𝑧 5 are at right angles. 7. Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑦 = −12𝑧 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2 = 6𝑧 − 6 8. Find the shortest distance between the following pair of lines : 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑥+1 𝑦−2 = =𝑧 ; = ; 𝑧=2 2 3 5 1 LEVEL-3 1. Find the equation of the plane which is perpendicular to the plane 5 x 3 y 6 z 8 0 and which contains the line of intersection of the planes x 2 y 3z 4 0 and 2 x y z 5 0 . 2. Find the equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin and which is normal to the vector 3 i 5 j 6 k . 3. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the triangle ABC, where the coordinates of its vertices are A (3, −1, 2), B (1, −1, −3) and C (4, −3, 1). 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2 4. Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line 1 = 2 = 3 . 59 60 5. Find the image of the point (1,3,4) in the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5. 6. Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes 𝑟 . (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 6 and 𝑟 . (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) = −5 and the point (1, 1, 1). 7. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are: 𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (𝑡 − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2𝑡)𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = (𝑠 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2𝑠 − 1)𝑗̂ − (2𝑠 + 1)𝑘̂ 8. Find the distance of the point (1, −2, 3) from the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 measured ‖ to the 𝑥+1 𝑦+3 𝑧+1 line 2 = 3 = −6 . Study Module of Linear programming problems LINEAR PROGRAMMING SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Topic concept Linear Programming (i) Introduction (ii )Some solved problems (iii) Diet Problem Degree of Importance ** *** *** iv) Manufacturing Problem *** (v) Allocation Problem ** (vi) Transportation Problem * vii) Miscellaneous Problems ** Introduction: Linear programming problems: A Linear Programming Problem is one that is concerned with finding the optimal value (maximum or minimum value) of a linear function (called objective Function) of several variables (say x and y), subject to the conditions that the variables are nonnegative and satisfy a set of linear inequalities (called linear constraints). The term linear implies that all the mathematical relations used in the problem are linear relations while the term programming refers to the method of determining a particular plan of action. 60 61 Objective function: Linear function Z = ax + by, where a, b are constants, which has to be maximized or minimized is called a linear objective function. Constraints: The linear inequalities or inequations or restrictions on the variables of a linear programming problem are called constraints. The conditions x ≥ 0, y ≥0 are called non-negative constraints or restrictions. Optimization problem: A problem which seeks to maximise or minimise a linear function (say of two variables x and y) subject to certain constraints as determined by a set of linear inequalities is called an optimisation problem. Linear programming problems are special type of optimisation problems. Feasible region: The common region determined by all the constraints including non- negative constraints x ≥ 0, y ≥0 of a linear programming problem is called the feasible region (or solution region) for the problem. Optimal (feasible) solution: Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of the objective function is called an optimal solution. IMPORTANT SOLVED PROBLEMS Q1. A dietician wishes to mix together two kinds of foods X and Y in such a way that the mixture contains at least 10 units of vitamin A, 12 units vitamin B and 8 units of vitamin C. The vitamin contents on one kg. food is given below : Food Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C X 1 2 3 Y 2 2 1 One kg. of food X costs Rs. 16 and one kg. of food Y costs Rs. 20. Find the least cost of the mixture which will produce a required diet? Sol. Let x kg and y kg food of two kinds of foods X and Y to be mixed in a diet respectively. The contents of one kg. food of each kind as given below: Food Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Cost X 1 2 3 16 Y Minimum Requirement 2 2 1 20 10 12 8 The above L.P.P. is given as Minimum, Z = 16x + 20 y subject to the constraints 61 62 x + 2y ≥10, 2x + 2y ≥ 12, 3x + y ≥ 8, x, y ≥ 0 L1 : x + 2y = 10 X Y L2 : x + y = 6 A B 10 0 0 5 C X Y 6 0 L3 : 3x + y = 8 D x y 0 6 Corner points A (10, 0) F (0, 8) G (1, 5) H (2, 4) E F 2 2 0 8 Z = 16x + 20 y 160 160 116 112 Here the cost is minimum at H (2, 4) Since the region is unbounded therefore Rs. 112 may be or may not be the minimum value of C. For this draw of inequality 16x + 20y < 112 i.e. 4x + 5y -< 28 L : 4x + 5 y = 28 62 63 x y 7 0 2 4 Clearly open half plane has no common point with the feasible region so minimum value of Z is Rs. 112. Q 2. An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs.1000 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs.600 is made on each economy class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20 seats for executive class. However at least 4 times as many passengers prefer to travel by economy class than by the executive class. Determine how many tickets of each type must be sold in order to maximize the profit for the airline. What is the maximum profit? SOLUTION:- Let the number of executive class ticket = x and the number of economy class tickets = y Given, maximum capacity of passengers = 200 ∴ x + y ≤ 200 Atleast 20 seats of executive class are reserved. ∴ x≥ 20 Also atleast 4x seats of economy class are reserved ∴ y≥4x Therefore, above L.P.P. is given as Maximum P = 1000 x + 600 y subject to the constraints x + y ≤ 200, x ≥ 20, y ≥ 4x or 4x – y ≤ 0 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 L1 : x + y = 200 X Y L2 : 4x + y = 0 A B 0 200 200 0 X C D 0 50 63 64 Y 0 200 L3 :x = 20 Corner Points E (20, 80) F ( 40, 160) G (20, 180) P = 1000x + 600y 68000 136000 128000 (Maximum) ∴ here profit is maximum at F (40, 160) ∴ 40 tickets of executive class and 160 tickets of economy class to sold to get maximum profit and maximum profit is Rs. 136000. Q3. A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B; each type requiring the use of two machines an automatic and a hand operated. It takes 4 minutes on the automatic and 6 minutes on hand operated machines to manufacture a package of screws A, while it takes 6 minutes on automatic and 3 minutes on the hand operated machines to manufacture a package of screws B. Each machine is available for at the most 4 hours on any day. The manufacturer can sell a package of screws A at a profit Rs. 7 and screws B at a profit of Rs. 10. Assuming that he can sell all the screws he manufactures, how many packages of each type should the factory owner produce in a day in order to maximise his profit? Determine the maximum profit. Sol. Let number of packages of screws A produced = x And number of packages of screws B produced = y The number of minutes for producing 1 unit of each item is given below: 64 65 Screw Automatic Machine 4 6 240 A B Time available Hand operated Machine 6 3 240 Therefore, the above L.P.P. is given as Maximise, P = 7x + 10 y subject to the constraints. 4x + 6y ≤240 ; 6x + 3y ≤ 240 i.e. 2x + 3y ≤ 120 : 2x + y ≤80, x, y≥0 L1 ; 2x + 3y = 120 A B X Y 60 0 Corner points O (0,0) C (40,0) B (0,40) E (30, 20) 0 40 L2 : 2x + y = 80 C D x y 40 0 0 80 P = 7x + 10y 0 280 400 410 (maximum) 65 Profit 7 10 66 Here profit is maximum at E (30,20) ∴ Number of packages of screws A = 30 Number of packages of screws B = 20 Maximum profit = Rs. 410. Flow Chart Step 1.Write the given informations in the tabulated form. Step2. Form the L.P.P model of the problem. Step3. Draw all the constraints by converting them in to equations. Now we solve the L.P.P. by CORNER POINT METHOD which has the following steps Step 1. Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem bounded by all the constraints and determine its corner points (vertices) either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines intersecting at that point. Step 2. Evaluate the objective function Z = ax + by at each corner point. Let M and m, respectively denote the largest and smallest values of these points. Step 3. (i) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum values of Z. (ii) In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have: Step 4. (a) M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax+ by > M has no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value. (b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by <m has no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum value ASSIGNMENTS (i) LPP and its Mathematical Formulation LEVEL I 1.A dietician has to develop a special diet using two foods P and Q. Each packet (containing 30 g) of food P contains 12 units of calcium, 4 units of iron, 6 units of cholesterol and 6 units of vitamin A. Each packet of the same quantity of food Q contains 3 units of calcium, 20 units of iron, 4 units of cholesterol and 3 units of vitamin A. The diet requires at least 240 units of calcium, at 66 67 least 460 units of iron and at most 300 units of cholesterol. How many packets of each food should be used to minimise the amount of vitamin A in the diet? What is the minimum amount of vitamin A? (ii) Graphical method of solving LPP (bounded and unbounded solutions) LEVEL I Solve the following Linear Programming Problems graphically: 1.Minimise Z = – 3x + 4 ysubject to x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. 2.Maximise Z = 5x + 3ysubject to 3x + 5y ≤ 15, 5x + 2y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. 3.Minimise Z = 3x + 5y suchthat x + 3y ≥ 3, x + y ≥ 2, x, y ≥ 0. (iii) Diet Problem LEVEL II 1.A diet for a sick person must contain at least 4000 units of vitamins, 50 units of minerals and 1,400 calories. Two foods X and Y are available at a cost of Rs. 4 and Rs. 3 per unit respectively. One unit of the food X contains 200 units of vitamins, 1 unit of mineral and 40 calories, whereas one unit of food Y contains 100 units of vitamins, 2 units of minerals and 40 calories. Find what combination of X and Y should be used to have least cost? Also find the least cost. 2. A dietician wishes to mix two types of foods in such a way that vitamin contents of the mixture contain at least 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of vitamin C. Food ‘I’ contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A and 1 unit/kg of vitamin C.Food ‘II’ contains 1 unit/kg of vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs 50 per kg to purchase Food ‘I’ and Rs 70 per kg to purchase Food ‘II’. Formulate this problem as a linear programming problem to minimise the cost of such a mixture. In what way a balanced and healthy diet is helpful in performing your day-to-day activities (iv) Manufacturing Problem LEVEL II 1.A company manufactures two articles A and B. There are two departments through which these articles are processed: (i) assembly and (ii) finishing departments. The maximum capacity of the assembly department is 60 hours a week and that of the finishing department is 48 hours a week. The production of each article A requires 4 hours in assembly and 2 hours in finishing and that of each unit of B requires 2 hours in assembly and 4 hours in finishing. If the profit is Rs. 6 for each unit of A and Rs. 8 for each unit of B, find the number of units of A and B to be produced per week in order to have maximum profit. 2. A company sells two different produces A and B. The two products are produced in a common production process which has a total capacity of 500 man hours. It takes 5 hours to produce a unit of A and 3 hours to produce a unit of B. The demand in the market shows that the maximum number of units of A that can be sold is 70 and that for B is 125. Profit on each unit of A is Rs. 20 and that on B is Rs. 15. How many units of A and B should be produced to maximize the profit? Solve it graphically. What safety measures should be taken while working in a factory? Q3.A toy company manufactures two types of dolls, A and B. Market tests and available resources have indicated that the combined production level should not exceed 1200 dolls per 67 68 week and the demand for dolls of type B is at most half of that for dolls of type A. Further, the production level of dolls of type A can exceed three times the production of dolls of other type by at most 600 units. If the company makes profit of Rs 12 and Rs 16 per doll respectively on dolls A and B, how many of each should be produced weekly in order to maximise the profit? LEVEL III 1.A manufacture makes two types of cups, A and B. Three machines are required to manufacture the cups and the time in minutes required by each is as given below: Type of Cup A B I 12 6 Machines II 18 0 III 6 9 Each machine is available for a maximum period of 6 hours per day. If the profit on each cup A is 75 paise, and on B it is 50 paise, show that the 15 cups of type A and 30 cups of type B should be manufactured per day to get the maximum profit. (v) Allocation Problem LEVEL II 1. Ramesh wants to invest at most Rs. 70,000 in Bonds A and B. According to the rules, he has to invest at least Rs. 10,000 in Bond A and at least Rs. 30,000 in Bond B. If the rate of interest on bond A is 8 % per annum and the rate of interest on bond B is 10 % per annum , how much money should he invest to earn maximum yearly income ? Find also his maximum yearly income. Q2A merchant plans to sell two types of personal computers – a desktop model and a portable model that will cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000 respectively. He estimates that the total monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the number of units of each type of computers which the merchant should stock to get maximum profit if he does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lakhs and if his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on portable model is Rs 5000. LEVEL III 1. An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 250 passengers. A profit of Rs 500 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs 350 is made on each economy class ticket. The airline reserves at least 25 seats for executive class. However, at least 3 times as many passengers prefer to travel by economy class than by the executive class. Determine how many tickets of each type must be sold in order to maximize the profit for the airline. What is the maximum profit? Answers (i) LPP and its Mathematical Formulation LEVEL I 1. Z = 6x + 3y, 4x + y ≥ 80, x + 5y ≥115, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 150x, y ≥0 68 69 (ii) Graphical method of solving LPP (bounded and unbounded solutions) 1. Minimum Z = – 12 at (4, 0), 2. Maximum Z = 235 20 45 at , 19 19 19 3 1 3. Minimum Z = 7 at , 2 2 (iii) Diet Problem LEVEL II 1. Least cost = Rs.110 at x = 5 and y = 30 2. Minimum cost = Rs.380 at x = 2 and y = 4 (iv) Manufacturing Problem LEVEL II 1. Maximum profit is Rs. 120 when 12 units of A and 6 units of B are produced 2. For maximum profit, 25 units of product A and 125 units of product B are produced and sold. 3. 800 dolls of type A and 400 dolls of type B; Maximum profit = Rs 16000 (v) Allocation Problem LEVEL II 1. Maximum annual income = Rs. 6,200 on investment of Rs. 40,000 on Bond A and Rs. 30,000 on Bond B. Q2. 200 units of desktop model and 50 units of portable model; Maximum profit =Rs 1150000. LEVEL III 1.For maximum profit, 62 executive class tickets and 188 economy class ticket should be sold. 69 70 PROBABILITY: INTRODUCTION: Topic Concepts Probability Degree of Importance (i) Conditional Probability *** (ii) Multiplication theorem on probability ** (iii) Independent events *** (iv) Baye’s Theorem, Partition of a sample space and theorem of total probability (v) Random Variables & Probability distribution Mean & Variance of Random Variables (vi) Bernaulli’s trails and Binomial distribution *** *** *** Reference from NCERT Book Vol. II Article 13.2 and 13.2.1 Solved Ex. 1 to 6 Ex, 13.1 Q.N.-1,5 to 15 Article 13.3 solved Ex. 8 & 9 Ex. 13.2 Q.N.-2,3,13,14, 16 Article 13.4 Solved Ex. 10 to 14 Ex 13.2 Q.N.-1,6,7,8,11 Article 13.5, 13.5.1, 13.5.2 Solved Ex. 15 to 21 Ex. 13.3 Q.N.-1 to 12 Misc. Ex. Q.N. 13 to 16 Articles 13.6, 13.6.1, 13.6.2 13.6.3 Solved Ex. 24 to 29 Ex 13.4 Q.No.-1,4 to 15 Articles 13.7, 13.7.1, 13.7.2 Solved Ex. 31 & 32 Ex. 13.5 Q.N.- 1 to 13 Concept Mapping: 𝑷(𝑬∩𝑭) Conditional Probability: 𝑷(𝑬/𝑭) = 𝑷(𝑭) , P(F) ≠ 𝟎 Multiplication Theorem: 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹/𝐸) If E and F are independent events then 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹)and vice versa Baye’s Theorem: If E1, E2 and E3 are three events of sample space S and E1∪ E2∪ E3 = S and pair wise disjoint sets i.e. 𝐸1 ∩ 𝐸2 = 𝐸2 ∩ 𝐸3 = 𝐸3 ∩ 𝐸1 = ∅ If A is any event with non zero probability. Then 𝑷(𝑬𝟏 /𝑨) = 𝑷(𝑬 𝑷(𝑬𝟏 )𝑷(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 ) 𝟏 )𝑷(𝑨/𝑬𝟏 )+𝑷(𝑬𝟐 )𝑷(𝑨/𝑬𝟐 )+𝑷(𝑬𝟑 )𝑷(𝑨/𝑬𝟑 ) Probability Distribution: The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers X : x1 x2 x3 xn ... 70 71 P(X) : p1 p2 p3 pn Where, pi > 0, ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝𝑖 = 1, 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛 Mean or Expectation of a random variable X i.e. E (X) = 𝜇 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛 Variance of a random variable X: 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 2 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 ) − (∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑝(𝑥𝑖 )2 𝑂𝑟 𝜎 2 𝑥 = E(𝑋 2 ) − [E(X)]2 Standard Deviation: 𝜎𝑥 = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Binomial Distribution: B (n, p) P(X = r) = nCr 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 , 𝑟 = 0, 1, … , 𝑛 and q = 1- p, where p is the probability of success. … Solved Examples: 1. A biased die is twice as likely to show an even number as an odd number. The die is rolled three times. If occurrence of an even number is considered a success, then write the probability distribution of number of successes. Also find the mean number of successes. Which human value is violated in this case? Solution: 1 1 2 2 P (odd number) = P (even number) = 1 2 3 1 2 3 Here occurrence of an even number is considered a success. Let the number of success is a random variable x and can take values 0, 1, 2 or 3. The probability distribution of number of successes is as below: 1 1 1 1 P(x = 0) = P (no success) = P (FFF) = 3 3 3 27 2 1 1 6 P(x = 1) = P (one success) = P (SFF, FSF, FFS) = 3 3 3 3 27 2 2 1 12 P (x = 2) = P (two success) = P (SSF, SFS, FSS) = 3 3 3 3 27 2 2 2 8 P (x = 3) = P (three success) = P (SSS) = 3 3 3 27 X = xi 0 1 P(x) = pi 1/27 6/27 Mean number of successes = xi pi 2 12/27 3 8/27 1 6 12 8 54 2 = 0 1 2 3 27 27 27 27 27 Having unbiased is violated in this case. Q.2 Probabilities of solving a specific problem independently by A and B are 1/2 and 1/3 respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that (i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem. Solution: P(A) = 1/2 = prob. that A will solve the problem P(B) = 1/3 = prob. that B will solve the problem 71 72 (i) Probability that the problem is solved = 1 - prob. that none of them solve the problem 1 1 1 2 2 1 P A .P B = 1 1 1 1 = 2 3 2 3 3 (ii) Probability that exactly one of them will solve the problem P A B or A B . P( A) P( B) P( A) P( B) 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 6 2 Q.3 Two cards are drawn simultaneously without replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean and variance of the number of aces. Solution: Let x denote the number of aces in a draw of two cards. x is a random variable which can assume the values 0, 1 and 2 48 47 188 48C 2 P ( x 0) P (no ace) 2 1 52 51 221 52C 2 2 1 P ( x 1) P (one ace and one non ace) 4C 48C1 4 48 2 32 1 52C 2 52 51 221 P ( x 2) P (two aces) 4C 2 43 1 52C 2 52 51 221 The probability distribution of x is x or xi P(x) = pi Mean = E(x) = xi pi E x2 0 188/221 1 32/221 2 1/221 32 1 2 188 = 0 1 2 221 221 221 13 32 1 36 188 xi2 pi 0 1 4 221 221 221 221 2 36 2 400 Var ( x) E x E x 221 13 2873 Q.4 A family has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that (i) at least one of the children is a boy (ii) the elder child is a boy Solution: S B1B2 , B1G2 , G1B2 , G1G2 2 2 72 73 (i) at least one of the children is a boy A = Both the children are boys B1B2 B = At least one of the children is a boy B1B2 , B1G2 , G1B2 1 A B 1 A Required probability = P P 4 3 P( B) 3 B 4 (ii) The elder child is a boy A = Both the children are boys = B1B2 B = elder child is a boy = B1B2 , B1G2 A B 14 1 A Required probability = P P 2 P( B) 2 B 4 Q.5 Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drugs reduces his chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options, the patient selected at random, suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga. In a student life state any one point how yoga and meditation influence. Solution: Let E1 and E2 be events of selection of meditation and yoga and prescription of medicine respectively. Let A = event of having heart attack. 1 We have PE1 PE 2 2 A 30 28 P 40 40 % 100 100 E1 A P E2 25 30 40 40 % 100 100 E Required probability = P 1 A A 1 28 PE1 P E1 28 14 2 100 A A 1 28 1 30 58 29 PE1 P PE 2 P E1 E 2 2 100 2 100 yoga and meditation improves our physical and mental health. Q.6 An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The probability of an accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver? Which mode of transport would you suggest to students and why? 73 74 Solution: Let E1, E2 and E3 are the events of selection of a scooter driver, car driver and truck driver respectively. Let A = event that the insured person meets with an accident. 2000 1 4000 1 6000 1 PE1 P E 2 P E 3 12000 6 12000 3 12000 2 A A A P 0.01 P 0.03 P 0.15 E1 E2 E3 E Required probability = P 1 A A 1 PE1 P 0.01 E 1 6 A 1 0.01 1 0.03 1 0.15 A A PE1 P PE 2 P PE3 P 3 2 E1 E2 E3 6 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 0.06 0.45 0.52 52 Cycle should be suggested as it is good for (i) health (ii) no pollution (iii) saves energy (no fuel). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Practice Problem Level-1 B If P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.2 find P , if A and B are mutually exclusive events. A A coin is tossed thrice and all the 8 outcomes are equally likely: E: the first throw results in head F: the last throw results in tail Are the events independent? Given P(A) = 1/4 , P(B) = 2/3 and P(AUB) = 3/4. Are the events independent? If A and B are independent events, find P(B) if P(AUB) = 0.60 and P(A) = 0.35. Two cards are drawn with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of spades. 4 defective apples are accidentally mixed with 16 good ones. Three apples are drawn at random from the mixed lot. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective apples. A random variable X is specified by the following distribution: X 2 3 4 P(X) 0.3 0.4 0.3 Find the mean and variance of distribution. Level-2 74 75 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A dice is thrown twice and sum of numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least ones? The probability of A hitting a target is 3/7 and that of B hitting is 1/3. They both fire at their target find the probability that: (a) at least one of them will hit the target (b) only one of them will hit the target A company has two plants to manufacture bicycles. The first plants manufactures 60% of the bicycle and second plant 40%. Out of that 80% of the bicycles are rated of standard quality at the first plant and 90% of the standard quality at the second plant. A bicycle is picked up at random and found to be standard quality. Find the probability that it comes from the second plant. Level-3 A class consists of 80 students, 25 of them are girls and 55 are boys. 10 of them rich and remaining poor; 20 of them are fair complexioned. What is the probability that selecting a fair complexioned rich girl. Two integers are selected from integers 1 to 11. If the sum is even, find the probability that both numbers are odd. Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in the box III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold? A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as a tail. If the coin is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of the number of tails. The mean and Variance of a binomial distribution are 4/3 and 8/9 respectively. Find P (X 1). A card is drawn from a pack 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn and are found to be both hearts. Find the probability of the lost card being a heart. 75